Subject: Re: [novaroma] Who is Anna?
From: "S. Apollonius Draco" <hendrik.meuleman@-------->
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 02:17:25 +0200
Ave Amuli Claudi,

Anna was Queen Dido's sister.

Vale bene,
Draco




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Subject: [novaroma] Digest No 1452 Changing the Constitution I: Age
From: "Lucius Equitius" <vze23hw7@-------->
Date: Sun, 3 Jun 2001 21:47:22 -0400
Ex domo Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Quiritibus SPD
________________________________________________________________________

Message: 19
Date: Sun, 03 Jun 2001 06:19:25 -0000
From: "Lucius Sicinius Drusus" <lsicinius@-------->
Subject: Re: Changing the Constitution I: Age of ...

--- In novaroma@--------, bcatfd@t... wrote:
> --- In novaroma@--------, "Lucius Sicinius Drusus" <lsicinius@--------> wrote:
> > --- In novaroma@--------, "A. Cato" <a.cato@s...> wrote:
> > > Salvete Omnes: Well... let's see now. My thirteen year old has
> > Salvete
>
> Salve,
>
>
> > As Far as Citizens who wish to approve thier Minor Children's
> > applications goes, couldn't we just use the voter code as ID?

L Equitius: Yes, this would be a good way to check ID, but I would rather
have a signed, written letter. Of course, I always thought it wasn't a
really good idea to go to 'online' applications. Sure we have made it easier
for people to apply, but then I didn't think it was that hard to print out
the form, fill it out and put it in an envelope with a stamp and send it in.
Also, it would not have been that much trouble to make a photo copy of my
Drivers Lic. or Passport or Military ID and send that in as proof of who I
am.

> > I'm not worried too much about the Children of Citizens. It's Minors
> > whose parents aren't citizens that I'm most concerned with. A
> Citizen is unlikely to be upset that thier child joined Nova Roma. A
> > Fundementalist Christian could get very upset at Nova Roma if we
> > allowed thier 16 or 17 year old daughter to join a Pagan
> Organization, and this could result in a lawsuit.

> > I assure you that if a case like this were tried in most areas in my
> > Provincia (America Austrorientalis) The Jury would only hear
> > "Christian Girl led astray by Pagans" and would nail us, hard. This
> > area of the USA isn't called the Bible Belt for the heck of it.

L Equitius: I would think they would have a hard time proving that we turned
on her computer and made her fill out an application.

> > I am not fond of extra paper work it would cause the Censors, but we
> > have to get some form of verifiable permission from the parents of
> any new citizen who isn't Sui Iuris in thier Macro Nation, For the USA
> > this includes the 17 year old full citizen as well as the 10 year
> old minor.

L Equitius: I don't think it would be that hard to receive written notice.
In any case I would
rather have a signed application on file.

> A very good point. While I am generally opposed to this law (there is
> not a compelling need for it and it can open a potential can of worms
> by putting us into conflict with macronational law), perhaps a
> good compromise would be that minor children of Nova Roma citizens
> could become citizens while still minors. If one is 17 and his or her
> parents are citizens, then that 17 year old can join as a citizen. If
> one's parents aren't citizens, then that person must wait until he is
> 18. That way there is no possibly of running afoul of parents of
> minors and of macronational law. I too can see the headline "pagan
> group recruits minors."
>
> Still, the Catholic Church and other religious organizations don't
> have an 18 year old limit. They confirm people at a much earlier age
> so there is a precedent since we are a religious organization as
> well. I don't believe they confim the children of non-Catholics until
> they are of age though, or certainly not without the parents'
> permission. I think in our case allowing only minor children of
> citizens to become full citizens is a reasonable safeguard. This also
> nicely sidesteps the tricky question of when someone is sui iuris
> macronationally.
>
> We have to keep in mind that we are not like other orgnizations and I
> believe have to tread more carefully around some issues.
>
>
> Vale, Decius Iunius Palladius,
> Senator Consularis

Salvete Quirites,

I would just like to add some comments to the Senators points, and I
intend to be very blunt.

We Are Pagans. That means we are a very small minority, and there are
some Christian sects that hate us. Some of these sects have a
considerable ammount of policital power. They would not only gladly
destroy Nova Roma, but would consider it a pius act to do so. We can
NOT afford to give them the ammunition to destroy us.

Because of our limited funds we are ONE lawsuit away from being
destroyed. We can't afford to take the chance of letting Minors join
unless we are certain that thier parents approve. This also means that
we need to start requiring some form of ID from applicants who claim
to be adults. It isn't going to help us a lot to tell an unfriendly
jury "She said She was 18"

Valete,
L. Sicinius Drusus

L Equitius; Well, we can provide evidence that we do our best to verify that
minors provide parental permission. Also, we do have leges and edicta that
address the age requirements. I think we would have a case to seek damages
against someone who would send in false information, we could assert that
this was done in a deliberate attempt to discredit Nova Roma.
In addition the application itself requires the applicant to claim that they
are 18,
-----------------------------------------------
http://www.novaroma.org/bin/apply?

I am over 18, have read the Nova Roma site, and wish to become a citizen.

[Apply for Citizenship]

This will complete your application process.
------------------------------------------------

which does not make allowances for the provision that underage applications
are possible with parental permission as stated in the Constitution.

------------------------------------------------
http://www.novaroma.org/tabularium/constitution_new2.html
II. Citizens and Gentes
A. Citizenship "2.A person who is not sui juris by the municipal laws of his
or her domicile may, with the written permission of their parent or legal
guardian by the relevant municipal law, petition the pater or mater-familias
of a Nova Roma gens for admission to that gens... "
------------------------------------------------

Perhaps we should require the parents themselves to submit the application
in the name
of their charges.

Valete, Censor Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus




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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Roman Paganism
From: Fortunatus <labienus@-------->
Date: Sun, 03 Jun 2001 20:57:15 -0500
Salvete

> More than billions.. Trillions, when you count our ancestors.

Population experts currently put the number of dead at roughly 10
billion. Therefore, living and dead combined, there have only been
roughly 16 billion humans.

Valete
T Labienus Fortunatus
--
"Ipsa scientia potestas est."
-Francis Bacon



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Subject: [novaroma] Re: Digest No 1452 Changing the Constitution I: Age
From: "Lucius Sicinius Drusus" <lsicinius@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 02:02:44 -0000
--- In novaroma@--------, "Lucius Equitius" <vze23hw7@v...> wrote:
> Ex domo Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Quiritibus SPD

SNIP

> ------------------------------------------------
> http://www.novaroma.org/tabularium/constitution_new2.html
> II. Citizens and Gentes
> A. Citizenship "2.A person who is not sui juris by the municipal
laws of his
> or her domicile may, with the written permission of their parent or
legal
> guardian by the relevant municipal law, petition the pater or
mater-familias
> of a Nova Roma gens for admission to that gens... "
> ------------------------------------------------
>
> Perhaps we should require the parents themselves to submit the
application
> in the name
> of their charges.
>
> Valete, Censor Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus

The problem is the proposed admendment to the Constitution removes the
Sui Iuris provisions from the Constitution, and allows 17 year olds to
become Citizens, with NO mention of parental consent. 17 year olds are
leagally Minors, and thier parents can sue if we allow them to join
without consent.

Juries don't allways just listen to the evidence, sometimes they are
swayed by prejudaces, and in many rural areas there is a very strong
prejudace against Pagans. We would probelly get it reversed on appeal,
if there was any money left in the treasury to pay a lawyer to appeal
the case after the costs of defending ourselves in the trail.

Vale
L. Sicinius Drusus




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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Re: Roman Paganism
From: Fortunatus <labienus@-------->
Date: Sun, 03 Jun 2001 21:09:55 -0500
Salve Amuli Claudi

> The whole point of religion is to establish moral values.

I disagree. Religion establishes humankind's place in the universe and
explains why bad things happen to good people. It tackles the question
of the void--that which is beyond human understanding.

> matters. Small parts of every religion are different, though we keep
> missing the really big part of every religion, this part is to try to
> be kind and a good person during you life.

I rather expect that a devout member of the Thugee cult would agree.
Fortunately, there aren't any more of them about.

> I as a Christian am ashamed of many parts of our past, forcefully
> placing religion on others is very, very wrong.

It is part of Christian teaching that those who are not Christians will
suffer eternal damnation. If you fail to help your neighbor to accept
Jesus the Christ as his saviour, the worst of fates awaits him.
Therefore, you do your neighbor a grave disservice if you do not convert
him, forceably or not.

Vale
T Labienus Fortunatus
--
"Ipsa scientia potestas est."
-Francis Bacon



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Subject: [novaroma] stop it dammit
From: "Robert Neaves" <robert@-------->
Date: Sun, 3 Jun 2001 23:20:43 -0400
I thouhg thought this list was about Roman things. Apparently, it's about
bitching a lot about non-Roman things. If you don't stop it and start
talking about things we all (orignially) wanted to I'm going to unsubscribe
from this list. It's cluttering my inbox with a bunch of off-topic crap.




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Subject: Re: [novaroma] stop it dammit
From: QFabiusMax@--------
Date: Sun, 3 Jun 2001 23:26:15 EDT
In a message dated 6/3/2001 8:20:57 PM Pacific Daylight Time,
robert@-------- writes:

<< I thouhg thought this list was about Roman things. Apparently, it's about
bitching a lot about non-Roman things. >>
Salve,
define non Roman things?
Vale
Q. Fabius Maximus



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Subject: [novaroma] Make me! (Was "stop it dammit")
From: TSardonicus@--------
Date: Sun, 3 Jun 2001 23:30:12 EDT
In a message dated 6/3/01 8:20:56 PM Pacific Daylight Time,
robert@-------- writes:

> I thouhg thought this list was about Roman things. Apparently, it's about
> bitching a lot about non-Roman things. If you don't stop it and start
> talking about things we all (orignially) wanted to I'm going to unsubscribe
> from this list. It's cluttering my inbox with a bunch of off-topic crap.

Salve,

What interests you? Bring up a topic and start a discussion.

Vale,
L. Cornelius Sardonicus
(Who is sure the ancient Romans bitched about non-Roman things all the time.)



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Subject: Re: [novaroma] New Copy-Cat Nova Roma!
From: CmndrZil@--------
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 00:19:45 EDT

>The background image appears to be one available on half a million* freeware
>clipart sites, stealing implies taking a custom created image which a
>copyright is held on. :-)
>
>* perhaps a slight exaggeration


I've told you a BILLION times, don't exaggerate!


Sorry, I just couldn't help myself, please forgive me,
Tarquinia Euphemia



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Subject: Re: [novaroma] stop it dammit
From: LSergAust@--------
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 00:34:54 EDT

Who are you and why shouldn't we want you to unsubscribe, given that you
appear to be a rude and presumptuous bumpkin?

Lucius Sergius Australicus Obstinatus


On 6/3/01 10:20 PM Robert Neaves (robert@--------) raved:

>I thouhg thought this list was about Roman things. Apparently, it's about
>bitching a lot about non-Roman things. If you don't stop it and start
>talking about things we all (orignially) wanted to I'm going to unsubscribe
>from this list. It's cluttering my inbox with a bunch of off-topic crap.
>


certe, Toto, sentio nos in Kansate non iam adesse.

(You know, Toto, I have a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore.)




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Subject: [novaroma] Re: stop it dammit
From: bcatfd@--------
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 04:38:43 -0000
--- In novaroma@--------, "Robert Neaves" <robert@p...> wrote:
> I thouhg thought this list was about Roman things. Apparently, it's
>about bitching a lot about non-Roman things. If you don't stop it
>and start talking about things we all (orignially) wanted to I'm
>going to unsubscribe from this list. It's cluttering my inbox with a
>bunch of off-topic crap.

*Your* message is off topic but all the other recent messages I have
looked at are connected to Rome in one way or another, such as
ancient and modern Roman religion; a copy-cat (I prefer to think of
it as a badly done spoof) Roman micronation; and Nova Roman politics--
the proposed Constitutional change. These are all Roman topics and
these are topics we all wanted to discuss. If you prefer a different
topic, bring one up and discuss it!

Vale,

D. Iunius Palladius Invict.




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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Roman Paganism
From: MffnQueen@--------
Date: Sun, 3 Jun 2001 23:28:03 EDT
<< Population experts currently put the number of dead at roughly 10
billion. Therefore, living and dead combined, there have only been
roughly 16 billion humans. >>

Hmmm.. Granted, I could be wrong (I often am!!), but as the current world
population is - roughly - 6 billion (6,151,715,966 as of the moment I send
this letter), I find it hard to believe that everyone on Earth only has 1.667
ancestors no longer alive. But again, I could be wrong.

Pax Vobiscum,
Julia Cassia Aurora



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Subject: ADMIN NOTE: End the Thread (read carefully) RE: [novaroma] Re: stop it dammit
From: "JusticeCMO" <justicecmo@-------->
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 01:09:11 -0400
Salve,

Well, this is an unexpected "benefit" to midnight feedings of the
baby.........I am available to stop what could well become a nice little
flame war. Sigh. Okay, I will keep this short because....much as I love you
all I have a hungry 7-week old to attend:

The *thread* and the *header* end here. The language chosen by the original
poster was inappropriate and our continuing to use that header is likewise
inappropriate. Let us not forget we are an open list and minors *are*
present.

I am all for folks continuing the TOPIC.......if you wish to go round and
round about what is and isn't Roman have a ball. The insults, the
rudeness.......they end here. Anyone continuing such behavior or continuing
to use the header in question will be hearing from me.

Vale,
Priscilla Vedia Serena
Curatrix Sermonis




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Subject: [novaroma] Re: Roman Paganism
From: gcassiusnerva@--------
Date: Sun, 03 Jun 2001 22:57:00 -0000
--- In novaroma@--------, Amulius Claudius Petrus <pkkt@b...> wrote:
> Decius Iunius Palladius Invictus wrote:
<< The whole point
of religion is to establish moral values.>>


My understanding of Roman religion is that it had very very little to
do with moral values. It was public ritual. Moral values were the
object of philosophy, and not the religion.

Nerva





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Subject: [novaroma] Re: Roman Paganism
From: bcatfd@--------
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 05:22:16 -0000
--- In novaroma@--------, gcassiusnerva@c... wrote:
> --- In novaroma@--------, Amulius Claudius Petrus <pkkt@b...> wrote:
> > Decius Iunius Palladius Invictus wrote:
> << The whole point
> of religion is to establish moral values.>>
>
>
> My understanding of Roman religion is that it had very very little
to
> do with moral values. It was public ritual. Moral values were the
> object of philosophy, and not the religion.
>
> Nerva

Please, when you quote someone, attribute correctly. Decius Iunius
Palladius Invictus did not write the above statement, somone posting
after him in response to did.

Thank you,

Decius Iunius Palladius Invictus




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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Who is Anna?
From: =?iso-8859-1?q?Tiberius=20Apollonius=20Cicatrix?= <consulromanus@-------->
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 08:46:36 +0100 (BST)
Tiberius Apollonius Cicatrix Amulio Claudio Petro SPD

I have found this on the Perseus website
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu

According to 'John Conington, Commentary on Vergil's
Aeneid, Volume 1':

"Naevius, as has been remarked in the general
Introduction, is supposed to have preceded Virgil in
the anachronism of bringing Aeneas and Dido together.
As this fact is itself a matter of inference, we
cannot of course tell whether he made their parting
tragical or otherwise. All that we know connecting
Naevius with the story of this book is that he
mentioned Anna, Dido's sister, who appears now in
Virgil for the first time. How this personage came to
be complicated with the legendary history of Rome is
not clear; her name however, which is Carthaginian,
like Hanno, Hannibal, &c., led to her identification
with Anna Perenna, the Roman goddess of the year, and
Ovid (Fasti, 3. 523 foll.) recounts or invents a story
of her following Aeneas to Italy. In Virgil she is
merely the confidante of the heroine, a character
which has become a stock one at certain periods of the
history of the drama, especially since the chorus came
to be excluded from the action."

Vale bene


=====
Tiberius Apollonius Cicatrix
paterfamilias gentis Apolloniae
____________________________

"De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant; cum patiuntur, decernunt; cum tacent, clamant." (M. Tullius Cicero: In Catilinam I, 20)

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Subject: [novaroma] Proving Age
From: "M. Apollonius Formosanus" <bvm3@-------->
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 01:09:53 +0200
M. Apollonius Formosanus Aedilis Plebeius omnibus Quiritibus S.P.D.

I have been observing the discussion here with respect to age, and
it seems to me that the fact that we are a religious organisation (in
part) - and a rather controversial one in many jurisdictions, being
pagan - and a "political" one (i.e., a micronation) does make us
vulnerable to serious accusations if we engage or influence minors in
a way perceived harmful. This is not a great threat, but it is a real
one. And I fear that it could lead to criminal rather than simply
civil action against Nova Roma if we were unlucky.

There is also the question here of proving that permission given for
a minor is actually by an adult guardian, and that any of us are the
age we claim and sui juris.

We are not unique on the internet or even in the whole world of
non-face-to-face organisations. Many groups and enterprises have
these legal problems, and they are no doubt somewhat complex. I think
that the only sensible thing to do is get real legal counsel from a
lawyer (an essentially Roman invention!). What constitutes reasonable
care and prudence in protecting minors on the internet or in offers
and organisations operating through the mails? The law no doubt
exists, and we should get the information on it from a reliable
source - not try to guess. Too much is at stake.

I am very hopeful that the law might be fairly reasonable, and
assume that if we accept information provided via internet or mail
(and I presume these two sources to be similar in legal validity for
most purposes) in good faith and exercise reasonable care we will not
be liable at law if we ourselves are deliberately deceived. But we
should make sure of the exact conditions in order to protect
ourselves, while at the same time not expending more of our resources
than necessary.

I am not proposing hiring a lawyer, but surely someone knows one who
would offer an off-the-cuff opinion better than that of fifty laymen?

Valete!

_________________________________________________
Marcus Apollonius Formosanus
Aedilis Plebeius, Amicus Dignitatis
Magister Scholae Latinae
ICQ# 61698049 AIM: MAFormosanus MSN: Formosanus
Minervium Virtuale: http://www.crosswinds.net/~bvm3/Minervium.htm
____________________________________________________
Memento Idus Martias - Remember the Ides of March.
____________________________________________________

All that is needed for the forces of evil to triumph in the world is for
enough good men to do nothing. - Edmund Burke
___________________________________________________




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Subject: RE: [novaroma] Proving Age
From: "Marek Grajek" <MarekJG@-------->
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 14:59:47 +0200
Salve,

Good point, but I am afraid the proposed solution will be difficult to
implement (see below).

> M. Apollonius Formosanus Aedilis Plebeius omnibus Quiritibus S.P.D.
>
> I have been observing the discussion here with respect to age, and
> it seems to me that the fact that we are a religious organisation (in
> part) - and a rather controversial one in many jurisdictions, being
> pagan - and a "political" one (i.e., a micronation) does make us
> vulnerable to serious accusations if we engage or influence minors in
> a way perceived harmful. This is not a great threat, but it is a real
> one. And I fear that it could lead to criminal rather than simply
> civil action against Nova Roma if we were unlucky.
>
> I am not proposing hiring a lawyer, but surely someone
> knows one who
> would offer an off-the-cuff opinion better than that of fifty laymen?
>

It will be extremely difficult - if feasible at all - to find a lawyer being
able to offer an advice related to the legal systems of all or at least most
macronations the Novaromans represent. Hiring someone from the one of the
Big Five consulting firms might solve the problem - at the prohibitve cost.

Note that the same question may be applied to the other NR related problems.
Most countries penalize their citizens serving in the foreign armed forces.
Some countries tend to interpret paying taxes to the foreign powers as a
manifestation of the payer's double citizenship, which is not accepted
everywhere.
I can hardly imagine any reasonable government persecuting one of us for
joining the drill of one of our legions or even paying the 'tax' to
something that might be interpreted as the harmless society. On the other
hand even a rookie lawyer will find the statements in NR's constitution and
other laws creating the impression of the sovereignty. Some cives
novaromanis live in the countries, whose legal systems are not based on the
common law (concentrating on the spirit rather than the letter) but on the
Roman/German/Napoleonic laws which tend to stick to the letter and ignoring
the spirit or intent.

Yes - we are running significant legal risk built into our very foundations.
We should be cautious giving the macronations even more issues to watch.

Vale,

Cneus Marius Aquila


---------R--E--K--L--A--M--A-----------
Hubert Urbanski na czacie
sroda, 6 czerwca 2001 r., o godz. 13:30
http://czateria.interia.pl/id/urbanski




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Subject: [novaroma] Coins...a few questions
From: =?iso-8859-1?q?Jerry=20Anguston?= <gaiussentius@-------->
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 22:34:14 +1000 (EST)
Salvete omnes,

I was just wondering (if consul Julianus could
enlighten me) about how the coins are made. I was
wondering partly out of curiousity, but also whether
they could be customised for future years (so that
perhaps they could feature the consuls' imagines, and
have a differing feature for each coin). After all,
that is following in the footsteps of our
ancestors.:-)

Valete bene,

Gaius Sentius Bruttius Sura

Legatus Australia Medius
Sacerdos Mars Invictus

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Subject: [novaroma] Re: Coins...a few questions
From: "Lucius Sicinius Drusus" <lsicinius@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 13:25:34 -0000
--- In novaroma@--------, Jerr--------guston <gaiussentius@--------> wrote:
> Salvete omnes,
>
> I was just wondering (if consul Julianus could
> enlighten me) about how the coins are made. I was
> wondering partly out of curiousity, but also whether
> they could be customised for future years (so that
> perhaps they could feature the consuls' imagines, and
> have a differing feature for each coin). After all,
> that is following in the footsteps of our
> ancestors.:-)
>
> Valete bene,
>
> Gaius Sentius Bruttius Sura
>
> Legatus Australia Medius
> Sacerdos Mars Invictus
>

Salvete,

I disagree with the idea of having the Consuls on any future coins.
This simply wasn't done during the Republican Peroid. Placing your
Imago on a coin was considered a mark of royality. Kings Placed thier
face on a coin, Not a Republican Roman. When G. Iullius Caesar broke
this tradition, it was considered a sign that he intended to be more
than a Dictator, that he intended to be a King.

During the Republic if you wanted to honor a man, you did so bt
depicting something he DID on the coin, not him. For example if you
wished to honor one of your ancesters who built an aquaduct, you
depicted the aquaduct that bore his name, NOT him.

An Imago on a coin belongs to the very late republican period when the
Republic was on it's deathbed, and to the Imperial era.

Valete,
L. Sicinius Drusus




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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Population (was Roman Paganism)
From: labienus@--------
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 09:24:13 US/Central
Salve

> Hmmm.. Granted, I could be wrong (I often am!!), but as the current world
> population is - roughly - 6 billion (6,151,715,966 as of the moment I send
> this letter), I find it hard to believe that everyone on Earth only has 1.667
> ancestors no longer alive.  But again, I could be wrong.

No. I misremembered. I recalled only the low end, and was off by a factor of
ten. It's actually 100-300 billion dead, depending on whose figures you
accept. Keep in mind that we didn't hit a billion people until 1800CE, and
that world population follows a parabolic curve. For the vast majority of our
existence, there have been fewer than 15 million people on the earth.

Vale
T Labienus Fortunatus





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Subject: [novaroma] ATTN (Religio Romana): Pridie Nonas Iunias (June 4th)
From: "Antonio Grilo" <amg@-------->
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 15:50:09 +0100
Salvete omnes

This is a dies comitiales (C), when committees of citizens can vote on
political or criminal matters.

Today is the aniversary of the temple of Hercules Magnus Custos (Hercules
the Great Guardian) which was located near the Circus Flaminius.

Valete bene in pace deorum
Antonius Gryllus Graecus
Pontifex



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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Coins...a few questions
From: "G. Noviodunus Ferriculus" <Gaius.Noviodunus@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 16:53:37 +0200
Salvete Omnes!

Jerry Anguston wrote:

> After all,
> that is following in the footsteps of our
> ancestors.:-)


Do we really want to make the coins like Ancient (Republican) Rome used
to know? then we should consider the following things:
1) The sestertius was worth 4 "as", and one "as" could be compared to
0.5 USD nowadays.
2) The value of the coin was NEVER written on it. The value was given by
the weight and the metal it was made of.
3) most of the coins were beaten (stroke) [pls correct here my pityful
English]

So question is: do we want authentic coins, or do we want to make coins
(and eventually paper money) inspired from the past? I'd much prefer the
first variant. What do you all think of?

valete bene,

--
Gaius Noviodunus Ferriculus
Civis Provinciae Germaniae, Regionis Superioris
Friburgii Helvetiorum




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Subject: [novaroma] Re: Coins...a few questions
From: "Lucius Sicinius Drusus" <lsicinius@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 15:37:44 -0000
--- In novaroma@--------, "G. Noviodunus Ferriculus"
<Ga--------Nov--------nus@--------> wrote:
> Salvete Omnes!

> Do we really want to make the coins like Ancient (Republican) Rome used
> to know? then we should consider the following things:
> 1) The sestertius was worth 4 "as", and one "as" could be compared to
> 0.5 USD nowadays.
> 2) The value of the coin was NEVER written on it. The value was
given by
> the weight and the metal it was made of.
> 3) most of the coins were beaten (stroke) [pls correct here my pityful
> English]
>
> So question is: do we want authentic coins, or do we want to make coins
> (and eventually paper money) inspired from the past? I'd much prefer
the
> first variant. What do you all think of?
>
> valete bene,
>
> --
> Gaius Noviodunus Ferriculus
> Civis Provinciae Germaniae, Regionis Superioris
> Friburgii Helvetiorum

Salve,
I prefer that we use the latest technology to produce our coins.
The Roman method of making coins was simply a limitation of the
technology of the day.

Had Roma survived I think she would be using the latest methods to
produce her coins.
Vale,
L. Sicinius Drusus




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Subject: [novaroma] Re: Proving Age
From: "Nick R. Ramos Jr." <nramos@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 16:28:29 -0000
Gratias Multas Tibi Ago, Mi Formosane. Your analysis here is most
cogent, and your suggestion is one definitely worth taking up by the
Senate.

Marius Cornelius Scipio
Aedilis Curulis






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Subject: Re: [novaroma] The Age Issue.
From: QFabiusMax@--------
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 12:37:20 EDT
Salvete
In the republic the Roman male came of age if he turned 17 before the feast
of Liber on the 17th Martius. There was one reason for this, to allow his
name to enrolled into the Legio rolls which was done on the feast day. The
legiones would be mustered at the end of Martius with campaiging season
begain in Maius since the harvest would be planted, and the farmers avaliable
for duty.

It is amirable we wish to do this, however modern reality intrudes, so why
not make it 18, since that is the age nations allow conscription into their
defense forces. In that way, we avoid any legal entanglements, and we are
still following tradition, the legal age of one avaliable for conscription in
the armed forces.

As for younger people involved in Rome and Roman activities, the parent's
consent is paramount. However, even if we get a forged waver, it releases
Rome from its responsibility.
We are after all a primary Internet organization. We do not have face to
face contact, with
our members, all we can do it take elementary precautions, if a person wishes
to defraud us,
they can quite easily and we are not responsible.
We could avoid this potential problem by charging a registration fee, and
forcing the prospective citizen to use a credit card, or his parents using
the card to pay for registering him. True, he might swipe mommy's card, but
that doesn't matter, again we are not responsible if someone defrauds us.
Credit cards are legal proof of age in the information age.
But there was such an outcry last time this question was raised, I doubt
anything will come
of it.
Right now we are small enough, that no one really cares about us. In 5
years, with income and assets we could be a bigger target.
In summation, I think 18 is the way to go here.

Valete
Q. Fabius Maximus



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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Re: Coins...a few questions
From: "G. Noviodunus Ferriculus" <Gaius.Noviodunus@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 19:27:58 +0200
Salvete Luci Sicini Druse & al.

> --- In novaroma@--------, "G. Noviodunus Ferriculus" scripsit:
>>So question is: do we want authentic coins, or do we want to make coins
>>(and eventually paper money) inspired from the past? I'd much prefer the
>>first variant. What do you all think of?


Lucius Sicinius Drusus respondit:

> I prefer that we use the latest technology to produce our coins.
> The Roman method of making coins was simply a limitation of the
> technology of the day.
>
> Had Roma survived I think she would be using the latest methods to
> produce her coins.

Hm, well... What about reinactment then? Following your reflexion, *had

Roma survived* then they surely would be wearing Jeans instead of togas,
and the milites would be fighting with kalashnikovs. And probably they
would be using micro-wave ovens to cook. Is really this what we are
trying to do?

When I joined Nova Roma, this is what I thought to understand. But
now... I'm just wondering what you all mean by "the best of Ancient Rome".

To get back to the topic, for me the good thing about Ancient Rome Coins
is that every single coin was unique. Using the "latest technology", we
are loosing this very important part.


Valete bene,

--
Gaius Noviodunus Ferriculus
Civis Provinciae Germaniae, Regionis Superioris
Friburgii Helvetiorum




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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Re: Coins...a few questions
From: MffnQueen@--------
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 11:33:09 EDT
<< During the Republic if you wanted to honor a man, you did so bt
depicting something he DID on the coin, not him. For example if you
wished to honor one of your ancesters who built an aquaduct, you
depicted the aquaduct that bore his name, NOT him.

An Imago on a coin belongs to the very late republican period when the
Republic was on it's deathbed, and to the Imperial era. >>

Many coins also included images of the gods and goddesses or specific temples
(mostly, like Drusus said, in honor of the person that built them), and some
even included favorites of the emperors, though I imagine those were rare.

Pax Vobiscum,
Julia Cassia Aurora



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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Taxation (was Proving Age)
From: "Decimus Iunius Silanus" <danedwardsuk@-------->
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 17:27:01 +0100

Cneus Marius Aquila wrote:

>Some countries tend to interpret paying taxes to the foreign powers as a
>manifestation of the payer's double citizenship, which is not accepted
>everywhere.
>
>Yes - we are running significant legal risk built into our very foundations.
>We should be cautious giving the macronations even more issues to watch.

The issue regarding 'tax' is a valid one, but one that can perhaps be avoided by appropriate wording. I may be mistaken but I believe the latin word 'Tributum' can translate to tax but may also refer to a contribution or tribute. Perhaps the wording of the relevant leges could be ammended thus avoiding any potential problems with dual citizenship taxation.

Vale,

Decimus Iunius Silanus.


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]




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Subject: [novaroma] Re: The Age Issue.
From: "Lucius Sicinius Drusus" <lsicinius@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 17:35:38 -0000
--- In novaroma@--------, QFabiusMax@a... wrote:
> Salvete
> In the republic the Roman male came of age if he turned 17 before
the feast
> of Liber on the 17th Martius. There was one reason for this, to
allow his
> name to enrolled into the Legio rolls which was done on the feast
day. The
> legiones would be mustered at the end of Martius with campaiging season
> begain in Maius since the harvest would be planted, and the farmers
avaliable
> for duty.
>
> It is amirable we wish to do this, however modern reality intrudes,
so why
> not make it 18, since that is the age nations allow conscription
into their
> defense forces. In that way, we avoid any legal entanglements, and
we are
> still following tradition, the legal age of one avaliable for
conscription in
> the armed forces.
>
> As for younger people involved in Rome and Roman activities, the
parent's
> consent is paramount. However, even if we get a forged waver, it
releases
> Rome from its responsibility.
> We are after all a primary Internet organization. We do not have
face to
> face contact, with
> our members, all we can do it take elementary precautions, if a
person wishes
> to defraud us,
> they can quite easily and we are not responsible.
> We could avoid this potential problem by charging a registration
fee, and
> forcing the prospective citizen to use a credit card, or his parents
using
> the card to pay for registering him. True, he might swipe mommy's
card, but
> that doesn't matter, again we are not responsible if someone
defrauds us.
> Credit cards are legal proof of age in the information age.
> But there was such an outcry last time this question was raised, I
doubt
> anything will come
> of it.
> Right now we are small enough, that no one really cares about us. In 5
> years, with income and assets we could be a bigger target.
> In summation, I think 18 is the way to go here.
>
> Valete
> Q. Fabius Maximus

Salvete,

I think the primary goal of the proposed admendment was to allow the
children of citizens to become non-voting citizens of Nova Roma, and
this is an idea that I support.

I also like using the traditional age of 17 as a time when the
Children of citizens would be considered to have come of age.

I would like to be able to accept teens who's parents aren't citizens
as citizens, but I'm afraid that Macro National laws will make that
too risky, and we would be better off limiting Minor Citizenship to
the children of adult citizens. Right now we aren't a tempting target
but once we get large enough to become a tempting target it will be
hard to tighten up the Leges regarding Minor Citizens.

I admit that Credit cards are accepted as proof of age by many sites,
but I can't forget that many of our Citizens who reside outside the
USA mentioned that credit cards are not as universial in some areas as
they are in the USA. Requiring a card would be harmful to our efforts
to gain new citizens outside the USA.

Valete,
L. Sicinius Drusus




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Subject: [novaroma] Re: Coins...a few questions
From: "Lucius Sicinius Drusus" <lsicinius@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 17:59:41 -0000
--- In novaroma@--------, "G. Noviodunus Ferriculus"
<Ga--------Nov--------nus@--------> wrote:
> Salvete Luci Sicini Druse & al.
>
> > --- In novaroma@--------, "G. Noviodunus Ferriculus" scripsit:
> >>So question is: do we want authentic coins, or do we want to make
coins
> >>(and eventually paper money) inspired from the past? I'd much
prefer the
> >>first variant. What do you all think of?
>
>
> Lucius Sicinius Drusus respondit:
>
> > I prefer that we use the latest technology to produce our coins.
> > The Roman method of making coins was simply a limitation of the
> > technology of the day.
> >
> > Had Roma survived I think she would be using the latest methods to
> > produce her coins.
>
> Hm, well... What about reinactment then? Following your reflexion, *had
>
> Roma survived* then they surely would be wearing Jeans instead of togas,
> and the milites would be fighting with kalashnikovs. And probably they
> would be using micro-wave ovens to cook. Is really this what we are
> trying to do?
>
Drusus: I think of the Legios in the same light as the "Beefeaters" at
Buckingham Palace. They are maintaing the traditions of the past but
aren't intended to be a combat unit. Should Nova Roma become an actual
Macro Nation, I would certainly hope that the Legios that we intrusted
to defend us would use modern weapons, leaving the swords to the
ceremonial units.

I sur that most of us wear jeans as our everyday attire, and save the
Togas as Formal dress for Formal occasions.


> When I joined Nova Roma, this is what I thought to understand. But
> now... I'm just wondering what you all mean by "the best of Ancient
Rome".
>
> To get back to the topic, for me the good thing about Ancient Rome
Coins
> is that every single coin was unique. Using the "latest technology", we
> are loosing this very important part.

Drusus: The Coins that we now have are intended for use in Roman
events. I think we would be better off to use modern methods to
produce coins for this type of use, though I certainly would have no
objection to coins made in the traditional manner that were intended
to be collectors items. There is room for both types of coins.

Vale
L. Sicinius Drusus
>
>
> Valete bene,
>
> --
> Gaius Noviodunus Ferriculus
> Civis Provinciae Germaniae, Regionis Superioris
> Friburgii Helvetiorum




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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Coins...a few questions
From: Gnaeus Salix Astur <salixastur@-------->
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 11:44:38 -0700 (PDT)
Salvete omnes.

--- "G. Noviodunus Ferriculus" <Gaius.Noviodunus@--------> wrote:
> Salvete Omnes!
>
> Jerry Anguston wrote:
>
> > After all,
> > that is following in the footsteps of our
> > ancestors.:-)
>
>
> Do we really want to make the coins like Ancient (Republican) Rome
> used
> to know? then we should consider the following things:
> 1) The sestertius was worth 4 "as", and one "as" could be compared to
>
> 0.5 USD nowadays.
> 2) The value of the coin was NEVER written on it. The value was given
> by
> the weight and the metal it was made of.
> 3) most of the coins were beaten (stroke) [pls correct here my
> pityful
> English]
>
> So question is: do we want authentic coins, or do we want to make
> coins
> (and eventually paper money) inspired from the past? I'd much prefer
> the
> first variant. What do you all think of?

I am also for the first variant. I think we should use the republican
coinage system:

Decussis 10 asses
Tripondius 3 asses
Dupondius 2 asses
As 1 as
Semis 1/2 as
Triens 1/3 as
Quadrans 1/4 as
Sextans 1/6 as
Uncia 1/12 as
Semuncia 1/24 as
Quartuncia 1/48 as


=====
Bene Valete in Pace Deorum!
Gnaeus Salix Astur.
Scriba ad Res Externas Academiae Thules.

__________________________________________________
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Subject: RE: [novaroma] Population (was Roman Paganism)
From: "Vaughan, Michael ST" <Michael.Vaughan@-------->
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 16:23:37 +0100
T Labienus Fortunatus wrote:
>No. I misremembered. I recalled only the low end, and was off by a factor
of
>ten. It's actually 100-300 billion dead, depending on whose figures you
>accept. Keep in mind that we didn't hit a billion people until 1800CE, and

>that world population follows a parabolic curve. For the vast majority of
our
>existence, there have been fewer than 15 million people on the earth.

My memory was similarly wrong - I was sure your first 16 billion figure was
correct, and had to convince myself with a web search. :)

http://www.spiritone.com/~orsierra/rogue/popco/data/everlivd.htm

Interesting summary article. Apparently the population of the Roman Empire
in 14AD was around 45 million. Coo.

-michael (mainly) E
--
"In the future everything will be decided by me." -- Gaius Julius Caesar
Senatus Populusque Romanus 2754 AUC


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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Coins...a few questions
From: Amulius Claudius Petrus <pkkt@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 15:33:26 -0400

>> So question is: do we want authentic coins, or do we want to make
>> coins
>> (and eventually paper money) inspired from the past? I'd much prefer
>> the
>> first variant. What do you all think of?


I think that we should use a mix of both the present and past methods on our
currency. For example, we could produce the coins with the current
technology though carry through with the tradition of having many different
images on the coins. Paper money is also a good idea, though again I think
it should uphold the tradition in the same way as the coins.

I am also curious to hear of how the current coins will be used at Roman
Events. If any one could explain this to me I would be very grateful.


Hinc est mei oratio!

--
Amulius Claudius Petrus
Retarius Officium Canada Orientalis
Canada Orientalis Provincia
www.freehost.nu/members/canorien
--




Gens Claudia Website:
www.freehost.nu/members/gensclaudia/




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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Re: stop it dammit
From: StarVVreck@--------
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 16:48:51 EDT
Salve D. Iunius Palladius Invict.,

<< a copy-cat (I prefer to think of
it as a badly done spoof) >>

I lost all of my mail trying to install DSL from Telocity. What's this about
a copycat Roman Micronation?

Vale

Iulius Titinius Antonius



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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Re: stop it dammit
From: Amulius Claudius Petrus <pkkt@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 17:25:48 -0400
StarVVreck@-------- wrote:

> Salve D. Iunius Palladius Invict.,
>
> << a copy-cat (I prefer to think of
> it as a badly done spoof) >>
>
> I lost all of my mail trying to install DSL from Telocity. What's this about
> a copycat Roman Micronation?
>
> Vale
>
> Iulius Titinius Antonius

Well, Nova Roma citizen Drusus Vipsanius Claudius has created his own
version of Nova Roma. Its located at http://www.geocities.com/imperiumnovum


Hinc est mei oratio!

--
Amulius Claudius Petrus
Retarius Officium Canada Orientalis
Canada Orientalis Provincia
www.freehost.nu/members/canorien
--




Gens Claudia Website:
www.freehost.nu/members/gensclaudia/




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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Coins...and the cultural debate.
From: tflacco@--------
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 18:12:33 EDT
I vote we mint this coin of Scipio. Because,, umm well he looks like me :)
Actually Scipio made Rome a Mediterranean power when he defeated Hannibal,
and Carthage. I also think he is a good inspiration for Roma Nova. Scipio
believed in incorporating the best Ideals of Greece into Rome. Much as we
"Some of us", are trying to do with the American, Western culture, into Roma
Nova.

Much of the debate going on in Nova Roma now, is a reflection of what went on
in Scipio's time, and his support of the Greeks (He was a personal friend of
King Philip of Messodonia) This brought on his down fall, from people like
Cato.

I encourage you go to Britanica dot com, and look up the history of the
latter years of Scipio Africanus Major. Maybe, this cultural debate could be
put to a rest, through compromise in the name of our greatest General of all
time, and what he believed. Pubius Cornelus Scipio Africanus Major (The
Elder)
Sorry about the spellings
[Unable to display image]



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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Coins...and the cultural debate.
From: TSardonicus@--------
Date: Mon, 4 Jun 2001 18:24:11 EDT
In a message dated 6/4/01 3:15:42 PM Pacific Daylight Time, tflacco@--------
writes:

> Scipio
> believed in incorporating the best Ideals of Greece into Rome. Much as we
> "Some of us", are trying to do with the American, Western culture, into
Roma
> Nova.

American Ideals? ROFL!!!

*Fires up his MP3 of Floyd - Money*

Ideals are a myth.

LCS - who is disillusioned and not nearly so deluded as Crys :)



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Subject: Re: [novaroma] Coins...and the cultural debate.
From: Amulius Claudius Petrus <pkkt@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 18:37:38 -0400

Salve civis et amicus,

I suggest a coin of Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius (early first century BC)

Quadrigarius was an annalist, who wrote a history of Rome covering the
period from the Gallic sack to at least 82 BC. Some fragments of his work
are preserved in Aulus Gellius. Quadrigarius was one of leading annalist of
his period and maybe of all of Roman history.

Quadrigarius' works on preserving history made a nation like Nova Roma
possible. His recordings of the republic can teach us how to better remake
the great nation he was from and make it our own. Quadrigarius preserved his
and our history for we make unlock continue its legacy! He deserves
something on a coin to represent him and his great work.


Hinc est mei oratio!

--
Amulius Claudius Petrus
Retarius Officium Canada Orientalis
Canada Orientalis Provincia
www.freehost.nu/members/canorien
--




Gens Claudia Website:
www.freehost.nu/members/gensclaudia/




tflacco@-------- wrote:

> I vote we mint this coin of Scipio. Because,, umm well he looks like me :)
> Actually Scipio made Rome a Mediterranean power when he defeated Hannibal,
> and Carthage. I also think he is a good inspiration for Roma Nova. Scipio
> believed in incorporating the best Ideals of Greece into Rome. Much as we
> "Some of us", are trying to do with the American, Western culture, into Roma
> Nova.
>
> Much of the debate going on in Nova Roma now, is a reflection of what went on
> in Scipio's time, and his support of the Greeks (He was a personal friend of
> King Philip of Messodonia) This brought on his down fall, from people like
> Cato.
>
> I encourage you go to Britanica dot com, and look up the history of the
> latter years of Scipio Africanus Major. Maybe, this cultural debate could be
> put to a rest, through compromise in the name of our greatest General of all
> time, and what he believed. Pubius Cornelus Scipio Africanus Major (The
> Elder)
> Sorry about the spellings





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Subject: [novaroma] Re: Proving Age
From: gcassiusnerva@--------
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 23:01:35 -0000
Oh my goodness....I am actually agreeing with Formosanus on something!

Nerva {picking up revolver and contemplating shooting himself}




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Subject: [novaroma] Re: Coins...a few questions
From: "Marcus Cassius Julianus" <cassius622@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 23:09:26 -0000
Salvete,

The coins were produced by a professional minting company. The dies
were $300 per side, and then we had to order a minimum of 5,000 coins
(machine stamped in bronze) to get a price low enough for the coins
to be used in trade.

We certainly hope to produce other coins in the future, but it may
take a while for demand to grow large enough to allow it. We *have*
been looking into producing "commemorative" coinage in addition to
trade coinage. That would be a smaller run (say 100 coins) valued at
say, $2.00 but actually sold for say, $6.50 as a collectable item.
But again, no use in taking treasury money for the experiment when
the coins we have now have only been available for four days. ;)

Valete,

Marcus Cassius Julianus


--- In novaroma@--------, Jerr--------guston <gaiussentius@--------> wrote:
> Salvete omnes,
>
> I was just wondering (if consul Julianus could
> enlighten me) about how the coins are made. I was
> wondering partly out of curiousity, but also whether
> they could be customised for future years (so that
> perhaps they could feature the consuls' imagines, and
> have a differing feature for each coin). After all,
> that is following in the footsteps of our
> ancestors.:-)
>
> Valete bene,
>
> Gaius Sentius Bruttius Sura
>
> Legatus Australia Medius
> Sacerdos Mars Invictus
>
>
______________________________________________________________________
_______
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more!




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Subject: [novaroma] Re: Coins...a few questions
From: "Marcus Cassius Julianus" <cassius622@-------->
Date: Mon, 04 Jun 2001 23:27:42 -0000
Salvete,

Yes, we could easily throw away the NR coins I've just produced, and
go to an accurate representation of the Republican coinage system.
What's a couple thousand dollars down the drain! :P

Anyone who would like to provide Nova Roma with historically accurate
coinage is more than welcome. I provided the coins now online out of
my own pocket, and other Citizens are invited to do the same. All you
need to do is notify the Senate of what you're producing, and Nova
Roma will be more than happy to offer it in the Macellum. My guess is
that you would even be refunded your production money out of sales!
(I certainly hope to be!)

As far as modern vs. ancient coinage, I did what was possible,
practical and cost effective. After three years of searching we still
had no means of obtaining hand-struck "official ancient" coinage
produced in the ancient manner - especially in anything that would
cost less than several dollars per coin! This would, of course, have
made them impractical for trade.

And, to those who don't like the new coinage... I did NOT go off and
produce these without asking for input on the main list a few times.
I asked for artwork and design help. No one except Q. Fabius and
Antonius Gryllus Graecus volunteered assistance before the coins went
into production. (The folks on the Latinas list were also helpful in
making sure the inscriptions were in accurate Latin.)

My personal feeling on the coins is that they do exactly what Roman
coinage is supposed to do... advertise Roman civilization. The
Virtues are mentioned, the symbol of Nova Roma is prominantly
displayed. Iuppiter Optimus Maximus is figured on the obverse.
Someone looking at these coins is going to know the name of our
sovereign state, and be able to figure out what the inscriptions are
about if they try. The coins are promotion for Nova Roma as much as
they are trade coinage.

"Ancient" coins, by contrast, usually had cryptic inscriptions that
nobody but a numismatist can figure out. Not to mention that folks
would be accusing us of trying to load the modern coin market
with "fakes"...

Valete,

Marcus Cassius Julianus



--- In novaroma@--------, Gnaeus Salix Astur <salixastur@--------> wrote:
> Salvete omnes.
>
> --- "G. Nov--------nus Ferr--------us" <Ga--------Nov--------nus@--------> wrote:
> > Salvete Omnes!
> >
> > Jerry Anguston wrote:
> >
> > > After all,
> > > that is following in the footsteps of our
> > > ancestors.:-)
> >
> >
> > Do we really want to make the coins like Ancient (Republican) Rome
> > used
> > to know? then we should consider the following things:
> > 1) The sestertius was worth 4 "as", and one "as" could be
compared to
> >
> > 0.5 USD nowadays.
> > 2) The value of the coin was NEVER written on it. The value was
given
> > by
> > the weight and the metal it was made of.
> > 3) most of the coins were beaten (stroke) [pls correct here my
> > pityful
> > English]
> >
> > So question is: do we want authentic coins, or do we want to make
> > coins
> > (and eventually paper money) inspired from the past? I'd much
prefer
> > the
> > first variant. What do you all think of?
>
> I am also for the first variant. I think we should use the
republican
> coinage system:
>
> Decussis 10 asses
> Tripondius 3 asses
> Dupondius 2 asses
> As 1 as
> Semis 1/2 as
> Triens 1/3 as
> Quadrans 1/4 as
> Sextans 1/6 as
> Uncia 1/12 as
> Semuncia 1/24 as
> Quartuncia 1/48 as
>
>
> =====
> Bene Valete in Pace Deorum!
> Gnaeus Salix Astur.
> Scriba ad Res Externas Academiae Thules.
>
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