Minerva - Revision history

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	Julius Caesar reported on the Gallic worship of gods that he described as if they were the same as Roman gods. Although the extant Gallic equivalent is not known today, the Gallic Minerva is also said to bestow the principles of arts and crafts.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 2.’, 55.</ref>		Julius Caesar reported on the Gallic worship of gods that he described as if they were the same as Roman gods. Although the extant Gallic equivalent is not known today, the Gallic Minerva is also said to bestow the principles of arts and crafts.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 2.’, 55.</ref>
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	Isiac hymns, preserved on inscriptions by the followers of the cult of Isis, suggest that Minerva was in fact, a form of the Egyptian cult figure, Isis, worshipped under another name. This also included the deities of Venus and Magna Mater too.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 1.’, 281.</ref>		Isiac hymns, preserved on inscriptions by the followers of the cult of Isis, suggest that Minerva was in fact, a form of the Egyptian cult figure, Isis, worshipped under another name. This also included the deities of Venus and Magna Mater too.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 1.’, 281.</ref>

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	== Minerva in Nova Roma ==		== Minerva in Nova Roma ==

−	Minerva was ~~famously honored on~~ the ~~seventh day~~ of the Nova ~~Roman ludi Conditorium, a~~.d. ~~IV Non. Mar. ‡M. Moravio T. Iulio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXI~~ a.u.c. ~~(2761 a.u.c). These games were in celebration of the 10th anniversary of the founding of Nova Roma included chariot races, literary contests and history quizzes~~.<ref>Nova Roma Inc., ~~Ceremony to Minerva ~ Ludi Conditorum 2761 AUC~~ (Nova Roma), accessed ~~16 April~~ 2024, http://www.novaroma.org/nr/~~Ceremony_to_Minerva_%7E_Ludi_Conditorum_2761_AUC_~~(Nova_Roma)</ref>	+	In {{2008}}, the ''[[Aedes_Minervae_(Nova_Roma)\|Aedes Minervae]]'', a simple virtual temple to Minerva, was dedicated by [[Lucius Rutilius Minervalis (Nova Roma)\|L. Rutilius Minervalis]] in the name of the consuls [[Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus (Nova Roma)\|C. Fabius Buteo Modianus]] and [[Pompeia Minucia Strabo (Nova Roma)\|Pomp. Minucia Strabo]] who served in 2759 [[AUC\|a.u.c.]].<ref>Nova Roma Inc., Aedes Minervae (Nova Roma), accessed 23 June 2024, http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Aedes_Minervae_(Nova_Roma)</ref>

		+	Minerva was famously honored on the seventh day of the Nova Roman ludi Conditorium, {{Mar 4}} {{2008}} (2761 [[AUC\|a.u.c.]]). These games were in celebration of the 10th anniversary of the founding of Nova Roma included chariot races, literary contests and history quizzes.<ref>Nova Roma Inc., Ceremony to Minerva ~ Ludi Conditorum 2761 AUC (Nova Roma), accessed 16 April 2024, http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Ceremony_to_Minerva_%7E_Ludi_Conditorum_2761_AUC_(Nova_Roma)</ref>
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	Minerva also features as one of three deities honored as patrons of the newly founded Collegium Iurisprudentium, formed in M. Cotta C. Petronio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXVII a.u.c. This collegium is dedicated to the study of ancient Roman law and its application in Nova Roma. The Collegium aims to provide a service to the Res Publica by offering subject matter expertise to magistratus and cives alike.<ref>Nova Roma Inc., ‘Collegium Iurisprudentium Charter, v2.0, accessed 28 April 24, https://discord.gg/PHg3geUGUR.</ref>		Minerva also features as one of three deities honored as patrons of the newly founded Collegium Iurisprudentium, formed in M. Cotta C. Petronio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXVII a.u.c. This collegium is dedicated to the study of ancient Roman law and its application in Nova Roma. The Collegium aims to provide a service to the Res Publica by offering subject matter expertise to magistratus and cives alike.<ref>Nova Roma Inc., ‘Collegium Iurisprudentium Charter, v2.0, accessed 28 April 24, https://discord.gg/PHg3geUGUR.</ref>

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	[[Category:Roman Gods]]		[[Category:Roman Gods]]

		+	''This article was written by [[Decimus Aurelius Ingeniarius (Nova Roma)\|D. Aurelius]], camillus, and should not be modified or copied without permission.''

	[[Image:Minerva_Article_Image_1.jpg\|right\|thumb\|500px\|A depiction of Minerva by the artist Joseph Nollekens (1737-1823) on display at the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, United States.<ref>Getty Museum Collection, ‘Minerva’, accessed 28 April 24, https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/103RRE#full-artwork-details</ref>]]		[[Image:Minerva_Article_Image_1.jpg\|right\|thumb\|500px\|A depiction of Minerva by the artist Joseph Nollekens (1737-1823) on display at the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, United States.<ref>Getty Museum Collection, ‘Minerva’, accessed 28 April 24, https://www.getty.edu/art/collection/object/103RRE#full-artwork-details</ref>]]

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Marca Hortensia Maior at 04:13, 25 January 2008

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	'''Minerva''', Goddess of wisdom and learning, meditation, inventiveness, accomplishments, the arts, spinning and weaving, and commerce. ''Minerva'' was identified with ''Pallas Athene'', bestower of victory, when Pompey the Great built her temple with the proceeds from his eastern campaigns. ''Minerva'' and ''[[Mars]]'' are honored Quinquatras, five days at the Spring equinox.		'''Minerva''', Goddess of wisdom and learning, meditation, inventiveness, accomplishments, the arts, spinning and weaving, and commerce. ''Minerva'' was identified with ''Pallas Athene'', bestower of victory, when Pompey the Great built her temple with the proceeds from his eastern campaigns. ''Minerva'' and ''[[Mars]]'' are honored Quinquatras, five days at the Spring equinox.
−	[[Image:Minerva courtesy of Vroma.jpg\|right]]	+	[[Image:Minerva courtesy of Vroma.jpg\|right\|frame]]

	''Minerva'' has many aspects, attributes, names and epithets.		''Minerva'' has many aspects, attributes, names and epithets.

	[[Category:Roman Gods]]		[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Marca Hortensia Maior at 02:15, 25 January 2008

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	'''Minerva''', Goddess of wisdom and learning, meditation, inventiveness, accomplishments, the arts, spinning and weaving, and commerce. ''Minerva'' was identified with ''Pallas Athene'', bestower of victory, when Pompey the Great built her temple with the proceeds from his eastern campaigns. ''Minerva'' and ''[[Mars]]'' are honored Quinquatras, five days at the Spring equinox.		'''Minerva''', Goddess of wisdom and learning, meditation, inventiveness, accomplishments, the arts, spinning and weaving, and commerce. ''Minerva'' was identified with ''Pallas Athene'', bestower of victory, when Pompey the Great built her temple with the proceeds from his eastern campaigns. ''Minerva'' and ''[[Mars]]'' are honored Quinquatras, five days at the Spring equinox.
−	[[Image:Minerva courtesy of Vroma.jpg]]	+	[[Image:Minerva courtesy of Vroma.jpg\|right]]

	''Minerva'' has many aspects, attributes, names and epithets.		''Minerva'' has many aspects, attributes, names and epithets.

	[[Category:Roman Gods]]		[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Marca Hortensia Maior at 01:49, 25 January 2008

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	'''Minerva''', Goddess of wisdom and learning, meditation, inventiveness, accomplishments, the arts, spinning and weaving, and commerce. ''Minerva'' was identified with ''Pallas Athene'', bestower of victory, when Pompey the Great built her temple with the proceeds from his eastern campaigns. ''Minerva'' and ''[[Mars]]'' are honored Quinquatras, five days at the Spring equinox.		'''Minerva''', Goddess of wisdom and learning, meditation, inventiveness, accomplishments, the arts, spinning and weaving, and commerce. ''Minerva'' was identified with ''Pallas Athene'', bestower of victory, when Pompey the Great built her temple with the proceeds from his eastern campaigns. ''Minerva'' and ''[[Mars]]'' are honored Quinquatras, five days at the Spring equinox.
		+	[[Image:Minerva courtesy of Vroma.jpg]]

	''Minerva'' has many aspects, attributes, names and epithets.		''Minerva'' has many aspects, attributes, names and epithets.

	[[Category:Roman Gods]]		[[Category:Roman Gods]]

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		+	'''Minerva''', Goddess of wisdom and learning, meditation, inventiveness, accomplishments, the arts, spinning and weaving, and commerce. ''Minerva'' was identified with ''Pallas Athene'', bestower of victory, when Pompey the Great built her temple with the proceeds from his eastern campaigns. ''Minerva'' and ''[[Mars]]'' are honored Quinquatras, five days at the Spring equinox.

		+	''Minerva'' has many aspects, attributes, names and epithets.

	[[Category:Roman Gods]]		[[Category:Roman Gods]]

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	== Introduction and Origins ==		== Introduction and Origins ==

−	The Roman goddess Minerva, is an Italian goddess with patronage over a large domain. She is the patroness for arts and handicrafts<ref>Hammond, N and Scullard, H. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 689.</ref>, and has distinct associations with wisdom and commerce. In spite of her martial-like depictions and guardianship of military prowess and victory, she was also a goddess striving for peace. In addition, she also leads in the sphere of education and study, often looked to by students and academics.<ref>Nicolae, M, The Capitoline Triad In Roman Dacia, Peuce S.N. IX, 2011, p. 294.</ref>Schools were under her particular care, and attending school boys in ancient Rome would have holidays during her festivals. They would often bring a gift to their master, called a “Minerval”.<ref>Belton, J, An Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek and Roman Mythology, 2009, p. 180</ref>	+	The Roman goddess '''Minerva''', is an Italian goddess with patronage over a large domain. She is the patroness for arts and handicrafts<ref>Hammond, N and Scullard, H. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), p. 689.</ref>, and has distinct associations with wisdom and commerce. In spite of her martial-like depictions and guardianship of military prowess and victory, she was also a goddess striving for peace. In addition, she also leads in the sphere of education and study, often looked to by students and academics.<ref>Nicolae, M, The Capitoline Triad In Roman Dacia, Peuce S.N. IX, 2011, p. 294.</ref>Schools were under her particular care, and attending school boys in ancient Rome would have holidays during her festivals. They would often bring a gift to their master, called a “Minerval”.<ref>Belton, J, An Encyclopedia of Ancient Greek and Roman Mythology, 2009, p. 180</ref>

−	20th century sources believe that Minerva is, in fact a syncretized adaption of the Greek goddess Athena, borrowed through the times of early Eturia. However, many sources find Minerva to be a native Latin goddess with her name derived from the root of the word memini among others. Despite her native origins, very little traces of her cult exist before the introduction of the “Capitoline Triad”.<ref>Hammond, N and Scullard, H. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, p. 689.</ref>As mentioned by the poet Ennius in the third century BCE, Minerva was one of twelve gods worshipped through the Roman Republic, as part of a group known as the Dii Consentes or Dii Complices; a great assembly of the gods. The head of this assembly was the Capitoline Triad.<ref>Nicolae, M, The Capitoline Triad In Roman Dacia, p. 292.</ref>	+	20th century sources believe that Minerva is, in fact a syncretized adaption of the Greek goddess Athena, borrowed through the times of early Eturia. However, many sources find Minerva to be a native Latin goddess with her name derived from the root of the word ''memini'' among others. Despite her native origins, very little traces of her cult exist before the introduction of the “Capitoline Triad”.<ref>Hammond, N and Scullard, H. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, p. 689.</ref>As mentioned by the poet Ennius in the third century BCE, Minerva was one of twelve gods worshipped through the Roman Republic, as part of a group known as the ''Dii Consentes'' or ''Dii Complices''; a great assembly of the gods. The head of this assembly was the Capitoline Triad.<ref>Nicolae, M, The Capitoline Triad In Roman Dacia, p. 292.</ref>

−	The Capitoline Triad, consists of the deities of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. This wasn’t always the case as records from pontifical books suggest that this triad displaced a more ancient triad of Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus. King Numa, an early king of Rome, had created the three flamines (leading priests) for this earlier triad that served as the leading gods of Rome and may have been the recipients of the spoils of victory in Rome’s early years<ref>Mary Beard, John North and Simon Price, ‘Religions of Rome, Volume 2 A Sourcebook’ (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 6.</ref>. It is first noted that the more recent Capitoline triad with Minerva came to preeminence during the late regal period of Rome during the height of Etruscan influence.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 2.’, 24.</ref>Despite the early inconsistencies of Minerva in this triad, several early traces identify her origins beginning with the early assimilation between Athena and the Etruscan Menerva, seen on a relief which decorated the column of a “Temple A” from Pyrgi, dated 480 BCE, on which the Etruscan deity takes part at an episode of the Theban legend. There are further appearances on found Etruscan mirrors which present the Greek theme of the Athena/Menerva birth from the head of Greek Zeus/ Etruscan Tinia, or in the company of Herakles, thus being possible to identify Minerva from King Tarquin’s time.<ref>Nicolae, M, The Capitoline Triad In Roman Dacia, p. 292.</ref>	+	The Capitoline Triad, consists of the deities of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. This wasn’t always the case as records from pontifical books suggest that this triad displaced a more ancient triad of Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus. King Numa, an early king of Rome, had created the three ''flamines'' (leading priests) for this earlier triad that served as the leading gods of Rome and may have been the recipients of the spoils of victory in Rome’s early years<ref>Mary Beard, John North and Simon Price, ‘Religions of Rome, Volume 2 A Sourcebook’ (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 6.</ref>. It is first noted that the more recent Capitoline triad with Minerva came to preeminence during the late regal period of Rome during the height of Etruscan influence.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 2.’, 24.</ref>Despite the early inconsistencies of Minerva in this triad, several early traces identify her origins beginning with the early assimilation between Athena and the Etruscan Menerva, seen on a relief which decorated the column of a “Temple A” from Pyrgi, dated 480 BCE, on which the Etruscan deity takes part at an episode of the Theban legend. There are further appearances on found Etruscan mirrors which present the Greek theme of the Athena/Menerva birth from the head of Greek Zeus/ Etruscan Tinia, or in the company of Herakles, thus being possible to identify Minerva from King Tarquin’s time.<ref>Nicolae, M, The Capitoline Triad In Roman Dacia, p. 292.</ref>

−	The image of Athena had a major impact upon the iconography and depiction of the Roman Minerva. There is almost no information available regarding the image of Minerva prior to her visual assimilation with Athena. Although they are identical in terms of appearance, they remained distinctive goddesses within their own pantheon. Despite these similarities, there is almost no information regarding the beginnings of Minerva’s cult in Rome she had no festival in the Feriale Duranum and no flamines were ascribed to her cult.<ref>Ibid, p. 299.</ref>	+	The image of Athena had a major impact upon the iconography and depiction of the Roman Minerva. There is almost no information available regarding the image of Minerva prior to her visual assimilation with Athena. Although they are identical in terms of appearance, they remained distinctive goddesses within their own pantheon. Despite these similarities, there is almost no information regarding the beginnings of Minerva’s cult in Rome she had no festival in the ''Feriale Duranum'' and no ''flamines'' were ascribed to her cult.<ref>Ibid, p. 299.</ref>

	== Festivals & Sacrifices ==		== Festivals & Sacrifices ==
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	The primary celebration of Minerva is the Quinquatria in March. The name comes from the timing of the event as it coincides with the fifth day after the ides. The event celebrated the anniversary of the temple of Minerva on the Aventine but also extended to include that of Minerva Medica on the Esquiline.<ref>Robert Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 67.</ref>		The primary celebration of Minerva is the Quinquatria in March. The name comes from the timing of the event as it coincides with the fifth day after the ides. The event celebrated the anniversary of the temple of Minerva on the Aventine but also extended to include that of Minerva Medica on the Esquiline.<ref>Robert Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 67.</ref>

−	Commencing on the 19th March, the Quinquatria (or Quinquatrus) may have originally been only a single day celebration, according to Varro and Festus. Ovid suggested that it lasted five days and therefore the celebration was afforded its namesake. It may have taken on an additional four days, likely around the time of Julius Caesar, to gratify the people. Ovid suggested that the fifth day of the festival, on March 23, saw the Roman trumpets, used in sacred rites, undergo purification rituals. This purification was more likely to be a separate event known as the Tubilustrium, which hence started the same time as the last day of the Quinquatria.<ref>Bill Thayer, Quinquatrus or Quinquatria, ‘LacusCurtius: Into the Roman World’, last modified December 17, 2006, accessed March 10, 2024, https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Quinquatrus.html</ref>	+	Commencing on the 19th March, the ''Quinquatria'' (or ''Quinquatrus'') may have originally been only a single day celebration, according to Varro and Festus. Ovid suggested that it lasted five days and therefore the celebration was afforded its namesake. It may have taken on an additional four days, likely around the time of Julius Caesar, to gratify the people. Ovid suggested that the fifth day of the festival, on March 23, saw the Roman trumpets, used in sacred rites, undergo purification rituals. This purification was more likely to be a separate event known as the ''Tubilustrium'', which hence started the same time as the last day of the ''Quinquatria''.<ref>Bill Thayer, Quinquatrus or Quinquatria, ‘LacusCurtius: Into the Roman World’, last modified December 17, 2006, accessed March 10, 2024, https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Quinquatrus.html</ref>

−	The Quinquatria celebrated arts and trades including those various professions connected with health. It was marked by days of sacrifices and competitions like gladiatorial games.<ref>Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, 67.</ref>It became important that on the first day, no blood was shed, so events like the gladiatorial games would commence on the following three or four days. Women would take to consulting fortune-tellers and diviners during this time<ref>Thayer, Quinquatrus or Quinquatria.</ref>, and may have created textile masterpieces in dedication to the divine patroness which is depicted in activities seen on the frieze of Nerva’s forum.<ref>Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, 67.</ref>Records show a procession was often held for the occasion at which the treasured Palladium statue, which had allegedly fallen from Olympus, was stated to be carried.<ref>Jordan, M, Dictionary of Gods and Goddess, (Facts on File New York, 2004), p. 200.</ref>	+	The ''Quinquatria'' celebrated arts and trades including those various professions connected with health. It was marked by days of sacrifices and competitions like gladiatorial games.<ref>Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, 67.</ref>It became important that on the first day, no blood was shed, so events like the gladiatorial games would commence on the following three or four days. Women would take to consulting fortune-tellers and diviners during this time<ref>Thayer, Quinquatrus or Quinquatria.</ref>, and may have created textile masterpieces in dedication to the divine patroness which is depicted in activities seen on the frieze of Nerva’s forum.<ref>Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, 67.</ref>Records show a procession was often held for the occasion at which the treasured Palladium statue, which had allegedly fallen from Olympus, was stated to be carried.<ref>Jordan, M, Dictionary of Gods and Goddess, (Facts on File New York, 2004), p. 200.</ref>

−	Ovid makes references that coincide with another smaller festival of Minerva, called the Quinquatrus Minusculae or Quinquatrus Minores (Little Quinquatria), that was celebrated on the Ides of June (13th).<ref>Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, 74.</ref>A contingent of flute players, the ''tibicines''<ref>Thayer, Quinquatrus or Quinquatria</ref>, are said to have wandered the streets often masked, drunk and often disguised as women. They would play and finish with a finale in front of the temple of Minerva. According to Turcan (2000), this was likely the temple on the Esquiline, as it is stated the precession would meet again six days later on the 19th at the temple of Minerva on the Aventine.<ref>Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, 74.</ref>	+	Ovid makes references that coincide with another smaller festival of Minerva, called the ''Quinquatrus Minusculae'' or ''Quinquatrus Minores'' (Little Quinquatria), that was celebrated on the Ides of June (13th).<ref>Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, 74.</ref>A contingent of flute players, the ''tibicines''<ref>Thayer, Quinquatrus or Quinquatria</ref>, are said to have wandered the streets often masked, drunk and often disguised as women. They would play and finish with a finale in front of the temple of Minerva. According to Turcan (2000), this was likely the temple on the Esquiline, as it is stated the precession would meet again six days later on the 19th at the temple of Minerva on the Aventine.<ref>Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, 74.</ref>

	Seneca writes about other Capitol rituals that would occur. He noted how, along with Juno, Minerva is said to have had dedicated female hairdressers who would gather and move their fingers around in the way a hairdresser would, as if pampering the goddess. Operating some distance from the temple, they were often accompanied by others holding up mirrors.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 2.’, 234.</ref>		Seneca writes about other Capitol rituals that would occur. He noted how, along with Juno, Minerva is said to have had dedicated female hairdressers who would gather and move their fingers around in the way a hairdresser would, as if pampering the goddess. Operating some distance from the temple, they were often accompanied by others holding up mirrors.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 2.’, 234.</ref>
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	As one of the chief gods of the state, many public rituals would often be held in front of the temple of the Capitoline Triad. Citizens would often assemble to observe their magistrates and priests address the gods. One of the very first acts of newly elected consuls was to make a sacrifice and offer prayers at this temple.<ref>Frances Hahn, “Performing the Sacred: Prayers and Hymns”, in A Companion to Roman Religion, ed. Jörg Rüpke (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), 238.</ref>		As one of the chief gods of the state, many public rituals would often be held in front of the temple of the Capitoline Triad. Citizens would often assemble to observe their magistrates and priests address the gods. One of the very first acts of newly elected consuls was to make a sacrifice and offer prayers at this temple.<ref>Frances Hahn, “Performing the Sacred: Prayers and Hymns”, in A Companion to Roman Religion, ed. Jörg Rüpke (Malden: Blackwell Publishing, 2007), 238.</ref>

−	The college of the epulones, which was made up of the septemviri epulones (although the number of priests numbered ten under the late Republic), had the duty to feed (epulari) the Capitoline Triad deities. Minerva, along with Jupiter and Juno would be fed in a feast, to which senators would also be invited. This was reported to be done originally as part of the Plebeian Games but would become a feature activity into the imperial era with other hosted games.<ref>Robert Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 55.</ref>	+	The college of the ''epulones'', which was made up of the septemviri epulones (although the number of priests numbered ten under the late Republic), had the duty to feed (''epulari'') the Capitoline Triad deities. Minerva, along with Jupiter and Juno would be fed in a feast, to which senators would also be invited. This was reported to be done originally as part of the Plebeian Games but would become a feature activity into the imperial era with other hosted games.<ref>Robert Turcan, “The Gods of Ancient Rome”, (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 55.</ref>

	== Temples and Shrines ==		== Temples and Shrines ==
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	During the early Republic, the great temple of Jupiter on the Capitol was also jointly dedicated to Juno and Minerva. Before the later Republican era of Rome, this temple was of a far greater scale than had been seen in earlier temples. It was Etruscan in design, likely to pay homage to the late regal rulers at the time it was built. However, Republican rhetoric would suggest that although built by the kings of Rome, it was first dedicated in 509 B.C.E by the first consuls of the newly minted Roman Republic.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 2.’, 24.</ref>		During the early Republic, the great temple of Jupiter on the Capitol was also jointly dedicated to Juno and Minerva. Before the later Republican era of Rome, this temple was of a far greater scale than had been seen in earlier temples. It was Etruscan in design, likely to pay homage to the late regal rulers at the time it was built. However, Republican rhetoric would suggest that although built by the kings of Rome, it was first dedicated in 509 B.C.E by the first consuls of the newly minted Roman Republic.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 2.’, 24.</ref>

−	It became customary to build ~~‘triple~~-~~temples’~~ (Capitolium) to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva of the state triad through various Coloniae, even through to the empire period as well. Such temples include: the Capitolium at Cosa in Etriria founded in 273 B.C.E. and the Capitolium at Sufetula in Africa founded in the second century C.E.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 2.’, 245.</ref>	+	It became customary to build “triple-temples“ (Capitolium) to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva of the state triad through various Coloniae, even through to the empire period as well. Such temples include: the Capitolium at Cosa in Etriria founded in 273 B.C.E. and the Capitolium at Sufetula in Africa founded in the second century C.E.<ref>Beard, North and Price, ‘Religions of Rome Vol 2.’, 245.</ref>

	A key cult temple lay on the Aventine, although it is uncertain when it was established. Most likely built around 263 or 262 BCE.<ref>Madden, A, Ancient Gods, (London: Future Publishing 2022), p. 76</ref>This temple to Minerva became the headquarters of a guild of writers and actors, most prominent during the Second Punic War. Minerva was also worshipped at a smaller shrine on Mons Caelius (Caelian Hill) under the name Minerva Capta. This site was said to be erected after the taking of Falerii in the revolt against the Republic in 241 BCE.<ref>Hammond, N and Scullard, H. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, p. 689.</ref>Colloquially, this shrine became known as the “Minervium” during the Republic. Identified in sources, likely a shortening of original expression “templum minervium”.<ref>Cinaglia, T, ‘Minervium vs. Minerva Capta: due facce della stessa medaglia?’, en		A key cult temple lay on the Aventine, although it is uncertain when it was established. Most likely built around 263 or 262 BCE.<ref>Madden, A, Ancient Gods, (London: Future Publishing 2022), p. 76</ref>This temple to Minerva became the headquarters of a guild of writers and actors, most prominent during the Second Punic War. Minerva was also worshipped at a smaller shrine on Mons Caelius (Caelian Hill) under the name Minerva Capta. This site was said to be erected after the taking of Falerii in the revolt against the Republic in 241 BCE.<ref>Hammond, N and Scullard, H. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, p. 689.</ref>Colloquially, this shrine became known as the “Minervium” during the Republic. Identified in sources, likely a shortening of original expression “templum minervium”.<ref>Cinaglia, T, ‘Minervium vs. Minerva Capta: due facce della stessa medaglia?’, en