Mundus - Revision history

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: Reverted edits by Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Talk); changed back to last version by M. Lucretius Agricola

2011-03-17T17:18:50Z

Reverted edits by Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Talk); changed back to last version by M. Lucretius Agricola

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:18, 17 March 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{LanguageBar\|Mundus}}		{{LanguageBar\|Mundus}}

−	'''~~Mundus patet~~'''	+	A '''''lapis manalis''''' ([[Latin]]: "stone of the [[Manes]]" was either of two sacred stones used in the [[Religion in ancient Rome\|Roman religion]]. One covered a gate to [[Hades]], abode of the dead; Festus called it ''ostium Orci'', "the gate of [[Orcus]]". The other was used to make rain; this one may have no direct relationship with the ''Manes'', but is instead derived from the verb ''manare'', "to flow".

−	~~As part of~~ the ~~ritual by which Romulus founded Roma antiqua~~, ~~he set~~ the ~~quadrata atop~~ the ~~Palatine as~~ the ~~center~~ of ~~his City. At its center was dug~~ the ~~''mundus'' that was a concave pit that Cato said represented~~ the ~~counterpart~~ to ~~the concave vault of the Heavens above~~.<ref>Festus ~~1.c</ref> Popular belief was that this pit was covered for most of the year by the ''lapis manalis~~''.~~<ref>~~Festus s. ~~v.</ref> When opened the entrance way to the infernal regions lay opened as well: "Mundus cum patet~~, ~~Deorum tristium atque inferum ianua patet"~~.~~<ref>Macrobius,~~ ''~~Saturnalia~~'' ~~1.16.18~~</ref> Offerings were therefore placed in the ''mundus'' for Maiores nostrum. Three times a year - 24 August, 5 October, and 5 November, the ''mundus'' was uncovered. It was a night when it was believed that the dead emerged to commune with the living.	+	The two stones had the same name. However, the grammarian [[Sextus Pompeius Festus\|Festus]] held the cover to the gate of the underworld and the rainmaking stone to be two distinct stones.<ref>Sextus Pompeius Festus, ''[http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/Festus/m.htm De verborum significatione]'', sub. tit. ''manalis'' (Latin and French text)</ref>

−	==~~Sources~~==	+	==Gate to the underworld==

−	~~Macrobius~~, ''~~Saturnalia~~'' 1.16.~~18; Fowler~~, W. W. (~~1899~~) ''The Roman ~~Festivals~~ of the ~~Period~~ of the Roman ~~Republic~~'', ~~London~~.	+	One such stone covered the '''''[[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#mundus\|mundus]] [[Ceres (mythology)\|Cereris]]''''', a pit thought to contain an entrance to the [[underworld]]. Most cities of [[Latium]] and [[Etruria]] contained a similar pit or ditch; [[Plutarch]] describes the custom of a ''mundus'' as being of [[Etruscans\|Etruscan]] origin, and states that it was used as a place where first-fruits were deposited.<ref>Plutarch, ''[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Romulus*.html#11 Life of Romulus]'' ch. 11.</ref> The Latin word ''mundus'' simply meant "[[world]]". Festus, quoting [[Cato the Elder\|Cato]] this time, explains that:
		+
		+	:''Mundo nomen impositum est ab eo mundo qui supra nos est.''
		+	::(The ''mundus'' gets its name from that world which is above us.)<ref>W. Warde Fowler, "[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/journals/JRS/2/Mundus*.html Mundus Patet]", ''Journal of Roman Studies'', Vol. 2 (1912), pp 25‑33.</ref>
		+
		+	The Roman ''mundus'' was located in the [[Comitium]]<ref>Plutarch, supra.</ref>, on the [[Palatine Hill]]. This stone was ceremonially opened three times a year, during which spirits of the blessed dead (the ''Manes'') were able to commune with the living. The three days upon which the ''mundus'' was opened were August 24, October 5, and November 8. Fruits of the harvest were offered to the dead at this time.<ref>Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins, ''Dictionary of Roman Religion'' (Facts on File, 1996) ISBN 0-8160-3005-7</ref><ref>Fowler, above</ref> [[Macrobius]], quoting [[Marcus Terentius Varro\|Varro]], says of these days that:
		+
		+	:''Mundus cum patet, deorum tristium atque inferum quasi ianua patet.''
		+	::("When the ''mundus'' is open, it is as if a door stands open for the sorrowful gods of the underworld.")
		+
		+	Accordingly, he reports that military and public matters were not transacted upon them, even though they were not ''[[fasti\|dies nefasti]]''.<ref>Macrobius, ''[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Macrobius/Saturnalia/1*.html#16.18 Saturnalia]'' I 16.18</ref>
		+
		+	==Charm to make rain==
		+	The other was used as part of a ceremony called the '''''aquaelicium''''' (Latin: "calling the waters") which sought to produce [[rain]] in times of [[drought]].<ref>Sir [[James Frazer]], ''[[The Golden Bough]]'' ch. 5, "[[s:The Golden Bough/The Magical Control of the Weather\|Magical Control of the Weather]]" (Abridged edition, MacMillan, 1922)</ref> During the ceremony, the ''[[pontifex\|pontifices]]'' had the stone brought from its usual resting place, a temple of [[Mars (mythology)\|Mars]] near the [[Porta Capena]], into the [[Roman Senate\|Senate]]. Offerings were made to [[Jupiter (mythology)\|Jupiter]] petitioning for rain, and water was ceremonially poured over the stone.<ref>Cyril Bailey, ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18564/18564-8.txt The Religion of Ancient Rome]'', ch. 2 (Archibald, Constable & Co., London, 1907)</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>
	[[Category:Roman religion]]		[[Category:Roman religion]]

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: Reverted edits by M. Lucretius Agricola (Talk); changed back to last version by Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus

2011-03-17T17:18:14Z

Reverted edits by M. Lucretius Agricola (Talk); changed back to last version by Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:18, 17 March 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{LanguageBar\|Mundus}}		{{LanguageBar\|Mundus}}

−	A '''''~~lapis manalis~~''''' ([[Latin]]: "stone of the [[Manes]]" was either of two sacred stones used in the [[Religion in ancient Rome\|Roman religion]]. One covered a gate to [[Hades]], abode of the dead; Festus called it ''ostium Orci'', "the gate of [[Orcus]]". The other was used to make rain; this one may have no direct relationship with the ''Manes'', but is instead derived from the verb ''manare'', "to flow".	+	'''Mundus patet'''

−	~~The two stones had~~ the ~~same name. However~~, the ~~grammarian [[Sextus Pompeius Festus\|Festus]] held~~ the ~~cover to~~ the ~~gate~~ of the ~~underworld and~~ the ~~rainmaking stone~~ to ~~be two distinct stones~~.<ref>~~Sextus Pompeius~~ Festus, ''~~[http://remacle~~.~~org/bloodwolf/erudits/~~Festus/m.~~htm De verborum significatione]''~~, ~~sub. tit~~. ''~~manalis~~'' ~~(Latin and French text)~~</ref>	+	As part of the ritual by which Romulus founded Roma antiqua, he set the quadrata atop the Palatine as the center of his City. At its center was dug the ''mundus'' that was a concave pit that Cato said represented the counterpart to the concave vault of the Heavens above.<ref>Festus 1.c</ref> Popular belief was that this pit was covered for most of the year by the ''lapis manalis''.<ref>Festus s. v.</ref> When opened the entrance way to the infernal regions lay opened as well: "Mundus cum patet, Deorum tristium atque inferum ianua patet".<ref>Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.16.18</ref> Offerings were therefore placed in the ''mundus'' for Maiores nostrum. Three times a year - 24 August, 5 October, and 5 November, the ''mundus'' was uncovered. It was a night when it was believed that the dead emerged to commune with the living.

−	==~~Gate to the underworld~~==	+	==Sources==

−	~~One such stone covered the '''''[[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#mundus\|mundus]] [[Ceres (mythology)\|Cereris]]'''''~~, ~~a pit thought to contain an entrance to the [[underworld]]. Most cities of [[Latium]] and [[Etruria]] contained a similar pit or ditch; [[Plutarch]] describes the custom of a~~ ''~~mundus~~'' ~~as being of [[Etruscans\|Etruscan]] origin, and states that it was used as a place where first-fruits were deposited~~.~~<ref>Plutarch, ''[http://penelope~~.~~uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Romulus*.html#11 Life of Romulus]'' ch. 11.</ref> The Latin word ''mundus'' simply meant "[[world]]". Festus~~, ~~quoting [[Cato the Elder\|Cato]] this time, explains that:~~	+	Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.16.18; Fowler, W. W. (1899) ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Roman Republic'', London.
−		+
−	~~:''Mundo nomen impositum est ab eo mundo qui supra nos est~~.''	+
−	~~::(The ''mundus'' gets its name from that world which is above us.)<ref>~~W. ~~Warde Fowler, "[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/journals/JRS/2/Mundus*.html Mundus Patet]", ''Journal of Roman Studies'', Vol. 2~~ (~~1912~~)~~, pp 25‑33.</ref>~~	+
−		+
−	~~The Roman~~ ''mundus'' was located in the [[Comitium]]<ref>Plutarch, supra.</ref>, on the [[Palatine Hill]]. This stone was ceremonially opened three times a year, during which spirits of the blessed dead (the ''Manes'') were able to commune with the living. The three days upon which the ''mundus'' was opened were August 24, October 5, and November 8. Fruits of the harvest were offered to the dead at this time.<ref>Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins, ''Dictionary of Roman ~~Religion'' (Facts on File, 1996) ISBN 0-8160-3005-7</ref><ref>Fowler, above</ref> [[Macrobius]], quoting [[Marcus Terentius Varro\|Varro]], says~~ of ~~these days that:~~	+
−		+
−	~~:''Mundus cum patet, deorum tristium atque inferum quasi ianua patet.''~~	+
−	~~::("When~~ the ~~''mundus'' is open, it is as if a door stands open for the sorrowful gods~~ of the ~~underworld.")~~	+
−		+
−	~~Accordingly, he reports that military and public matters were not transacted upon them, even though they were not ''[[fasti\|dies nefasti]]''.<ref>Macrobius, ''[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/~~Roman~~/Texts/Macrobius/Saturnalia/1*.html#16.18 Saturnalia]~~'' ~~I 16.18</ref>~~	+
−		+
−	~~==Charm to make rain==~~	+
−	~~The other was used as part of a ceremony called the '''''aquaelicium''''' (Latin: "calling the waters") which sought to produce [[rain]] in times of [[drought]].<ref>Sir [[James Frazer]]~~, ~~''[[The Golden Bough]]'' ch~~. 5, "[[s:The Golden Bough/The Magical Control of the Weather\|Magical Control of the Weather]]" (Abridged edition, MacMillan, 1922)</ref> During the ceremony, the ''[[pontifex\|pontifices]]'' had the stone brought from its usual resting place, a temple of [[Mars (mythology)\|Mars]] near the [[Porta Capena]], into the [[Roman Senate\|Senate]]. Offerings were made to [[Jupiter (mythology)\|Jupiter]] petitioning for rain, and water was ceremonially poured over the stone.<ref>Cyril Bailey, ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18564/18564-8.txt The Religion of Ancient Rome]'', ch. 2 (Archibald, Constable & Co., London, 1907)</ref>	+

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>
	[[Category:Roman religion]]		[[Category:Roman religion]]

M. Lucretius Agricola at 07:34, 17 March 2011

2011-03-17T07:34:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:34, 17 March 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{LanguageBar\|Mundus}}		{{LanguageBar\|Mundus}}

−	'''~~Mundus patet~~'''	+	A '''''lapis manalis''''' ([[Latin]]: "stone of the [[Manes]]" was either of two sacred stones used in the [[Religion in ancient Rome\|Roman religion]]. One covered a gate to [[Hades]], abode of the dead; Festus called it ''ostium Orci'', "the gate of [[Orcus]]". The other was used to make rain; this one may have no direct relationship with the ''Manes'', but is instead derived from the verb ''manare'', "to flow".

−	~~As part of~~ the ~~ritual by which Romulus founded Roma antiqua~~, ~~he set~~ the ~~quadrata atop~~ the ~~Palatine as~~ the ~~center~~ of ~~his City. At its center was dug~~ the ~~''mundus'' that was a concave pit that Cato said represented~~ the ~~counterpart~~ to ~~the concave vault of the Heavens above~~.<ref>Festus ~~1.c</ref> Popular belief was that this pit was covered for most of the year by the ''lapis manalis~~''.~~<ref>~~Festus s. ~~v.</ref> When opened the entrance way to the infernal regions lay opened as well: "Mundus cum patet~~, ~~Deorum tristium atque inferum ianua patet"~~.~~<ref>Macrobius,~~ ''~~Saturnalia~~'' ~~1.16.18~~</ref> Offerings were therefore placed in the ''mundus'' for Maiores nostrum. Three times a year - 24 August, 5 October, and 5 November, the ''mundus'' was uncovered. It was a night when it was believed that the dead emerged to commune with the living.	+	The two stones had the same name. However, the grammarian [[Sextus Pompeius Festus\|Festus]] held the cover to the gate of the underworld and the rainmaking stone to be two distinct stones.<ref>Sextus Pompeius Festus, ''[http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/Festus/m.htm De verborum significatione]'', sub. tit. ''manalis'' (Latin and French text)</ref>

−	==~~Sources~~==	+	==Gate to the underworld==

−	~~Macrobius~~, ''~~Saturnalia~~'' 1.16.~~18; Fowler~~, W. W. (~~1899~~) ''The Roman ~~Festivals~~ of the ~~Period~~ of the Roman ~~Republic~~'', ~~London~~.	+	One such stone covered the '''''[[Glossary of ancient Roman religion#mundus\|mundus]] [[Ceres (mythology)\|Cereris]]''''', a pit thought to contain an entrance to the [[underworld]]. Most cities of [[Latium]] and [[Etruria]] contained a similar pit or ditch; [[Plutarch]] describes the custom of a ''mundus'' as being of [[Etruscans\|Etruscan]] origin, and states that it was used as a place where first-fruits were deposited.<ref>Plutarch, ''[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Romulus*.html#11 Life of Romulus]'' ch. 11.</ref> The Latin word ''mundus'' simply meant "[[world]]". Festus, quoting [[Cato the Elder\|Cato]] this time, explains that:
		+
		+	:''Mundo nomen impositum est ab eo mundo qui supra nos est.''
		+	::(The ''mundus'' gets its name from that world which is above us.)<ref>W. Warde Fowler, "[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/journals/JRS/2/Mundus*.html Mundus Patet]", ''Journal of Roman Studies'', Vol. 2 (1912), pp 25‑33.</ref>
		+
		+	The Roman ''mundus'' was located in the [[Comitium]]<ref>Plutarch, supra.</ref>, on the [[Palatine Hill]]. This stone was ceremonially opened three times a year, during which spirits of the blessed dead (the ''Manes'') were able to commune with the living. The three days upon which the ''mundus'' was opened were August 24, October 5, and November 8. Fruits of the harvest were offered to the dead at this time.<ref>Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins, ''Dictionary of Roman Religion'' (Facts on File, 1996) ISBN 0-8160-3005-7</ref><ref>Fowler, above</ref> [[Macrobius]], quoting [[Marcus Terentius Varro\|Varro]], says of these days that:
		+
		+	:''Mundus cum patet, deorum tristium atque inferum quasi ianua patet.''
		+	::("When the ''mundus'' is open, it is as if a door stands open for the sorrowful gods of the underworld.")
		+
		+	Accordingly, he reports that military and public matters were not transacted upon them, even though they were not ''[[fasti\|dies nefasti]]''.<ref>Macrobius, ''[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Macrobius/Saturnalia/1*.html#16.18 Saturnalia]'' I 16.18</ref>
		+
		+	==Charm to make rain==
		+	The other was used as part of a ceremony called the '''''aquaelicium''''' (Latin: "calling the waters") which sought to produce [[rain]] in times of [[drought]].<ref>Sir [[James Frazer]], ''[[The Golden Bough]]'' ch. 5, "[[s:The Golden Bough/The Magical Control of the Weather\|Magical Control of the Weather]]" (Abridged edition, MacMillan, 1922)</ref> During the ceremony, the ''[[pontifex\|pontifices]]'' had the stone brought from its usual resting place, a temple of [[Mars (mythology)\|Mars]] near the [[Porta Capena]], into the [[Roman Senate\|Senate]]. Offerings were made to [[Jupiter (mythology)\|Jupiter]] petitioning for rain, and water was ceremonially poured over the stone.<ref>Cyril Bailey, ''[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/18564/18564-8.txt The Religion of Ancient Rome]'', ch. 2 (Archibald, Constable & Co., London, 1907)</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>
	[[Category:Roman religion]]		[[Category:Roman religion]]

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 14:46, 31 March 2009

2009-03-31T14:46:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 31 March 2009
Line 11:		Line 11:
	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>
−		+	[[Category:Roman religion]]
−	[[Category:~~Religio Romana~~]]	+

M. Lucretius Agricola: langBar, References

2007-12-24T03:54:41Z

langBar, References

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:54, 24 December 2007
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{LanguageBar\|Mundus}}
		+
	'''Mundus patet'''		'''Mundus patet'''

−	As part of the ritual by which Romulus founded Roma antiqua, he set the quadrata atop the Palatine as the center of his City. At its center was dug the ''mundus'' that was a concave pit that Cato said represented the counterpart to the concave vault of the Heavens above (Festus 1.c). Popular belief was that this pit was covered for most of the year by the ''lapis manalis'' (Festus s. v.). When opened the entrance way to the infernal regions lay opened as well: "Mundus cum patet, Deorum tristium atque inferum ianua patet" (Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.16.18). Offerings were therefore placed in the ''mundus'' for Maiores nostrum. Three times a year - 24 August, 5 October, and 5 November, the ''mundus'' was uncovered. It was a night when it was believed that the dead emerged to commune with the living.	+	As part of the ritual by which Romulus founded Roma antiqua, he set the quadrata atop the Palatine as the center of his City. At its center was dug the ''mundus'' that was a concave pit that Cato said represented the counterpart to the concave vault of the Heavens above.<ref>Festus 1.c</ref> Popular belief was that this pit was covered for most of the year by the ''lapis manalis''.<ref>Festus s. v.</ref> When opened the entrance way to the infernal regions lay opened as well: "Mundus cum patet, Deorum tristium atque inferum ianua patet".<ref>Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.16.18</ref> Offerings were therefore placed in the ''mundus'' for Maiores nostrum. Three times a year - 24 August, 5 October, and 5 November, the ''mundus'' was uncovered. It was a night when it was believed that the dead emerged to commune with the living.
		+
		+	==Sources==
		+
		+	Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.16.18; Fowler, W. W. (1899) ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Roman Republic'', London.
		+
		+	==References==
		+	<references/>

−	~~'''Sources~~:~~''' Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.16.18; Fowler, W. W. (1899) ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Roman Republic'', London.~~	+	[[Category:Religio Romana]]

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: Mudus opened

2007-12-24T03:41:53Z

Mudus opened

New page

'''Mundus patet'''

As part of the ritual by which Romulus founded Roma antiqua, he set the quadrata atop the Palatine as the center of his City. At its center was dug the ''mundus'' that was a concave pit that Cato said represented the counterpart to the concave vault of the Heavens above (Festus 1.c). Popular belief was that this pit was covered for most of the year by the ''lapis manalis'' (Festus s. v.). When opened the entrance way to the infernal regions lay opened as well: "Mundus cum patet, Deorum tristium atque inferum ianua patet" (Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.16.18). Offerings were therefore placed in the ''mundus'' for Maiores nostrum. Three times a year - 24 August, 5 October, and 5 November, the ''mundus'' was uncovered. It was a night when it was believed that the dead emerged to commune with the living.

'''Sources:''' Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.16.18; Fowler, W. W. (1899) ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Roman Republic'', London.