Neptunus - Revision history

Lucius Vitellius Triarius: /* Neptunalia */ link update

2013-07-29T14:22:07Z

Neptunalia: link update

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:22, 29 July 2013
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	===Neptunalia===		===Neptunalia===

−	The ''Neptunalia'' is celebrated {{Jul 23}}. Very little is known about the celebrations that took place on this day, or about the cult which would have celebrated it. About the celebrations of the day, Fowler <ref>Fowler, W. W. The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An introduction to the study of the religion of the Romans (ISBN 1402148577)</ref> says that huts or booths of foliage were set up by the ''cultores'', but this only to protect those who came to worship Neptunus on that day.	+	The ''[[Neptunalia]]'' is celebrated {{Jul 23}}. Very little is known about the celebrations that took place on this day, or about the cult which would have celebrated it. About the celebrations of the day, Fowler <ref>Fowler, W. W. The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An introduction to the study of the religion of the Romans (ISBN 1402148577)</ref> says that huts or booths of foliage were set up by the ''cultores'', but this only to protect those who came to worship Neptunus on that day.

	Its placement in mid-Summer suggests also the connection with trade, particularly trade by sea, from an astronomical view. In light of the fact that the Moon is at its farthest distance from Earth at this time, waves would have been significantly less than at other times of the year, which would be favourable to any sea-based trade. This would have been an optimal time to propitiate Neptunus in the hopes that he would continue to keep the waves minimised, allowing easier and more successful trade.		Its placement in mid-Summer suggests also the connection with trade, particularly trade by sea, from an astronomical view. In light of the fact that the Moon is at its farthest distance from Earth at this time, waves would have been significantly less than at other times of the year, which would be favourable to any sea-based trade. This would have been an optimal time to propitiate Neptunus in the hopes that he would continue to keep the waves minimised, allowing easier and more successful trade.

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 14:12, 30 June 2011

2011-06-30T14:12:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:12, 30 June 2011
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	{{LanguageBar \| Neptunus }}		{{LanguageBar \| Neptunus }}

−	'''Neptunus''' (Neptune) is the Roman God of the sea His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''. For a time he was paired with Salacia, the goddess of the salt water. At an early date (899 BC) he was identified with Poseidon, when the Sibylline books ordered a lectisternium in his honour (Livy v. 13). In the earlier times it was the god Portunes or Fortunus who was thanked for naval victories, but Neptune supplanted him in this role by at least the first century BC when Sextus Pompeius called himself "son of Neptune". Neptune is associated as well with fresh water, as opposed to Oceanus, god of the world-ocean. Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, under the name ''Neptune Equester'', patron of horse-racing. The planet Neptune was named after the god, as its deep blue gas clouds gave early astronomers the impression of great oceans.	+	'''Neptunus''' (Neptune) is the Roman God of the sea and still waters. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''. For a time he was paired with Salacia, the goddess of the salt water. At an early date (899 BC) he was identified with Poseidon, when the Sibylline books ordered a lectisternium in his honour (Livy v. 13). In the earlier times it was the god Portunes or Fortunus who was thanked for naval victories, but Neptune supplanted him in this role by at least the first century BC when Sextus Pompeius called himself "son of Neptune". Neptune is associated as well with fresh water, as opposed to Oceanus, god of the world-ocean. Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, under the name ''Neptune Equester'', patron of horse-racing. The planet Neptune was named after the god, as its deep blue gas clouds gave early astronomers the impression of great oceans.

−	As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and ~~merchan~~	+	As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.
		+
		+	[[Image:Neptunus from Ostia courtesy of Vroma.jpg\|right\|frame]]

	==Festivals==		==Festivals==
Line 14:		Line 16:

	This also connects to agriculture. This festival is placed in enough time before the harvest to allow cultores to attempt to propitiate Neptunus such that, when the time comes, farmers will be able to harvest their crops successfully and use them at the markets to trade and barter. The favour of Neptunus would be essential to allow goods from other parts of the Mediterranean to reach Rome and all of Italy safely, something which the agricultural community of early Italy would have desired more than not.		This also connects to agriculture. This festival is placed in enough time before the harvest to allow cultores to attempt to propitiate Neptunus such that, when the time comes, farmers will be able to harvest their crops successfully and use them at the markets to trade and barter. The favour of Neptunus would be essential to allow goods from other parts of the Mediterranean to reach Rome and all of Italy safely, something which the agricultural community of early Italy would have desired more than not.
		+
		+	==Temples, Priests, and Cult==
		+
		+	Just as there is little known about the ''Neptunalia'', there is just as little known about his cult at Rome and throughout Italy. There is no known priest of Neptunus as sponsored by the State (as, for example, the Flamines).
		+	:During the Empire, there is evidence of ''un flamen'' at Henchir-Ouradi near Bizacena (modern Tunisia), ''sacerdotes Neptuni'' in Numidia , amd a ''cultor'' all from Africa, a ''sacerdos Neptuni'' at Corinth, and ''magistri Neptunales'' at Delos.
		+
		+	In popular religion Neptune protected men and women from dangers from the sea and lakes. And prayed to for ''salus'' - life, welfare and ''incolumitas'' - safety. Yet as the god of moving and still waters, he was also worshiped on the inland of Italy as numerous examples of epigpraphy attest.
		+
		+	He was also called upon by farmers so the running waters, streams, rivers,would not dry out during the hot season of summer and by fishermen. His epithets were ''Pater'' -venerable, ''Adiutor'' - helper, ''Redux'' - who brings men back. He probably was also seen as a god who promoted vegetation, and during Imperial times, called upon for sea victories.
		+
		+	Neptune, unlike Greek Poseidon was never associated with horses, though his inland worshipers may have associated him with fruitfulness ''pythalmios'' and earthquakes.
		+
		+	==Epigraphy==
		+
		+	{{CIL\|III\|13400}} Pannonia Superior:
		+	''Neptuno et Nymphis pro Cassia Clementilla''
		+
		+	==References==
		+	<references/>
		+
		+	2. Arnaldi, Ricerche Storico-Epigraphiche sul Culto di 'Neptunus' p. 224-5.
		+	[[Category:Roman Gods]]

Marca Hortensia Maior at 03:41, 14 March 2011

2011-03-14T03:41:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:41, 14 March 2011
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{LanguageBar \| Neptunus }}		{{LanguageBar \| Neptunus }}

−	'''Neptunus''' (Neptune) is the Roman God of the sea ~~and still waters.~~ His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''. For a time he was paired with Salacia, the goddess of the salt water. At an early date (899 BC) he was identified with Poseidon, when the Sibylline books ordered a lectisternium in his honour (Livy v. 13). In the earlier times it was the god Portunes or Fortunus who was thanked for naval victories, but Neptune supplanted him in this role by at least the first century BC when Sextus Pompeius called himself "son of Neptune". Neptune is associated as well with fresh water, as opposed to Oceanus, god of the world-ocean. Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, under the name ''Neptune Equester'', patron of horse-racing. The planet Neptune was named after the god, as its deep blue gas clouds gave early astronomers the impression of great oceans.	+	'''Neptunus''' (Neptune) is the Roman God of the sea His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''. For a time he was paired with Salacia, the goddess of the salt water. At an early date (899 BC) he was identified with Poseidon, when the Sibylline books ordered a lectisternium in his honour (Livy v. 13). In the earlier times it was the god Portunes or Fortunus who was thanked for naval victories, but Neptune supplanted him in this role by at least the first century BC when Sextus Pompeius called himself "son of Neptune". Neptune is associated as well with fresh water, as opposed to Oceanus, god of the world-ocean. Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, under the name ''Neptune Equester'', patron of horse-racing. The planet Neptune was named after the god, as its deep blue gas clouds gave early astronomers the impression of great oceans.

	As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchan		As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchan

Marca Hortensia Maior at 03:41, 14 March 2011

2011-03-14T03:41:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:41, 14 March 2011
Line 3:		Line 3:
	'''Neptunus''' (Neptune) is the Roman God of the sea and still waters. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''. For a time he was paired with Salacia, the goddess of the salt water. At an early date (899 BC) he was identified with Poseidon, when the Sibylline books ordered a lectisternium in his honour (Livy v. 13). In the earlier times it was the god Portunes or Fortunus who was thanked for naval victories, but Neptune supplanted him in this role by at least the first century BC when Sextus Pompeius called himself "son of Neptune". Neptune is associated as well with fresh water, as opposed to Oceanus, god of the world-ocean. Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, under the name ''Neptune Equester'', patron of horse-racing. The planet Neptune was named after the god, as its deep blue gas clouds gave early astronomers the impression of great oceans.		'''Neptunus''' (Neptune) is the Roman God of the sea and still waters. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''. For a time he was paired with Salacia, the goddess of the salt water. At an early date (899 BC) he was identified with Poseidon, when the Sibylline books ordered a lectisternium in his honour (Livy v. 13). In the earlier times it was the god Portunes or Fortunus who was thanked for naval victories, but Neptune supplanted him in this role by at least the first century BC when Sextus Pompeius called himself "son of Neptune". Neptune is associated as well with fresh water, as opposed to Oceanus, god of the world-ocean. Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, under the name ''Neptune Equester'', patron of horse-racing. The planet Neptune was named after the god, as its deep blue gas clouds gave early astronomers the impression of great oceans.

−	As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and ~~merchants.~~	+	As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchan
−		+
−	~~[[Image:Neptunus from Ostia courtesy of Vroma.jpg\|right\|frame]]~~	+

	==Festivals==		==Festivals==
Line 16:		Line 14:

	This also connects to agriculture. This festival is placed in enough time before the harvest to allow cultores to attempt to propitiate Neptunus such that, when the time comes, farmers will be able to harvest their crops successfully and use them at the markets to trade and barter. The favour of Neptunus would be essential to allow goods from other parts of the Mediterranean to reach Rome and all of Italy safely, something which the agricultural community of early Italy would have desired more than not.		This also connects to agriculture. This festival is placed in enough time before the harvest to allow cultores to attempt to propitiate Neptunus such that, when the time comes, farmers will be able to harvest their crops successfully and use them at the markets to trade and barter. The favour of Neptunus would be essential to allow goods from other parts of the Mediterranean to reach Rome and all of Italy safely, something which the agricultural community of early Italy would have desired more than not.
−
−	~~==Temples, Priests, and Cult==~~
−
−	Just as there is little known about the ''Neptunalia'', there is just as little known about his cult at Rome and throughout Italy. There is no known priest of Neptunus as sponsored by the State (as, for example, the Flamines).
−	:During the Empire, there is evidence of ''un flamen'' at Henchir-Ouradi near Bizacena (modern Tunisia), ''sacerdotes Neptuni'' in Numidia , amd a ''cultor'' all from Africa, a ''sacerdos Neptuni'' at Corinth, and ''magistri Neptunales'' at Delos.
−
−	In popular religion Neptune protected men and women from dangers from the sea and lakes. And prayed to for ''salus'' - life, welfare and ''incolumitas'' - safety. Yet as the god of moving and still waters, he was also worshiped on the inland of Italy as numerous examples of epigpraphy attest.
−
−	He was also called upon by farmers so the running waters, streams, rivers,would not dry out during the hot season of summer and by fishermen. His epithets were ''Pater'' -venerable, ''Adiutor'' - helper, ''Redux'' - who brings men back. He probably was also seen as a god who promoted vegetation, and during Imperial times, called upon for sea victories.
−
−	~~Neptune, unlike Greek Poseidon was never associated with horses, though his inland worshipers may have associated him with fruitfulness ''pythalmios'' and earthquakes.~~
−
−	~~==Epigraphy==~~
−
−	~~{{CIL\|III\|13400}} Pannonia Superior:~~
−	~~''Neptuno et Nymphis pro Cassia Clementilla''~~
−
−	~~==References==~~
−	~~<references/>~~
−
−	~~2. Arnaldi, Ricerche Storico-Epigraphiche sul Culto di 'Neptunus' p. 224-5.~~
−	~~[[Category:Roman Gods]]~~

Marca Hortensia Maior at 19:21, 15 April 2010

2010-04-15T19:21:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:21, 15 April 2010
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	{{LanguageBar \| Neptunus }}		{{LanguageBar \| Neptunus }}

−	'''Neptunus''' (Neptune) is the Roman God of the sea and ~~earthquakes~~. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''. For a time he was paired with Salacia, the goddess of the salt water. At an early date (899 BC) he was identified with Poseidon, when the Sibylline books ordered a lectisternium in his honour (Livy v. 13). In the earlier times it was the god Portunes or Fortunus who was thanked for naval victories, but Neptune supplanted him in this role by at least the first century BC when Sextus Pompeius called himself "son of Neptune". Neptune is associated as well with fresh water, as opposed to Oceanus, god of the world-ocean. Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, under the name ''Neptune Equester'', patron of horse-racing. The planet Neptune was named after the god, as its deep blue gas clouds gave early astronomers the impression of great oceans.	+	'''Neptunus''' (Neptune) is the Roman God of the sea and still waters. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''. For a time he was paired with Salacia, the goddess of the salt water. At an early date (899 BC) he was identified with Poseidon, when the Sibylline books ordered a lectisternium in his honour (Livy v. 13). In the earlier times it was the god Portunes or Fortunus who was thanked for naval victories, but Neptune supplanted him in this role by at least the first century BC when Sextus Pompeius called himself "son of Neptune". Neptune is associated as well with fresh water, as opposed to Oceanus, god of the world-ocean. Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, under the name ''Neptune Equester'', patron of horse-racing. The planet Neptune was named after the god, as its deep blue gas clouds gave early astronomers the impression of great oceans.

	As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.		As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.

Gaius Equitius Cato at 13:53, 26 August 2009

2009-08-26T13:53:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 26 August 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{LanguageBar \| Neptunus }}		{{LanguageBar \| Neptunus }}

−	'''~~NEPTUNUS~~''' (Neptune) is the Roman God of the sea and earthquakes. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''. For a time he was paired with Salacia, the goddess of the salt water. At an early date (899 BC) he was identified with Poseidon, when the Sibylline books ordered a lectisternium in his honour (Livy v. 13). In the earlier times it was the god Portunes or Fortunus who was thanked for naval victories, but Neptune supplanted him in this role by at least the first century BC when Sextus Pompeius called himself "son of Neptune". Neptune is associated as well with fresh water, as opposed to Oceanus, god of the world-ocean. Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, under the name ''Neptune Equester'', patron of horse-racing. The planet Neptune was named after the god, as its deep blue gas clouds gave early astronomers the impression of great oceans.	+	'''Neptunus''' (Neptune) is the Roman God of the sea and earthquakes. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''. For a time he was paired with Salacia, the goddess of the salt water. At an early date (899 BC) he was identified with Poseidon, when the Sibylline books ordered a lectisternium in his honour (Livy v. 13). In the earlier times it was the god Portunes or Fortunus who was thanked for naval victories, but Neptune supplanted him in this role by at least the first century BC when Sextus Pompeius called himself "son of Neptune". Neptune is associated as well with fresh water, as opposed to Oceanus, god of the world-ocean. Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, under the name ''Neptune Equester'', patron of horse-racing. The planet Neptune was named after the god, as its deep blue gas clouds gave early astronomers the impression of great oceans.

	As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.		As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 11:33, 26 August 2009

2009-08-26T11:33:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:33, 26 August 2009
Line 5:		Line 5:
	As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.		As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.

−		+	[[Image:Neptunus from Ostia courtesy of Vroma.jpg\|right\|frame]]
−	~~http~~:~~//z.about.com/d/ancienthistory/1/5/P/E/2/VEX.2006.3.14.jpg http://golden2.net/rome/pics/Rome%20colleseum%20111~~.jpg	+

	==Festivals==		==Festivals==

Gaius Equitius Cato at 11:24, 26 August 2009

2009-08-26T11:24:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 26 August 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{LanguageBar \| Neptunus }}		{{LanguageBar \| Neptunus }}

−	'''~~Neptunus~~''' ~~ancient~~ Roman ~~deity~~ of the sea and ~~still waters~~. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''.	+	'''NEPTUNUS''' (Neptune) is the Roman God of the sea and earthquakes. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''. For a time he was paired with Salacia, the goddess of the salt water. At an early date (899 BC) he was identified with Poseidon, when the Sibylline books ordered a lectisternium in his honour (Livy v. 13). In the earlier times it was the god Portunes or Fortunus who was thanked for naval victories, but Neptune supplanted him in this role by at least the first century BC when Sextus Pompeius called himself "son of Neptune". Neptune is associated as well with fresh water, as opposed to Oceanus, god of the world-ocean. Like Poseidon, Neptune was also worshipped by the Romans as a god of horses, under the name ''Neptune Equester'', patron of horse-racing. The planet Neptune was named after the god, as its deep blue gas clouds gave early astronomers the impression of great oceans.

	As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.		As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.
−	~~[[Image~~:~~Neptunus from Ostia courtesy of Vroma~~.jpg~~\|right\|frame]]~~	+
		+
		+	http://z.about.com/d/ancienthistory/1/5/P/E/2/VEX.2006.3.14.jpg http://golden2.net/rome/pics/Rome%20colleseum%20111.jpg

	==Festivals==		==Festivals==

M. Lucretius Agricola: new cil temp

2008-09-25T04:23:12Z

new cil temp

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:23, 25 September 2008
Line 29:		Line 29:
	==Epigraphy==		==Epigraphy==

−	[[CIL\|~~C.I.L]]~~ III 13400 Pannonia Superior:	+	{{CIL\|III\|13400}} Pannonia Superior:
	''Neptuno et Nymphis pro Cassia Clementilla''		''Neptuno et Nymphis pro Cassia Clementilla''

Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus at 00:14, 7 April 2008

2008-04-07T00:14:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:14, 7 April 2008
Line 3:		Line 3:
	'''Neptunus''' ancient Roman deity of the sea and still waters. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''.		'''Neptunus''' ancient Roman deity of the sea and still waters. His name is derived from the Etruscan Nepthuns. His major festival is the ''Neptunalia'', celebrated in ''[[Roman dates\|Quintilis]]''.

−	As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.	+	As god of the sea, it is likely that Neptunus was also connected to merchants and to trade generally. He is also found in the first ''[[lectisternium]]'', mentioned with [[Mercurius]], which also gives credence to this connection with trade and merchants.
	[[Image:Neptunus from Ostia courtesy of Vroma.jpg\|right\|frame]]		[[Image:Neptunus from Ostia courtesy of Vroma.jpg\|right\|frame]]

Line 10:		Line 10:
	===Neptunalia===		===Neptunalia===

−	The ''Neptunalia'' is celebrated {{Jul 23}}. Very little is known about the celebrations that took place on this day, or about the cult which would have celebrated it. About the celebrations of the day, Fowler <ref>Fowler, W. W. The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An introduction to the study of the religion of the Romans (ISBN 1402148577)</ref> says that huts or booths of foliage were set up by the ''cultores'', but this only to protect those who came to worship Neptunus on that day.	+	The ''Neptunalia'' is celebrated {{Jul 23}}. Very little is known about the celebrations that took place on this day, or about the cult which would have celebrated it. About the celebrations of the day, Fowler <ref>Fowler, W. W. The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic: An introduction to the study of the religion of the Romans (ISBN 1402148577)</ref> says that huts or booths of foliage were set up by the ''cultores'', but this only to protect those who came to worship Neptunus on that day.

−	Its placement in mid-Summer suggests also the connection with trade, particularly trade by sea, from an astronomical view. In light of the fact that the Moon is at its farthest distance from Earth at this time, waves would have been significantly less than at other times of the year, which would be favourable to any sea-based trade. This would have been an optimal time to propitiate Neptunus in the hopes that he would continue to keep the waves minimised, allowing easier and more successful trade.	+	Its placement in mid-Summer suggests also the connection with trade, particularly trade by sea, from an astronomical view. In light of the fact that the Moon is at its farthest distance from Earth at this time, waves would have been significantly less than at other times of the year, which would be favourable to any sea-based trade. This would have been an optimal time to propitiate Neptunus in the hopes that he would continue to keep the waves minimised, allowing easier and more successful trade.

−	This also connects to agriculture. This festival is placed in enough time before the harvest to allow cultores to attempt to propitiate Neptunus such that, when the time comes, farmers will be able to harvest their crops successfully and use them at the markets to trade and barter. The favour of Neptunus would be essential to allow goods from other parts of the Mediterranean to reach Rome and all of Italy safely, something which the agricultural community of early Italy would have desired more than not.	+	This also connects to agriculture. This festival is placed in enough time before the harvest to allow cultores to attempt to propitiate Neptunus such that, when the time comes, farmers will be able to harvest their crops successfully and use them at the markets to trade and barter. The favour of Neptunus would be essential to allow goods from other parts of the Mediterranean to reach Rome and all of Italy safely, something which the agricultural community of early Italy would have desired more than not.

	==Temples, Priests, and Cult==		==Temples, Priests, and Cult==

−	Just as there is little known about the ''Neptunalia'', there is just as little known about his cult at Rome and throughout Italy. There is no known priest of Neptunus as sponsored by the State (as, for example, the Flamines).	+	Just as there is little known about the ''Neptunalia'', there is just as little known about his cult at Rome and throughout Italy. There is no known priest of Neptunus as sponsored by the State (as, for example, the Flamines).
	:During the Empire, there is evidence of ''un flamen'' at Henchir-Ouradi near Bizacena (modern Tunisia), ''sacerdotes Neptuni'' in Numidia , amd a ''cultor'' all from Africa, a ''sacerdos Neptuni'' at Corinth, and ''magistri Neptunales'' at Delos.		:During the Empire, there is evidence of ''un flamen'' at Henchir-Ouradi near Bizacena (modern Tunisia), ''sacerdotes Neptuni'' in Numidia , amd a ''cultor'' all from Africa, a ''sacerdos Neptuni'' at Corinth, and ''magistri Neptunales'' at Delos.

−	In popular religion Neptune protected men and women from dangers from the sea and lakes. And prayed to for ''salus'' - life, welfare and ''incolumitas'' - safety. Yet as the god of moving and still waters, he was also ~~worshipped~~ on the inland of Italy as numerous examples of epigpraphy attest.	+	In popular religion Neptune protected men and women from dangers from the sea and lakes. And prayed to for ''salus'' - life, welfare and ''incolumitas'' - safety. Yet as the god of moving and still waters, he was also worshiped on the inland of Italy as numerous examples of epigpraphy attest.

	He was also called upon by farmers so the running waters, streams, rivers,would not dry out during the hot season of summer and by fishermen. His epithets were ''Pater'' -venerable, ''Adiutor'' - helper, ''Redux'' - who brings men back. He probably was also seen as a god who promoted vegetation, and during Imperial times, called upon for sea victories.		He was also called upon by farmers so the running waters, streams, rivers,would not dry out during the hot season of summer and by fishermen. His epithets were ''Pater'' -venerable, ''Adiutor'' - helper, ''Redux'' - who brings men back. He probably was also seen as a god who promoted vegetation, and during Imperial times, called upon for sea victories.

−	Neptune, unlike Greek Poseidon was never associated with ~~horsess~~, though his inland ~~worshippers~~ may have associated him with fruitfulness ''pythalmios'' and earthquakes.	+	Neptune, unlike Greek Poseidon was never associated with horses, though his inland worshipers may have associated him with fruitfulness ''pythalmios'' and earthquakes.

	==Epigraphy==		==Epigraphy==