Numa tradition - Revision history

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 18:38, 19 January 2013

2013-01-19T18:38:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:38, 19 January 2013
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−	Romulus, the first [[kings of Rome\|king of Rome]], had dedicated the first Roman sanctury of the City (Livy, I.10.5-7). This was an oak tree on the [[~~Collis Capitolinus\|~~Capitoline Hill]] where the spoils of war were to be offered to Jupiter Feretrius. Later, Numa Pompilius then provided a ''lex templi'' for this Romulan shrine:	+	Romulus, the first [[kings of Rome\|king of Rome]], had dedicated the first Roman sanctury of the City (Livy, I.10.5-7). This was an oak tree on the [[Capitoline Hill]] where the spoils of war were to be offered to Jupiter Feretrius. Later, Numa Pompilius then provided a ''lex templi'' for this Romulan shrine:

	<blockquote>"The man under whose auspices the ''opima spolia'' are won in full battle should dedicate them to Jupiter Feretrius; he should sacrifice an ox; let him who took them [give three] hundred in bronze. For the second spoils, let him sacrifice solitaurilia, whichever he wishes, at the altar of Mars in the Campus Martius. For the third spoils, let him sacrifice to [[Ianus]] Quirinus a male lamb; let him who took them give one hundred in bronze. Let the man under whose auspices they were taken make any necessary piacular offering to the Gods."</blockquote>		<blockquote>"The man under whose auspices the ''opima spolia'' are won in full battle should dedicate them to Jupiter Feretrius; he should sacrifice an ox; let him who took them [give three] hundred in bronze. For the second spoils, let him sacrifice solitaurilia, whichever he wishes, at the altar of Mars in the Campus Martius. For the third spoils, let him sacrifice to [[Ianus]] Quirinus a male lamb; let him who took them give one hundred in bronze. Let the man under whose auspices they were taken make any necessary piacular offering to the Gods."</blockquote>

Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus: /* Sacrifices */

2013-01-06T10:12:07Z

Sacrifices

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:12, 6 January 2013
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	==Sacrifices==		==Sacrifices==

−	The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood [[sacrifice]]s. Ovid tells an amusing story of Numa meeting with highest Jupiter, where Jupiter demands a sacrifice and Numa plays with him, getting Jupiter to agree instead to a sacrifice of chopped leeks, the hair of a man, and fish <ref>Ovid, Fasti 3.331-348</ref>. A variation of the story is told by [[Plutarch]] in the "Life of Numa". Speaking of the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, Plutarch wrote, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." Blood sacrifices were supposedly introduced when [[Ceres]] demanded the sacrifice of a pig <ref>Ovid Fasti 1.337-353</ref>. This could possibly refer to the time when a new cultus was introduced for Ceres with the erection of a temple for her, [[Liber]], and [[Libera]] on the [[Aventine Hill]] around 494 BCE. Such legends are much later in origin, probably from the fourth century, but in the late Republic there was the idea of a Numa tradition in the early religio Romana when simple offerings provided a much more reverent worship of the Gods. Those traditions relate back to Carmentis and the cultus that was devoted to her in her sacred grove. Only later were [[immolatio]]nes introduced.	+	The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood [[sacrifice]]s. Ovid tells an amusing story of Numa meeting with highest Jupiter, where Jupiter demands a sacrifice and Numa plays with him, getting Jupiter to agree instead to a sacrifice of chopped leeks, the hair of a man, and fish <ref>Ovid, Fasti 3.331-348</ref>. A variation of the story is told by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch Plutarch] in the "Life of Numa". Speaking of the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, Plutarch wrote, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." Blood sacrifices were supposedly introduced when [[Ceres]] demanded the sacrifice of a pig <ref>Ovid Fasti 1.337-353</ref>. This could possibly refer to the time when a new cultus was introduced for Ceres with the erection of a temple for her, [[Liber]], and [[Libera]] on the [[Aventine Hill]] around 494 BCE. Such legends are much later in origin, probably from the fourth century, but in the late Republic there was the idea of a Numa tradition in the early religio Romana when simple offerings provided a much more reverent worship of the Gods. Those traditions relate back to Carmentis and the cultus that was devoted to her in her sacred grove. Only later were [[immolatio]]nes introduced.

	<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake\|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. [[Ceres]] first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>		<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake\|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. [[Ceres]] first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 16:24, 31 March 2009

2009-03-31T16:24:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:24, 31 March 2009
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	*[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2320.html Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities edited William Smith (1870): "Numa Pompilius"]		*[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2320.html Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities edited William Smith (1870): "Numa Pompilius"]

−	~~[[Category:Roman religion]]~~	+
	[[Category:Ritus]]		[[Category:Ritus]]

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: fix link

2009-03-31T15:25:26Z

fix link

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:25, 31 March 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{LanguageBar\|Numa tradition}}		{{LanguageBar\|Numa tradition}}

−	The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[:Category:~~religio~~ Romana\|cultus of the Romans]]. [[Numa Pompilius]], a [[Sabine]] by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through [[Egeria]] in the sacred grove of [[Carmentis]], and through direct contact with the highest gods. He is said to have established a religious calendar of feast days, the rites to be performed, and the various priesthoods of flamines, Vestales Virgines, the Salii, augures, and pontifices.	+	The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[:Category:Romana religion\|cultus of the Romans]]. [[Numa Pompilius]], a [[Sabine]] by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through [[Egeria]] in the sacred grove of [[Carmentis]], and through direct contact with the highest gods. He is said to have established a religious calendar of feast days, the rites to be performed, and the various priesthoods of flamines, Vestales Virgines, the Salii, augures, and pontifices.

	In times of great distress the [[City of Rome]] would renew itself by returning to the Numa tradition. The first time came with the [[expulsion of the kings]] and establishment of the Republic around 509 BCE. The second time followed the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BCE. Following the [[Civil Wars]] in the [[Late Republic]], some Romans once again advocated a return to the Numa tradition as a way to restore Rome.		In times of great distress the [[City of Rome]] would renew itself by returning to the Numa tradition. The first time came with the [[expulsion of the kings]] and establishment of the Republic around 509 BCE. The second time followed the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BCE. Following the [[Civil Wars]] in the [[Late Republic]], some Romans once again advocated a return to the Numa tradition as a way to restore Rome.

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 14:48, 31 March 2009

2009-03-31T14:48:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:48, 31 March 2009
Line 49:		Line 49:
	*[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2320.html Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities edited William Smith (1870): "Numa Pompilius"]		*[http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/2320.html Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities edited William Smith (1870): "Numa Pompilius"]

−	[[Category:~~Religio Romana~~]]	+	[[Category:Roman religion]]
	[[Category:Ritus]]		[[Category:Ritus]]

M. Lucretius Agricola: tighten 1st para

2009-02-03T07:42:27Z

tighten 1st para

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:42, 3 February 2009
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	{{LanguageBar\|~~{{PAGENAME~~}} }}	+	{{LanguageBar\|Numa tradition}}
−	[[Image:Carmentis-sm.jpg\|frame\|right\|Sacred [[Grove of Carmentis]]]]The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[:Category:religio Romana\|religio Romana]]. [[Numa Pompilius]], [[Sabine]] by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through [[Egeria]] in the sacred grove of [[Carmentis]], and through direct contact with the highest gods.	+

−	~~In times~~ of ~~great distress~~ the [[~~City~~ of ~~Rome~~]] ~~would renew itself by returning to the Numa tradition~~. ~~The first time came with the~~ [[~~expulsion of the kings~~]] and ~~establishment of the Republic around 509 BCE. The~~ second ~~time followed the Gallic sack~~ of Rome ~~in 390 BCE. Following~~ the [[~~Civil Wars~~]] in the [[~~Late Republic~~]], ~~some Romans once again advocated a return to~~ the ~~Numa tradition as~~ a ~~way~~ to ~~restore Rome~~.	+	The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[:Category:religio Romana\|cultus of the Romans]]. [[Numa Pompilius]], a [[Sabine]] by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through [[Egeria]] in the sacred grove of [[Carmentis]], and through direct contact with the highest gods. He is said to have established a religious calendar of feast days, the rites to be performed, and the various priesthoods of flamines, Vestales Virgines, the Salii, augures, and pontifices.

−	~~King Numa was said to have laid down the foundation~~ of the ~~religio Romana~~ by ~~establishing its religious calendar~~ of ~~feast days,~~ the ~~rites to be performed,~~ and the ~~various priesthoods~~ of ~~flamines, Vestales Virgines,~~ the ~~Salii~~, ~~augures, and pontifices~~.	+	In times of great distress the [[City of Rome]] would renew itself by returning to the Numa tradition. The first time came with the [[expulsion of the kings]] and establishment of the Republic around 509 BCE. The second time followed the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BCE. Following the [[Civil Wars]] in the [[Late Republic]], some Romans once again advocated a return to the Numa tradition as a way to restore Rome.

	==Sacrifices==		==Sacrifices==

−	The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood [[sacrifice]]s. Ovid tells an amusing story of Numa meeting with highest Jupiter, where Jupiter demands a sacrifice and Numa plays with him, getting Jupiter to agree instead to a sacrifice of chopped leeks, the hair of a man, and fish <ref>Ovid, Fasti 3.331-348</ref>. A variation of the story is told by [[Plutarch]] in the Life of Numa. Speaking of the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, Plutarch wrote, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." Blood sacrifices were supposedly introduced when Ceres demanded the sacrifice of a pig <ref>Ovid Fasti 1.337-353</ref>. This could possibly refer to the time when a new cultus was introduced for Ceres with the erection of a temple for her, Liber, and Libera on the Aventine Hill around 494 BCE. Such legends are much later in origin, probably from the fourth century, but in the late Republic there was ~~this~~ idea of a Numa tradition on the early religio Romana when simple offerings provided a much more reverent worship of the Gods. Those traditions relate back to Carmentis and the cultus that was devoted to her in her sacred grove. Only later were [[immolatio]]nes introduced.	+	The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood [[sacrifice]]s. Ovid tells an amusing story of Numa meeting with highest Jupiter, where Jupiter demands a sacrifice and Numa plays with him, getting Jupiter to agree instead to a sacrifice of chopped leeks, the hair of a man, and fish <ref>Ovid, Fasti 3.331-348</ref>. A variation of the story is told by [[Plutarch]] in the "Life of Numa". Speaking of the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, Plutarch wrote, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." Blood sacrifices were supposedly introduced when [[Ceres]] demanded the sacrifice of a pig <ref>Ovid Fasti 1.337-353</ref>. This could possibly refer to the time when a new cultus was introduced for Ceres with the erection of a temple for her, [[Liber]], and [[Libera]] on the [[Aventine Hill]] around 494 BCE. Such legends are much later in origin, probably from the fourth century, but in the late Republic there was the idea of a Numa tradition in the early religio Romana when simple offerings provided a much more reverent worship of the Gods. Those traditions relate back to Carmentis and the cultus that was devoted to her in her sacred grove. Only later were [[immolatio]]nes introduced.

	<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake\|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. [[Ceres]] first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>		<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake\|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. [[Ceres]] first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>

M. Lucretius Agricola: /* Sacrifices */ links

2007-12-27T09:13:28Z

Sacrifices: links

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:13, 27 December 2007
Line 8:		Line 8:
	==Sacrifices==		==Sacrifices==

−	The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood ~~sacrifices~~. Ovid tells an amusing story of Numa meeting with highest Jupiter, where Jupiter demands a sacrifice and Numa plays with him, getting Jupiter to agree instead to a sacrifice of chopped leeks, the hair of a man, and fish <ref>Fasti 3.331-348</ref>. A variation of the story is told by [[Plutarch]] in the Life of Numa. Speaking of the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, Plutarch wrote, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." Blood sacrifices were supposedly introduced when Ceres demanded the sacrifice of a pig <ref>Ovid Fasti 1.337-353</ref>. This could possibly refer to the time when a new cultus was introduced for Ceres with the erection of a temple for her, Liber, and Libera on the Aventine Hill around 494 BCE. Such legends are much later in origin, probably from the fourth century, but in the late Republic there was this idea of a Numa tradition on the early religio Romana when simple offerings provided a much more reverent worship of the Gods. Those traditions relate back to Carmentis and the cultus that was devoted to her in her sacred grove. Only later were [[immolatio]]nes introduced.	+	The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood [[sacrifice]]s. Ovid tells an amusing story of Numa meeting with highest Jupiter, where Jupiter demands a sacrifice and Numa plays with him, getting Jupiter to agree instead to a sacrifice of chopped leeks, the hair of a man, and fish <ref>Ovid, Fasti 3.331-348</ref>. A variation of the story is told by [[Plutarch]] in the Life of Numa. Speaking of the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, Plutarch wrote, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." Blood sacrifices were supposedly introduced when Ceres demanded the sacrifice of a pig <ref>Ovid Fasti 1.337-353</ref>. This could possibly refer to the time when a new cultus was introduced for Ceres with the erection of a temple for her, Liber, and Libera on the Aventine Hill around 494 BCE. Such legends are much later in origin, probably from the fourth century, but in the late Republic there was this idea of a Numa tradition on the early religio Romana when simple offerings provided a much more reverent worship of the Gods. Those traditions relate back to Carmentis and the cultus that was devoted to her in her sacred grove. Only later were [[immolatio]]nes introduced.

−	<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake\|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. Ceres first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>	+	<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake\|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. [[Ceres]] first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>

−	"The Gods," said [[Varro]], "do not desire blood sacrifice; ~~Their~~ images even less."	+	"The Gods," said [[Varro]], "do not desire blood sacrifice; their images even less."

	==Ritual==		==Ritual==

M. Lucretius Agricola: + {{LanguageBar|{{PAGENAME}} }}

2007-12-11T10:15:26Z

+ {{LanguageBar|{{PAGENAME}} }}

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:15, 11 December 2007
Line 1:		Line 1:
		+	{{LanguageBar\|{{PAGENAME}} }}
	[[Image:Carmentis-sm.jpg\|frame\|right\|Sacred [[Grove of Carmentis]]]]The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[:Category:religio Romana\|religio Romana]]. [[Numa Pompilius]], [[Sabine]] by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through [[Egeria]] in the sacred grove of [[Carmentis]], and through direct contact with the highest gods.		[[Image:Carmentis-sm.jpg\|frame\|right\|Sacred [[Grove of Carmentis]]]]The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[:Category:religio Romana\|religio Romana]]. [[Numa Pompilius]], [[Sabine]] by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through [[Egeria]] in the sacred grove of [[Carmentis]], and through direct contact with the highest gods.

M. Lucretius Agricola: move bit about Numa from Carmentis article

2007-10-20T03:50:49Z

move bit about Numa from Carmentis article

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:50, 20 October 2007
Line 2:		Line 2:

	In times of great distress the [[City of Rome]] would renew itself by returning to the Numa tradition. The first time came with the [[expulsion of the kings]] and establishment of the Republic around 509 BCE. The second time followed the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BCE. Following the [[Civil Wars]] in the [[Late Republic]], some Romans once again advocated a return to the Numa tradition as a way to restore Rome.		In times of great distress the [[City of Rome]] would renew itself by returning to the Numa tradition. The first time came with the [[expulsion of the kings]] and establishment of the Republic around 509 BCE. The second time followed the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BCE. Following the [[Civil Wars]] in the [[Late Republic]], some Romans once again advocated a return to the Numa tradition as a way to restore Rome.
		+
		+	King Numa was said to have laid down the foundation of the religio Romana by establishing its religious calendar of feast days, the rites to be performed, and the various priesthoods of flamines, Vestales Virgines, the Salii, augures, and pontifices.

	==Sacrifices==		==Sacrifices==

−	The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood sacrifices. As [[Plutarch]] ~~explained about~~ the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." Only later were ~~immolationes~~ introduced.	+	The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood sacrifices. Ovid tells an amusing story of Numa meeting with highest Jupiter, where Jupiter demands a sacrifice and Numa plays with him, getting Jupiter to agree instead to a sacrifice of chopped leeks, the hair of a man, and fish <ref>Fasti 3.331-348</ref>. A variation of the story is told by [[Plutarch]] in the Life of Numa. Speaking of the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, Plutarch wrote, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." Blood sacrifices were supposedly introduced when Ceres demanded the sacrifice of a pig <ref>Ovid Fasti 1.337-353</ref>. This could possibly refer to the time when a new cultus was introduced for Ceres with the erection of a temple for her, Liber, and Libera on the Aventine Hill around 494 BCE. Such legends are much later in origin, probably from the fourth century, but in the late Republic there was this idea of a Numa tradition on the early religio Romana when simple offerings provided a much more reverent worship of the Gods. Those traditions relate back to Carmentis and the cultus that was devoted to her in her sacred grove. Only later were [[immolatio]]nes introduced.

	<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake\|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. Ceres first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>		<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake\|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. Ceres first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>
Line 37:		Line 39:

	<blockquote>"The man under whose auspices the ''opima spolia'' are won in full battle should dedicate them to Jupiter Feretrius; he should sacrifice an ox; let him who took them [give three] hundred in bronze. For the second spoils, let him sacrifice solitaurilia, whichever he wishes, at the altar of Mars in the Campus Martius. For the third spoils, let him sacrifice to [[Ianus]] Quirinus a male lamb; let him who took them give one hundred in bronze. Let the man under whose auspices they were taken make any necessary piacular offering to the Gods."</blockquote>		<blockquote>"The man under whose auspices the ''opima spolia'' are won in full battle should dedicate them to Jupiter Feretrius; he should sacrifice an ox; let him who took them [give three] hundred in bronze. For the second spoils, let him sacrifice solitaurilia, whichever he wishes, at the altar of Mars in the Campus Martius. For the third spoils, let him sacrifice to [[Ianus]] Quirinus a male lamb; let him who took them give one hundred in bronze. Let the man under whose auspices they were taken make any necessary piacular offering to the Gods."</blockquote>
		+
		+
		+	==References==
		+	<references/>

	==Sources==		==Sources==

M. Lucretius Agricola: +links

2006-10-26T12:14:43Z

+links

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:14, 26 October 2006
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	[[Image:Carmentis-sm.jpg\|frame\|right\|Sacred Grove of Carmentis]]The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[:Category:religio Romana\|religio Romana]]. [[Numa Pompilius]], [[Sabine]] by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through [[Egeria]] in the sacred grove of [[Carmentis]], and through direct contact with the highest gods.	+	[[Image:Carmentis-sm.jpg\|frame\|right\|Sacred [[Grove of Carmentis]]]]The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[:Category:religio Romana\|religio Romana]]. [[Numa Pompilius]], [[Sabine]] by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through [[Egeria]] in the sacred grove of [[Carmentis]], and through direct contact with the highest gods.

	In times of great distress the [[City of Rome]] would renew itself by returning to the Numa tradition. The first time came with the [[expulsion of the kings]] and establishment of the Republic around 509 BCE. The second time followed the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BCE. Following the [[Civil Wars]] in the [[Late Republic]], some Romans once again advocated a return to the Numa tradition as a way to restore Rome.		In times of great distress the [[City of Rome]] would renew itself by returning to the Numa tradition. The first time came with the [[expulsion of the kings]] and establishment of the Republic around 509 BCE. The second time followed the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BCE. Following the [[Civil Wars]] in the [[Late Republic]], some Romans once again advocated a return to the Numa tradition as a way to restore Rome.