PT:Religião Romana - Revision history

Gaius Cocceius Spinula: yet to finish

2009-01-26T22:13:33Z

yet to finish

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:13, 26 January 2009
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	{{LanguageBar\|Roman religion}}		{{LanguageBar\|Roman religion}}

−	~~The~~ '''''cultus deorum Romanorum''''' ('~~cults of the Roman gods~~') is a ~~collective term for the various cults and rituals which constituted the religious life of Rome until the edict of~~ Theodosius in 390 C.E. ~~barring public cult~~.	+	O '''''cultus deorum Romanorum''''' ('cultos dos deuses Romanos') é um termo colectivo para os visersos cultos e rituais que constituíram a vida religiosa de Roma até ao édito de Theodosius em 390 C.E. restrigindo o culto público.

−	==~~Variety~~==	+	==Variedade==

−	<!-- EDITORS Do not put any ref tags inside the ONLYINCLUDE tags. --><onlyinclude>~~It is difficult to talk about Roman religion as a whole~~, ~~since it is really composed of a large number of separate cults~~. ~~In this sense there are many Roman religions~~. ~~A number of specific terms are in use that let us focus on specific aspects of this large whole~~. ~~Most inclusively~~, "~~Roman religion~~" ~~could mean any religious belief or practice that was held or performed by any person who ever held~~ [[Roman citizenship]]. ~~In addition to the traditional state and private cults~~, ~~this includes such~~ "[[foreign cults]]" ~~as Judaism~~, ~~early Christianity~~, ~~various Egyptian cults and much more~~. ~~Also included would be~~ [[mystery cults]] ~~that catered to the individual as well as fraternal~~ ''[[collegia]]''</onlyinclude>.<ref name="rupke">Rupke, Jörg "Religion of the Romans"(ISBN 0745630154)</ref>	+	<!-- EDITORS Do not put any ref tags inside the ONLYINCLUDE tags. --><onlyinclude>É difícil de falar sobre religião Romana como um todo, pois na realmente é composta de um grande número de diferentes cultos. Neste sentido, existem muitas religiões Romanas. Um número de termos específicos que estão em uso, deixam-nos focar em aspectos específicos deste grande todo. Inclusivamente, a "romana religião" poderia significar qualquer crença religiosa ou prática que fosse realizada ou executada por qualquer pessoa que detinha a [[PT:Roman citizenship\|cidadania Romana]]. Em adição aos tradicionais estados e aos cultos privados, incluia também "[[PT:foreign cults\|cultos estrangeiros]]" tais como o Judaísmo, o recente-Cristianismo, vários cultos Egípcios e muito mais. Também incluídos o que seriam [[PT:mystery cults\|cultos mistério]] que se encontrava num indivíduo, bem como numa ''[[PT:collegia\|collegia]]'' fraternal.
		+	</onlyinclude>.<ref name="rupke">Rupke, Jörg "Religion of the Romans"(ISBN 0745630154)</ref>

−	==="Numa ~~Tradition~~"===	+	==="Tradição de Numa"===

	Romans themselves identified certain aspects of their religion, the [[Numa tradition]], as embodying important attitudes and practices which they sometimes turned to in times of stress. Cicero wrote, "I am quite certain that Romulus by instituting auspices, and [[Numa tradition\|Numa]] ritual, laid the foundations of our state, which would never have been able to be so great had not the immortal gods been placated to the utmost extent." <ref>[[Marcus Tullius Cicero\|Cicero]] "On the Nature of the Gods"</ref>		Romans themselves identified certain aspects of their religion, the [[Numa tradition]], as embodying important attitudes and practices which they sometimes turned to in times of stress. Cicero wrote, "I am quite certain that Romulus by instituting auspices, and [[Numa tradition\|Numa]] ritual, laid the foundations of our state, which would never have been able to be so great had not the immortal gods been placated to the utmost extent." <ref>[[Marcus Tullius Cicero\|Cicero]] "On the Nature of the Gods"</ref>
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	===''Sacra Publica''===		===''Sacra Publica''===

−	~~Influenced by their Etruscan~~, ~~Greek and Phonecian neighbors~~, ~~the Romans developed a complex state religion that emphasised the patron~~ - client relationship between the gods and Romans: the ''pax deorum ''(''[[religio]]'') and maintained it by scrupulous observance of [[:Category:Ritus\|~~rituals~~]]. <ref name="scheid">Scheid, J., An Introduction to Roman Religion (ISBN 0253343771)</ref> ~~This is the~~ "''[[sacra publica]]''" ~~and~~ it was concerned with the state as a whole, not with regulating the specific beliefs or practices of individual citizens.	+	Influênciados pelos seus vizinhos Etruscos, Gregos e Fenícios, os Romanos desenvolveram um complexo estado de religião que enfatisava o padroeiro - client relationship between the gods and Romans: the ''pax deorum ''(''[[religio]]'') and maintained it by scrupulous observance of [[:Category:PT:Ritus\|rituais]]. <ref name="scheid">Scheid, J., An Introduction to Roman Religion (ISBN 0253343771)</ref> Esta é a "''[[PT:sacra publica\|sacra publica]]''" e it was concerned with the state as a whole, not with regulating the specific beliefs or practices of individual citizens.

	===''Sacra Privata''===		===''Sacra Privata''===

−	~~The term~~ "''[[sacra privata]]''" ~~refers to the relationships~~, ~~practices and traditions with the gods of individuals and families~~.	+	O termo "''[[PT:Sacra privata\|sacra privata]]''" refere-se aos relacionamentos, práticas e tradições com os deuses individuais e familiares.

−	===~~Roles~~===	+	===Funções===

	There were many diverse roles in the Roman tradition. Religious specialists such as ''sacerdotes'', ''flamines'', ''pontifices'' and ''augures'' advised magistrates on point of ritual and law.<ref name="rupke"/> The paterfamilias in his home and the magistrates in public normally performed religious rituals.		There were many diverse roles in the Roman tradition. Religious specialists such as ''sacerdotes'', ''flamines'', ''pontifices'' and ''augures'' advised magistrates on point of ritual and law.<ref name="rupke"/> The paterfamilias in his home and the magistrates in public normally performed religious rituals.

−	==~~Beliefs and attitudes~~==	+	==Crenças e atitudes==

	Romans believed the gods were benevolent and respected the social code of the city. They abhorred ''superstitio'' which was a belief that the gods were vengeful, jealous and the attendant excessive and slavish behavior to placate them.<ref name="scheid"/> [[Varro]] said, "The religious man reveres the Gods as he would his parents, for they are good, more apt to spare than to punish" and "The Gods do not want sacrifice, their statues even less."		Romans believed the gods were benevolent and respected the social code of the city. They abhorred ''superstitio'' which was a belief that the gods were vengeful, jealous and the attendant excessive and slavish behavior to placate them.<ref name="scheid"/> [[Varro]] said, "The religious man reveres the Gods as he would his parents, for they are good, more apt to spare than to punish" and "The Gods do not want sacrifice, their statues even less."
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	Roman religion was embedded in Rome's culture.<ref name="rupke"/> Because of this it is difficult to make a clear distinction between culture and religion.		Roman religion was embedded in Rome's culture.<ref name="rupke"/> Because of this it is difficult to make a clear distinction between culture and religion.

−	==~~References~~==	+	==Referências==
	<references/>		<references/>

	==As practised in Nova Roma==		==As practised in Nova Roma==

−	~~For details on how~~ ''religio'' ~~is practised in~~ [[Nova Roma]], ~~see~~ [[:Category:Religio Romana (Nova Roma)]].	+	Para informações em como a ''religio'' é praticada em [[PT:Nova Roma\|Nova Roma]], veja [[:Category:PT:Religio Romana (Nova Roma)]].

	{{Commercial\|Sacred Source\|Gaius Curius Saturninus}}		{{Commercial\|Sacred Source\|Gaius Curius Saturninus}}
	<noinclude>[[Category:Religião Romana]]</noinclude>		<noinclude>[[Category:Religião Romana]]</noinclude>

Gaius Cocceius Spinula: new without translation

2009-01-17T18:13:01Z

new without translation

New page

{{LanguageBar|Roman religion}}

The '''''cultus deorum Romanorum''''' ('cults of the Roman gods') is a collective term for the various cults and rituals which constituted the religious life of Rome until the edict of Theodosius in 390 C.E. barring public cult.

==Variety==

<onlyinclude>It is difficult to talk about Roman religion as a whole, since it is really composed of a large number of separate cults. In this sense there are many Roman religions. A number of specific terms are in use that let us focus on specific aspects of this large whole. Most inclusively, "Roman religion" could mean any religious belief or practice that was held or performed by any person who ever held [[Roman citizenship]]. In addition to the traditional state and private cults, this includes such "[[foreign cults]]" as Judaism, early Christianity, various Egyptian cults and much more. Also included would be [[mystery cults]] that catered to the individual as well as fraternal ''[[collegia]]''</onlyinclude>.<ref name="rupke">Rupke, Jörg "Religion of the Romans"(ISBN 0745630154)</ref>

==="Numa Tradition"===

Romans themselves identified certain aspects of their religion, the [[Numa tradition]], as embodying important attitudes and practices which they sometimes turned to in times of stress. Cicero wrote, "I am quite certain that Romulus by instituting auspices, and [[Numa tradition|Numa]] ritual, laid the foundations of our state, which would never have been able to be so great had not the immortal gods been placated to the utmost extent." <ref>[[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] "On the Nature of the Gods"</ref>

===''Sacra Publica''===

Influenced by their Etruscan, Greek and Phonecian neighbors, the Romans developed a complex state religion that emphasised the patron - client relationship between the gods and Romans: the ''pax deorum ''(''[[religio]]'') and maintained it by scrupulous observance of [[:Category:Ritus|rituals]]. <ref name="scheid">Scheid, J., An Introduction to Roman Religion (ISBN 0253343771)</ref> This is the "''[[sacra publica]]''" and it was concerned with the state as a whole, not with regulating the specific beliefs or practices of individual citizens.

===''Sacra Privata''===

The term "''[[sacra privata]]''" refers to the relationships, practices and traditions with the gods of individuals and families.

===Roles===

There were many diverse roles in the Roman tradition. Religious specialists such as ''sacerdotes'', ''flamines'', ''pontifices'' and ''augures'' advised magistrates on point of ritual and law.<ref name="rupke"/> The paterfamilias in his home and the magistrates in public normally performed religious rituals.

==Beliefs and attitudes==

Romans believed the gods were benevolent and respected the social code of the city. They abhorred ''superstitio'' which was a belief that the gods were vengeful, jealous and the attendant excessive and slavish behavior to placate them.<ref name="scheid"/> [[Varro]] said, "The religious man reveres the Gods as he would his parents, for they are good, more apt to spare than to punish" and "The Gods do not want sacrifice, their statues even less."

A perfunctory performance of a ritual, without any feeling, was simply not acceptable. Even Cicero, known for his cynical attitudes toward religion, speaks to the requirement of mental attitude in approaching the Gods, and that material gifts are less important <ref>Cicero: De Legibus 2.8.19; 2.10.24</ref>.

Cicero also cites the stoic philosopher Q. Lucilius Balbus' opinion about the cultus deorum:
"''Quos deos et venerari et colere debemus, cultus autem deorum est optumus idemque castissimus atque sanctissimus plenissimusque pietatis, ut eos semper pura integra incorrupta et mente et voce veneremur. Non enim philosophi solum verum etiam maiores nostri superstitionem a religione separaverunt.''" <ref>Cicero de Natura deorum, II, 71</ref> ("We must revere and worship the gods, and the best "cultus doerum" is the most sacred, the most holy and the most full of dutifulness, in order to adorn them always with pure, whole and uncorrupted mind and word. Not only the philosophers but also our ancestors divided the superstitio from the religio.")

Roman religion was embedded in Rome's culture.<ref name="rupke"/> Because of this it is difficult to make a clear distinction between culture and religion.

==References==
<references/>

==As practised in Nova Roma==

For details on how ''religio'' is practised in [[Nova Roma]], see [[:Category:Religio Romana (Nova Roma)]].

{{Commercial|Sacred Source|Gaius Curius Saturninus}}
<noinclude>[[Category:Religião Romana]]</noinclude>