Roman name - Revision history

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: some refinements

2013-01-22T17:22:56Z

some refinements

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:22, 22 January 2013
Line 12:		Line 12:
	* ''Caesar'' is a ''cognomen'' ("family name within a ''gens''", plural ''cognomina'').		* ''Caesar'' is a ''cognomen'' ("family name within a ''gens''", plural ''cognomina'').

−	Some names had no ''cognomen'', but in other cases a second ''cognomen'', (called an ''agnomen''), was added. Female names could follow similar conventions, with a few differences. Additional elements such as tribal affiliation and "filiation" (parentage), were also sometimes used.	+	Some names had no ''cognomen'', but in other cases a second ''cognomen'', (called an ''agnomen''), was added. Female names could follow similar conventions, with a few differences. Additional elements such as tribal affiliation and "filiation" (parentage), were also sometimes used.</onlyinclude><ref name="salway"/>[[Image:M Agrippa L F on Pantheon.jpg\|thumb\|500px\|right\|Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, identified as "M. Agrippa" on the [[Pantheon]].]][[Image:Caeciliae Metellae inscription.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|right\|"Caeciliae Q. Cretici F(iliae) Metellae Crassi" On the tomb of Caecilia Metella, via Appia.]]
−	</onlyinclude><ref name="salway"/>	+

	==Development==		==Development==

−	Early social organization in central Italy was centered around the ''[[gens]]'', (clan), an "aristocratic lineage or group of lineages and some of their lesser followers and dependents". <ref name="village">Boatwright, M., Gargola, D., Talbert, R. (2004), "The Romans From Village to Empire", Oxford University Press.</ref> Inscriptions from the 7th century BCE show names consisting by that date of ''praenomen'' (identifies the individual) and ''nomen'' (identifies the ''gens''). <ref name="village"/>	+	Early social organization in central Italy was centered around the ''[[gens]]'', (clan), an "aristocratic lineage or group of lineages and some of their lesser followers and dependents".<ref name="village">Boatwright, M., Gargola, D., Talbert, R. (2004), "The Romans From Village to Empire", Oxford University Press.</ref>Inscriptions from the 7th century BCE show names consisting by that date of ''praenomen'' (identifies the individual) and ''nomen'' (identifies the ''gens''). <ref name="village"/>

	Later, an additional element, the ''cognomen'', was added by aristocrats desiring to connect themselves with the great deeds of specific direct ancestors. Still, some "families never had a cognomen" <ref name="village"/>		Later, an additional element, the ''cognomen'', was added by aristocrats desiring to connect themselves with the great deeds of specific direct ancestors. Still, some "families never had a cognomen" <ref name="village"/>

−	In some cases, "[t]he singular fame of a particular cognomen might allow it to stand for the associated gentilicium [i.e., ''nomen'' plus ''cognomen''] in binominal address..." <ref name="salway"/> as for example when M. Vipsanius Agrippa is named "M. Agrippa" on the Pantheon (~~Illus.~~). ~~[[Image:M Agrippa L F on Pantheon.jpg\|thumb\|500px\|right\|Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, identified as "M. Agrippa" on the [[Pantheon]].]]~~	+	In some cases, "[t]he singular fame of a particular cognomen might allow it to stand for the associated gentilicium [i.e., ''nomen'' plus ''cognomen''] in binominal address..."<ref name="salway"/>as for example when M. Vipsanius Agrippa is named "M. Agrippa" on the Pantheon (see on picture).

		+	==Female names==

−		+	Roman women normally had (or used) only their ''nomen'', but there is ample evidence that many had ''praenomen'' and ''cognomen'' as well.<ref name="kajava">Kajava, Mika "Roman Female Praenomina:studies in the nomenclature of Roman women" (ISBN 9519690212</ref>''Praenomen'' was an attribute of high priestess, such as [[Vestals]], and married women of the highest classes. ''Cognomina'', especially from the late republic, became quite frequent and usually inherited by women, too.
−	~~==Female names==~~	+
−	<ref name="kajava">Kajava, Mika "Roman Female Praenomina:studies in the nomenclature of Roman women" (ISBN 9519690212)</ref>	+

	==Elements of a name==		==Elements of a name==
−	~~[[Image:Caeciliae Metellae inscription.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|right\|"Caeciliae Q. Cretici F(iliae) Metellae Crassi" On the tomb of Caecilia Metella, via Appia.]]~~
	===''Praenomen''===		===''Praenomen''===

Line 40:		Line 37:
	===''Cognomen''===		===''Cognomen''===

−	(''[[Cognomen]]'', plural: ''cognomina'') The third name or ''cognomen'' started to be a nickname or personal name that distinguished individuals within the same ''gens'' (the ''cognomen'' does not appear in official documents until around 100 BCE). During the Roman Republic, the ''cognomen'' is inherited from father to son, serving to distinguish a family within a ''gens''. Often the ''cognomen'' was ~~chosen~~ based on some physical or personality trait. Read [[Cognomen\|more about ''cognomina'']].	+	(''[[Cognomen]]'', plural: ''cognomina'') The third name or ''cognomen'' started to be a nickname or personal name that distinguished individuals within the same ''gens'' (the ''cognomen'' does not appear in official documents until around 100 BCE). During the Roman Republic, the ''cognomen'' is inherited from father to son, serving to distinguish a family within a ''gens''. Often the ''cognomen'' was based on some physical or personality trait. Read [[Cognomen\|more about ''cognomina'']].

	===''Agnomen''===		===''Agnomen''===
Line 86:		Line 83:
	==Adoption==		==Adoption==

−	At the time of adoption, the adopted person assumed the adoptive father's full name, and the filiation was changed to refer to the adoptive father. The adoptive son's ''nomen'' of birth was appended in adjectival form as an adoptive ''cognomen'', with the ending "-anus". As an example, when L. ~~Aemelius~~ L. f. Paulus was adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus he used the name P. Cornelius P. f. Scipio Aemelianus.	+	At the time of adoption, the adopted person assumed the adoptive father's full name, and the filiation was changed to refer to the adoptive father. The adoptive son's ''nomen'' of birth was appended in adjectival form as an adoptive ''cognomen'', with the ending "-anus". As an example, when L. Aemilius L. f. Paulus was adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus he used the name P. Cornelius P. f. Scipio Aemelianus.

	==Twins==		==Twins==

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus: decap

2012-11-12T22:54:43Z

decap

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:54, 12 November 2012
Line 4:		Line 4:
	{{Template:Roman name articles}}		{{Template:Roman name articles}}
	<onlyinclude>		<onlyinclude>
−	==''Tria ~~Nomina~~''==	+	==''Tria nomina''==

	Typical Roman names of the late Republic had three parts (the "''tria nomina''"). Example: ''Gaius Iulius Caesar'' where:		Typical Roman names of the late Republic had three parts (the "''tria nomina''"). Example: ''Gaius Iulius Caesar'' where:
Line 25:		Line 25:


−	==Female ~~Names~~==	+	==Female names==
	<ref name="kajava">Kajava, Mika "Roman Female Praenomina:studies in the nomenclature of Roman women" (ISBN 9519690212)</ref>		<ref name="kajava">Kajava, Mika "Roman Female Praenomina:studies in the nomenclature of Roman women" (ISBN 9519690212)</ref>

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 16:32, 6 July 2010

2010-07-06T16:32:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:32, 6 July 2010
Line 86:		Line 86:
	==Adoption==		==Adoption==

−	At the time of adoption, ~~one's ''praenomen'' was kept, but~~ the ~~''nomen'' and ''cognomen'' of~~ the adoptive father ~~were taken~~, and the filiation was changed to refer to the adoptive father. The adoptive son's ''nomen'' of birth was appended in adjectival form as an ''~~agnomen~~''. As an example, when P. Aemelius L. f. Paulus was adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus he used the name P. Cornelius P. f. Scipio Aemelianus.	+	At the time of adoption, the adopted person assumed the adoptive father's full name, and the filiation was changed to refer to the adoptive father. The adoptive son's ''nomen'' of birth was appended in adjectival form as an adoptive ''cognomen'', with the ending "-anus". As an example, when L. Aemelius L. f. Paulus was adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus he used the name P. Cornelius P. f. Scipio Aemelianus.

	==Twins==		==Twins==

Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus at 11:29, 13 August 2008

2008-08-13T11:29:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:29, 13 August 2008
Line 50:		Line 50:
	===Filiation===		===Filiation===

−	Originally, the ''praenomen'' and ''nomen'' constituted a Roman's full name and were followed by the so-called filiation (a patronymic or indication of paternity)<ref name="salway"/>. The filiation (''patronymicus'') consisted of the Latin word for "son," ''filius'' (abbreviated by the letter f.), preceded by the abbreviation of the father's ''praenomen'', which was understood in the genitive case. Hence, a Roman might have been known as	+	Originally, the ''praenomen'' and ''nomen'' constituted a Roman's full name and were followed by the so-called filiation (a patronymic or indication of paternity)<ref name="salway"/>. The filiation (''patronymicus'') consisted of the Latin word for "son," ''filius'' (abbreviated by the letter f.), preceded by the abbreviation of the father's ''praenomen'', which was understood in the [[genitive\|genitive case]]. Hence, a Roman might have been known as

	''M. Antonius M. f.'' (=''Marci filius''), that is, Marcus Antonius, the son of Marcus.		''M. Antonius M. f.'' (=''Marci filius''), that is, Marcus Antonius, the son of Marcus.

M. Lucretius Agricola: add image

2008-08-12T09:15:58Z

add image

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:15, 12 August 2008
Line 21:		Line 21:
	Later, an additional element, the ''cognomen'', was added by aristocrats desiring to connect themselves with the great deeds of specific direct ancestors. Still, some "families never had a cognomen" <ref name="village"/>		Later, an additional element, the ''cognomen'', was added by aristocrats desiring to connect themselves with the great deeds of specific direct ancestors. Still, some "families never had a cognomen" <ref name="village"/>

−	In some cases, "[t]he singular fame of a particular cognomen might allow it to stand for the associated gentilicium [i.e., ''nomen'' plus ''cognomen''] in binominal address..." <ref name="salway"/> as for example when M. Vipsanius Agrippa is named "M. Agrippa" on the Pantheon (Illus.). [[Image:M Agrippa L F on Pantheon.jpg\|~~300px~~\|right\|Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, identified as "M. Agrippa" on the [[Pantheon]].]]	+	In some cases, "[t]he singular fame of a particular cognomen might allow it to stand for the associated gentilicium [i.e., ''nomen'' plus ''cognomen''] in binominal address..." <ref name="salway"/> as for example when M. Vipsanius Agrippa is named "M. Agrippa" on the Pantheon (Illus.). [[Image:M Agrippa L F on Pantheon.jpg\|thumb\|500px\|right\|Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, identified as "M. Agrippa" on the [[Pantheon]].]]


Line 29:		Line 29:

	==Elements of a name==		==Elements of a name==
−	[[Image:~~Names~~.jpg~~\|float\|right~~\|thumb\|~~400px~~\|~~Examples~~ of ~~Roman names from a monument in Newcastle~~]]	+	[[Image:Caeciliae Metellae inscription.jpg\|thumb\|250px\|right\|"Caeciliae Q. Cretici F(iliae) Metellae Crassi" On the tomb of Caecilia Metella, via Appia.]]
	===''Praenomen''===		===''Praenomen''===

M. Lucretius Agricola: more cite info

2008-08-06T09:58:48Z

more cite info

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:58, 6 August 2008
Line 89:		Line 89:

	==Twins==		==Twins==
−	Twins were favoured in the Roman world. One of the twins might be named Geminus, Gemellus, Consors. The dictator Sulla gave the praenomina Faustus and Fausta to his twins.<ref>Dasen Veronique "Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity"</ref>	+
		+	Twins were favoured in the Roman world. One of the twins might be named Geminus, Gemellus, Consors. The dictator Sulla gave the praenomina Faustus and Fausta to his twins.<ref>Dasen, Veronique. "Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity", Oxford Journal of Archaeology, Volume 16, Number 1, March 1997 , pp. 49-63(15)</ref>
		+
	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

M. Lucretius Agricola: more bookinfo

2008-08-06T04:33:29Z

more bookinfo

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:33, 6 August 2008
Line 101:		Line 101:
	\| comment=Paperback, 160 pages		\| comment=Paperback, 160 pages
	\| name=[[User:M. Lucretius Agricola\|Agricola]]		\| name=[[User:M. Lucretius Agricola\|Agricola]]
		+	}}
		+
		+	{{Bookinfo
		+	\| title=Roman Female Praenomina: Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women
		+	\| author=Kajava, Mika
		+	\| date=1994
		+	\| publisher=Institutum Romanum Finlandiae
		+	\| ISBN=9519690212
		+	\| comment=Acta Instituti Romani Finlandiae
		+	\| name=
	}}		}}

	[[Category:Ancient Rome]]		[[Category:Ancient Rome]]

Marca Hortensia Maior at 04:23, 6 August 2008

2008-08-06T04:23:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:23, 6 August 2008
Line 26:		Line 26:

	==Female Names==		==Female Names==
−	<ref name="kajava">Kajava, Mika Roman Female Praenomina:studies in the nomenclature of Roman women (ISBN 9519690212)</ref>	+	<ref name="kajava">Kajava, Mika "Roman Female Praenomina:studies in the nomenclature of Roman women" (ISBN 9519690212)</ref>

	==Elements of a name==		==Elements of a name==
Line 89:		Line 89:

	==Twins==		==Twins==
−	Twins were favoured in the Roman world. One of the twins might be named Geminus, Gemellus, Consors. The dictator Sulla gave the praenomina Faustus and Fausta to his twins.<ref>Dasen Veronique Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity</ref>	+	Twins were favoured in the Roman world. One of the twins might be named Geminus, Gemellus, Consors. The dictator Sulla gave the praenomina Faustus and Fausta to his twins.<ref>Dasen Veronique "Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity"</ref>
	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

Marca Hortensia Maior at 04:20, 6 August 2008

2008-08-06T04:20:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:20, 6 August 2008
Line 88:		Line 88:
	At the time of adoption, one's ''praenomen'' was kept, but the ''nomen'' and ''cognomen'' of the adoptive father were taken, and the filiation was changed to refer to the adoptive father. The adoptive son's ''nomen'' of birth was appended in adjectival form as an ''agnomen''. As an example, when P. Aemelius L. f. Paulus was adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus he used the name P. Cornelius P. f. Scipio Aemelianus.		At the time of adoption, one's ''praenomen'' was kept, but the ''nomen'' and ''cognomen'' of the adoptive father were taken, and the filiation was changed to refer to the adoptive father. The adoptive son's ''nomen'' of birth was appended in adjectival form as an ''agnomen''. As an example, when P. Aemelius L. f. Paulus was adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus he used the name P. Cornelius P. f. Scipio Aemelianus.

		+	==Twins==
		+	Twins were favoured in the Roman world. One of the twins might be named Geminus, Gemellus, Consors. The dictator Sulla gave the praenomina Faustus and Fausta to his twins.<ref>Dasen Veronique Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity</ref>
	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

Marca Hortensia Maior at 04:01, 6 August 2008

2008-08-06T04:01:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:01, 6 August 2008
Line 82:		Line 82:
	In everyday use, people are referred to by either a combination of the ''praenomen'' and ''nomen'', or even more usually by just their ''cognomen''.		In everyday use, people are referred to by either a combination of the ''praenomen'' and ''nomen'', or even more usually by just their ''cognomen''.
	*"Marcus Livius Drusus" would either be just "Drusus" or "Marcus Livius."		*"Marcus Livius Drusus" would either be just "Drusus" or "Marcus Livius."
−	*"~~Iulia Marciana~~" would be just "~~Iulia.~~" (See [[using Roman names]] for more on this topic.)	+	*"Fausta Cornelia Sulla" would be just "Cornelia" (See [[using Roman names]] for more on this topic.)

	==Adoption==		==Adoption==