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Lex Aemilia sumptuaria

2009-06-12T15:15:03Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: Sumptuary law of 115 BCE

The ''Lex Aemilia sumptuaria'' was enacted by M. Aemilius Scaurus, consul of AUC 639 (115 BCE). As with the ''Lex Licinius sumptuaria'', rather than limit the number of guests at a dinner party, or the cost one could spend on a feast, it sought to prohibit which foods and food preparations could used. Thus the ''Lex Aemilia sumptuaria'' prohibited meals that served mice, rats, stuffed (or force-fed) dormice, mussels, and those birds that came from foreign lands. Similar prohibitions were decreed by censors of an earlier date and the prohibitions applied also to what foods were not acceptable to serve to the Gods.

'''Source:''' C. Plinius Secundus, ''Historia Naturalis'' 8.57 (223)

Collegium pontificum (Nova Roma)

2009-03-12T23:49:26Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: /* Pontifices */ Update correction Re: Decr. Pont. de Membris Collegiorum 3/3/2009 MMPH

{{LanguageBar|Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)}} __NOTOC__

<onlyinclude>The [[Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)|Collegium Pontificum]] (College of Pontiffs) is the supreme body for matters relating to the [[sacra publica]] of Nova Roma. It consists of fifteen [[Pontifex (Nova Roma)|''pontifices'']] who serve the public rites of the State religion and have general authority to determine the structure and nature of both the public rites and the priesthoods themselves. Non-voting members are the twelve [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|''flamines'']], six [[Virgo Vestalis (Nova Roma)|''virgines Vestales'']]., and the [[Rex Sacrorum (Nova Roma)|''rex'' and ''regina sacrorum'']]. They act as the general oversight committee for the public rites of the Religio Romana and appoint members of the various Priesthoods. Some specific administrative duties of the Collegium include: advising the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] on religious matters, setting the dates of religious festivals, organizing and assisting the Priesthood, and acting as the final arbiters of Sacred Law and religious disputes. It may be called to order by any [[Pontifex (Nova Roma)|pontifex]], and, while all the above listed are members of the Collegium, only ''pontifices'' are able to vote.

The current members of the Collegium Pontificum are:

===Rex Sacrorum===

The [[Rex Sacrorum (Nova Roma)|Rex]] and [[Regina Sacrorum (Nova Roma)|Regina Sacrorum]] (King and Queen of the Sacred) are a legally married couple that perform various public rites and make announcements of Festival days. First among the Priests and members of the Collegium Pontificum, but subordinate to the Pontifex Maximus. The Rex and Regina Sacrorum may hold no other religious or political posts. This position is not open.

===COLLEGIUM PONTIFICUM===

The [[Collegium Pontificum]] is composed of the Rex and Regina Sacrorum, three ''flamines maiores'' (''flamen Dialis, flamen Martialis,'' and ''flamen Quirinalis''), a Pontifex Maximus and eight Pontifices, the Virgo Vestalis Maxima and five Vestales Virgines, as well as the ''flamines'' and ''flamenicae minores''.

===Pontifices===

[[Pontifex (Nova Roma)|Pontifices]], along with the other members of the Collegium Pontificum oversee most of ''sacra publica'' conducted on behalf of Nova Roma and its People. The title ''pontifex'' comes from the Latin for "bridge builder", a possible allusion to a very early role in placating the Gods and spirits associated with the [[Tiber River]], and in building a spiritual bridge between men and the Gods. They are responsible for advising magistrates and private Citizens on the performance of public and private rites. The [[Pontifex Maximus (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]] acts as the Speaker for the Collegium Pontificum, oversees the [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] and ritual responsibilities along with the Vestal Virgins. ''(9 positions available: 8 filled; 1 available)''
{{Table_Pontifices}}

===Flamines===

{{:Flamen (Nova Roma)}}

===Virgines Vestales===

{{:Virgo Vestalis (Nova Roma)}}
</onlyinclude>

==Vide==

* [[:Category:Pontifices (Nova Roma)]]
* [[Pontifex (Nova Roma)]]
* [[Augur (Nova Roma)]]
* [[Flamen (Nova Roma)]]
* [[Virgo Vestalis (Nova Roma)]]
* [[Rex Sacrorum (Nova Roma)]]

[[Category:Priests and priesthoods (Nova Roma)]]

Priests (Nova Roma)

2009-03-12T23:21:37Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: /* Collegium Septemvirorum Epulones */ Update Re: Decr. Pont. 3/3/2009 MMPH

{{LanguageBar|Priests (Nova Roma)}}
<div style="float:right; margin-left:1em">__TOC__</div>
<onlyinclude>The public rites of the [[religio Romana]] were performed and controlled by a number of different priestly ''collegia'' and other special priests and magistrates. Those priestly organizations that ranked below the ''collegia'' were known as ''sodalicia'', and there were many "independent" priests of various cults who bore the title ''sacerdos''.

The '''four major priestly colleges''' were
* the [[Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)|Collegium Pontificum]] including the [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|''flamines'']], the [[Virgo Vestalis (Nova Roma)|''virgines Vestales'']] and the [[Rex sacrorum (Nova Roma)|''rex sacrificus'']];
* the colleges of the [[Augur (Nova Roma)|''augures'']],
* the ''quindecimviri sacris faciundis'',
* and the ''septemviri epulones''.

In addition, there were a number of priesthoods of well-established "foreign" cults (such as the cult of [[Isis]] and [[Serapis]]). For a list of current Foreign Priesthoods of these "foreign cults" within Nova Roma, read about [[Foreign priesthoods (Nova Roma)|foreign priesthoods in Nova Roma]]. Some of these cults were initiatory, and were called "Mysteries" (such as the [[Mysteries of Mithras]]).

[[Nova Roma]] has reinstated these ancient priesthoods as part of our effort to [[Reconstructionism|reconstruct]] Roman religion and culture.</onlyinclude>

<div style="width:50%; float:left">{{PortalBox |
title='''Joining the Priesthood''' |
content=[[Nova Roma]] is accepting applications for various Priesthoods. If you are interested in helping to rebuild the Religio Romana and the worship of the ancient [[:Category:Roman Gods|Roman deities]] on an official public basis, we would be pleased to hear from you. The Priesthoods in Nova Roma are open to both men and women, with the exception of the [[Vestals (Nova Roma)|Vestals]]. As Priesthood is an important position of responsibility we do ask that you read the guidelines for applications before applying. Any questions about Priesthood should be directed to the [[Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)|Collegium Pontificum]].

----

If you would like to become a Priest or Priestess of Nova Roma, please submit an [http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/guidelines.html Application].}}</onlyinclude></div>

<br style="clear:both"/>

==Collegium Pontificum==

{{:Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)}}

==Collegium Augurum==

{{:Augur (Nova Roma)}}

==Collegium Decimvirorum Sacris Faciundis==

The ''decimviri sacris faciundis'' are the third of the four major sacerdotal colleges. Ten sacerdotes are in charge of the '''Sibylline Books''' (and their restoration) and responsible for the ''culti Deorum'' that were traditionally introduced by their college. (10 positions available: ''Currently the Collegium has been disbanded for reorganization per the Decretum Pontificum de Membris Collegii, a. d. V Nonas Martias AUC MMDCCLXII ''(3/3/2009).)

==Collegium Septemvirorum Epulones==

The last of the major sacerdotal colleges, the ''septemviri epulones'' are seven ''sacerdotes'' who oversee the organization of public religious feasts. The Epulones arrange the ''Epulum Iovis'' (feast of Jupiter held on 13 Sept.) that is attended by members of the Senate and the People, and presided over by the images of the [[Capitoline]] divinities: [[Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Juno Capitolina,]] and [[Minerva]]. The Epulones also oversee other public banquets at festivals and games held on other dates. The Epulones are one of the four major sacerdotal colleges, and have sacred as well as organizational duties. (7 positions available: ''The Collegium is currently disbanded per the Decretum Pontificum de Membris Collegii, a. .d V Nonas Martias AUC MMDCCLXII'' (3/3/2009).)

==Collegium Fetialium==

Twenty priests who represent Rome in foreign diplomacy and the making of treaties and declarations of war. In Nova Roma the Fetiales act as diplomats with other nations and organizations, and are therefore expected to be well versed in Nova Roma laws and policy. ''(20 positions; 1 filled; 19 open)''

* [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Postumianus (Nova Roma)|Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Postumianus]]

==Sodales Fratres Arvales (The Arval Brethren)==

Twelve priests who compose the oldest priestly college in Rome. The Arval Brethren offer public sacrifices for the fertility of the fields, and preside over the worship of the Dea Dia, a Goddess of Grain and Cereal crops.

The rites of the Arval Brethren are one of the few virtually complete sets of Roman rituals to survive antiquity. In ancient Rome the Arval Brethren met in a grove sacred to the Dea Dia, where there was a circular temple and bath house. Until Nova Roma is able to provide such a central place, the Arval Brethren are to gather yearly in person if possible.

; Magister (President of the Arval Brethren): This position is elected yearly among the Arval Brethren.
; Flamen Arvales (Assistant to the President): This position is elected yearly among the Arval Brethren.
; Sacerdotes Arvales: 12 positions open.

==Sodales Luperci==

The Luperci ("Wolfmen" Priests who officiate at the Lupercalia) were responsible for purification and fertility, and the festival of Lupercalia is a time of fun and revelry. The exact number of Lupercii is not recorded and may have varied over time.

===Luperci Quinctiales (or Quintilii)===

:(founded by Romulus): Positions open

===Luperci Fabiani (or Fabianii)===

:(Founded by Remus): Positions open

==Collegium Saliorum==

Twenty-four "leaping priests" of [[Mars]] and [[Quirinus]] who who dance in procession during public festivals of Mars. The Salii are responsible for keeping the sacred ancilia (shields) and dancing and singing the public festivals sacred to Mars. The Salii in antiquity wore archaic armor and carried arms, and would stop their procession at certain places to carry out ritual dances and sing.

===Sodales Palatini===

Twelve priests particularly devoted to Mars Gravidus.

* [[Marcus Martianius Gangalius (Nova Roma)|M. Martianius Gangalius]]
* [[Lucius Curtius Paullus (Nova Roma)|L. Curtius Paullus]]
* [[Publius Claudius Caecus (Nova Roma)|P. Claudius Caecus]]

===Sodales Collini (or Agonenses)===

Twelve priests particularly devoted to Quirinus.

==Sacerdotes (minor priesthoods)==

{{:Sacerdos (Nova Roma)}}

[[Category:Priests and priesthoods (Nova Roma)]]

Priests (Nova Roma)

2009-03-12T23:08:44Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: /* Collegium Quindecimvirorum Sacris Faciundis */ Update Re: Decr. Pont 3/3/09 MMPH

{{LanguageBar|Priests (Nova Roma)}}
<div style="float:right; margin-left:1em">__TOC__</div>
<onlyinclude>The public rites of the [[religio Romana]] were performed and controlled by a number of different priestly ''collegia'' and other special priests and magistrates. Those priestly organizations that ranked below the ''collegia'' were known as ''sodalicia'', and there were many "independent" priests of various cults who bore the title ''sacerdos''.

The '''four major priestly colleges''' were
* the [[Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)|Collegium Pontificum]] including the [[Flamen (Nova Roma)|''flamines'']], the [[Virgo Vestalis (Nova Roma)|''virgines Vestales'']] and the [[Rex sacrorum (Nova Roma)|''rex sacrificus'']];
* the colleges of the [[Augur (Nova Roma)|''augures'']],
* the ''quindecimviri sacris faciundis'',
* and the ''septemviri epulones''.

In addition, there were a number of priesthoods of well-established "foreign" cults (such as the cult of [[Isis]] and [[Serapis]]). For a list of current Foreign Priesthoods of these "foreign cults" within Nova Roma, read about [[Foreign priesthoods (Nova Roma)|foreign priesthoods in Nova Roma]]. Some of these cults were initiatory, and were called "Mysteries" (such as the [[Mysteries of Mithras]]).

[[Nova Roma]] has reinstated these ancient priesthoods as part of our effort to [[Reconstructionism|reconstruct]] Roman religion and culture.</onlyinclude>

<div style="width:50%; float:left">{{PortalBox |
title='''Joining the Priesthood''' |
content=[[Nova Roma]] is accepting applications for various Priesthoods. If you are interested in helping to rebuild the Religio Romana and the worship of the ancient [[:Category:Roman Gods|Roman deities]] on an official public basis, we would be pleased to hear from you. The Priesthoods in Nova Roma are open to both men and women, with the exception of the [[Vestals (Nova Roma)|Vestals]]. As Priesthood is an important position of responsibility we do ask that you read the guidelines for applications before applying. Any questions about Priesthood should be directed to the [[Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)|Collegium Pontificum]].

----

If you would like to become a Priest or Priestess of Nova Roma, please submit an [http://www.novaroma.org/religio_romana/guidelines.html Application].}}</onlyinclude></div>

<br style="clear:both"/>

==Collegium Pontificum==

{{:Collegium Pontificum (Nova Roma)}}

==Collegium Augurum==

{{:Augur (Nova Roma)}}

==Collegium Decimvirorum Sacris Faciundis==

The ''decimviri sacris faciundis'' are the third of the four major sacerdotal colleges. Ten sacerdotes are in charge of the '''Sibylline Books''' (and their restoration) and responsible for the ''culti Deorum'' that were traditionally introduced by their college. (10 positions available: ''Currently the Collegium has been disbanded for reorganization per the Decretum Pontificum de Membris Collegii, a. d. V Nonas Martias AUC MMDCCLXII ''(3/3/2009).)

==Collegium Septemvirorum Epulones==

The last of the major colleges. The ''septemviri epulones'' are seven priests who oversee the organization of public religious feasts. The Epulones arrange the Epulum Iovis — (feast of Jupiter which is attended by the Senate and People, and presided over by the images of the [[Capitoline]] deities), as well as the public banquets at other festivals and games. The Epulones are one of the four major colleges of priests, and have sacred as well as organizational duties. ''(7 positions; 1 filled; 6 open)''

* [[Publius Claudius Caecus (Nova Roma)|P. Claudius Caecus]]

==Collegium Fetialium==

Twenty priests who represent Rome in foreign diplomacy and the making of treaties and declarations of war. In Nova Roma the Fetiales act as diplomats with other nations and organizations, and are therefore expected to be well versed in Nova Roma laws and policy. ''(20 positions; 1 filled; 19 open)''

* [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Postumianus (Nova Roma)|Q. Caecilius Metellus Pius Postumianus]]

==Sodales Fratres Arvales (The Arval Brethren)==

Twelve priests who compose the oldest priestly college in Rome. The Arval Brethren offer public sacrifices for the fertility of the fields, and preside over the worship of the Dea Dia, a Goddess of Grain and Cereal crops.

The rites of the Arval Brethren are one of the few virtually complete sets of Roman rituals to survive antiquity. In ancient Rome the Arval Brethren met in a grove sacred to the Dea Dia, where there was a circular temple and bath house. Until Nova Roma is able to provide such a central place, the Arval Brethren are to gather yearly in person if possible.

; Magister (President of the Arval Brethren): This position is elected yearly among the Arval Brethren.
; Flamen Arvales (Assistant to the President): This position is elected yearly among the Arval Brethren.
; Sacerdotes Arvales: 12 positions open.

==Sodales Luperci==

The Luperci ("Wolfmen" Priests who officiate at the Lupercalia) were responsible for purification and fertility, and the festival of Lupercalia is a time of fun and revelry. The exact number of Lupercii is not recorded and may have varied over time.

===Luperci Quinctiales (or Quintilii)===

:(founded by Romulus): Positions open

===Luperci Fabiani (or Fabianii)===

:(Founded by Remus): Positions open

==Collegium Saliorum==

Twenty-four "leaping priests" of [[Mars]] and [[Quirinus]] who who dance in procession during public festivals of Mars. The Salii are responsible for keeping the sacred ancilia (shields) and dancing and singing the public festivals sacred to Mars. The Salii in antiquity wore archaic armor and carried arms, and would stop their procession at certain places to carry out ritual dances and sing.

===Sodales Palatini===

Twelve priests particularly devoted to Mars Gravidus.

* [[Marcus Martianius Gangalius (Nova Roma)|M. Martianius Gangalius]]
* [[Lucius Curtius Paullus (Nova Roma)|L. Curtius Paullus]]
* [[Publius Claudius Caecus (Nova Roma)|P. Claudius Caecus]]

===Sodales Collini (or Agonenses)===

Twelve priests particularly devoted to Quirinus.

==Sacerdotes (minor priesthoods)==

{{:Sacerdos (Nova Roma)}}

[[Category:Priests and priesthoods (Nova Roma)]]

MMDCCLXI

2008-05-03T13:42:21Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: /* Aprilis */

{{:Magistrates MMDCCLXI}}

These are the current [[:Category:Magistrates (Nova Roma)|magistrates]], chosen by [[Election MMDCCLX (Nova Roma)|Election MMDCCLX]], [[Election MMDCCLX alter (Nova Roma)|Election MMDCCLX alter]] and [[Senate voting results December MMDCCLX|the Senate]].

For the calendar for this year, see [[Fasti MMDCCLXI]].

==Magisterial pages==

* [[Officina Consulum MMDCCLXI]] Office of the [[Consul (Nova Roma)|Consules]].
* [[Officina Praetoris MMDCCLXI‎]] Office of the [[Praetor (Nova Roma)|Praetores]].
* [[Officina Censorum MMDCCLXI]] Office of the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censores]].
* [[Aedilitas curulis MMDCCLXI]] Office of the [[Aedilis Curulis (Nova Roma)|Aediles Curules]].

==Res Gestae==
<onlyinclude>
===Ianuarius===
* K. Fabius Buteo Modianus issues [[Edictum II censoris de censu anni MMDCCLX]].
* M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus reports on the [[Inaugural auspicium for MMDCCLXI]].
* New magistrates take the [[Oath of office (Nova Roma)|Oath of office]].
* M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus performs the annual [[Consular Sacrificial Ceremony (Nova Roma)|Consular Sacrificial Ceremony]]
* M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus performs the [[Annua Sacra (Nova Roma)|Annua Sacra]], opening the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]].
* T. Iulius Sabinus assigned quaestores to magistrates.
* M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus called the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]] into [[Senate Vote Januarius MMDCCLXI (Nova Roma)|session]].
* [[Officina Consulum MMDCCLXI |Consules]] issues [[Officina_Consulum_MMDCCLXI#Edictum_consulare_IV:De_Feeris_Sementinis|Edictum consulare de Feriis Sementis]].
* [[Gaius Iulius Scaurus (Nova Roma)|C. Iulius Scaurus]] resigns as pontifex, pullarius, and as a citizen. [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ReligioRomana/message/9785]

===Februarius===
''Main article: [[Purge of MMDCCLXI (Nova Roma)]]''
* After seven years as a Senator, [[Marcus Octavius Gracchus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Octavius Gracchus]] resigns from the Senate, citing "scheming and paranoia".
* [[Collegium pontificum decreta Februariae MMDCCLXI|Collegium Pontificum session]] concluded on {{Feb 10}}
* [[Ludi Lupercalenses 2761 AUC (Nova Roma)|Ludi Lupercalenses]] was presented by [[Aedilitas curulis MMDCCLXI|aediles curules and their cohors]].
* The Senate [[Senate Vote Februarius MMDCCLXI (Nova Roma)|votes]] on several issues, including the celebration of [[Concordialia MMDCCLXI|Concordialia]] on the Kalends of Martius.
*[[Gnaeus Salvius Astur (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Salvius Astur]] resigns from the Senate and Collegium Pontificum.
* [[Officina_Praetoris_MMDCCLXI|Praetor M. Iulius Severus]] announces that the ''petitio actionis'' of Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus Consul against Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur, Pontifex et Augur, will be accepted by the Praetores' Office in the first legally available date.
* [[Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur (Nova Roma)|Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus]] fails to comply with the [[Senate Vote Januarius MMDCCLXI (Nova Roma)|Senatus Consultum regarding mailing lists]]. [[Officina_Praetoris_MMDCCLXI|Praetor M. Curiatius Complutensis]] accepts the ''petitio actionis'' [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NovaRoma-Announce/message/1300] of [[Caeso Fabius Buteo Modianus (Nova Roma)|Caeso Fabius Buteo Modianus]] against Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus and appoints a panel of judges [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NovaRoma-Announce/message/1303]. Without Cincinnatus offering a defense, Praetor M. Curiatius Complutensis issues a [[Talk:Officina_Praetoris_MMDCCLXI#TRIALS |sentence]] against L. Equitius Cincinnatus. He is stripped of his agnomen and titles and fined.
* The [[Collegium pontificum decreta Februariae alter MMDCCLXI|Collegium Pontificum votes]] to remove Pater Patriae [[Marcus Cassius Julianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Cassius Julianus]] from the office of Pontifex Maximus (which he himself had created), ten years to the day after his founding of Nova Roma. Cassius deleted the Collegium Pontificum mailing list and was removed as Pontifex as well.
* The 6th edition of the [[Vox Romana podcast]] is released.
* The [[Comitia Curiata (Nova Roma)|Comitia Curiata]] witnesses three new appointments: [[Marca Hortensia Maior (Nova Roma)|Marca Hortensia Maior]] as Sacerdos [[Mens (Nova Roma)|Mentis]] , [[Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus (Nova Roma)|Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus]] as [[Priests (Nova Roma)|Flamen Palatualis]], [[Quintus Valerius Poplicola (Nova Roma)|Quintus Valerius Poplicola]] as [[Priests (Nova Roma)|Flamen Falacer]].
* [[Ludi Conditorum 2761 AUC (Nova Roma)|Ludi Conditorum]] was presented by [[Aedilitas curulis MMDCCLXI|aediles curules and their cohors]].

===Martius===

* [[Concordialia MMDCCLXI]]
* Tribune L. Livia Plauta calls for an [[Suffect election MMDCCLXI (Nova Roma)|election]] to fill the vacancy in the office of Plebeian Aedile.
* [[Flavius Galerius Aurelianus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Galerius Aurelianus]] is appointed [[Pontifex (Nova Roma)|Pontifex Maximus]] pro tempore by [[Decretum Pontificum de Pontificis Maximi Cooptatione Spatioque (Nova Roma)|pontifical decree]].
* [[Patricia Cassia (Nova Roma)|Patricia Cassia]], Senatrix, resigns her citizenship, citing no reasons: "At this time it seems fitting for me to resign from Nova Roma. I wish you all well." [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NovaRoma-Announce/message/1376]
*[[Officina_Praetoris_MMDCCLXI|Praetor M. Curiatius Complutensis]] accepts the ''petitio actionis'' [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/NovaRoma-Announce/message/1300] of [[Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus (Nova Roma)|M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus]] against Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus and appoints a panel of judges. During the trial M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus and the advocate of L. Equitius Cincinnatus, [[Tiberius Galerius Paulinus (Nova Roma)|Ti.Galerius Paulinus]], presented the evidences. The Iudices individually issued their sentences and the tribunal's majority decision was "CONDEMNO". (7 CONDEMNO + 3 ABSOLVO): L. Equitius Cincinnatus was inhabilitated for a period of two years and fined. [[TRIALS_IN_THE_PRAETORSHIP_OF_2008#Sententia_2|(Read the complete text of Sententia here)]].

===Aprilis===
* [[Ludi Megalenses 2761 AUC (Nova Roma)|Megalesia]] dedicated to [[Magna Mater]] was organized by [[Aedilitas curulis MMDCCLXI|aediles curules and their cohors]].
* [[Ludi Cereales]] dedicated to [[Ceres]] was organized by [[Aedilis Plebis (Nova Roma)|plebeian aedile]] [[Publius Constantinus Placidus (Nova Roma)|P. Constantinius Placidus]].
* The [[VI Conventus Novae Romae]] was officially announced.
* [[Gaius Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus (Nova Roma)|C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus]] resigns from the offices of Flamen Volturanlis and Neptuni Aedes Sacerdos citing personal reasons.
* [[Diana Octavia Aventina (Nova Roma)|Diana Octavia Aventina]] resigns as Veneris Aedis Sacerdos seemingly in protest over recent events. When questioned about why she did not honor Venus on behalf of Nova Roma for the Veneralia she stated, "I did, at home, but not in the name of Nova Roma, especially considering that I would rather have some of you be granted a Darwin Award rather than receive any blessings of Venus."
* [[Aelius Solaris Marullinus (Nova Roma)| Aelius Solaris Marullinus]], acting as [[Magister Populi | Magister Populi Ferarium Latinarum causa]] on behalf of [[consules MMDCCLXI | Consules]] [[Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus (Nova Roma)| M. Moravius Piscinus]] and [[Titus Iulius Sabinus (Nova Roma)| T. Iulius Sabinus]], re-established the rites of [[Jupiter | Jupiter Latiaris]] on [[Mount Albano | Mont Albano]] at the [[Feriae Latinae | Feriae Latinae]]. Meanwhile, for the first time, members of the Nova Roma Senate were joined by officials of the [[Societas Via Romana | Societas Via Romana]] and the [[Roman Way (TRW) | The Roman Way]] in Austin, Texas, to celebrate the [[Feriae Latinae | Feriae Latinae]] and [[Parilia | Parilia]] while rites for [[Jupiter | Jupiter Latiaris]] were held by the [[Temple Religio Romana | Temple Religio Romana]] in Oregon and the [[Clarian Temple | Religio Terranova]] in the Philadelphia, Pa. area. Others joined in the rites of [[Jupiter| Jupiter Latiaris]] in other parts of the world, making this year's [[Feriae Latinae | Feriae Latinae]] the first global celebration sponsored by Nova Roma to be joined in by other Roman organizations.

===Maius===

===Iunius===

===Quinctilis===

===Sextilis===

===September===

===October===

====Reports of provincial governors====

===November===

===December===

</onlyinclude>
[[Category:MMDCCLXI]]

Angerona

2007-12-24T14:57:00Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus:

The Romans held as a state secret the true name of the protective Goddess of Rome:

"Verrius Flaccus cites authors whom he deems worthy of credit, to show that on the occasion of a siege, it was the usage, the first thing of all, for the Roman priests to summon forth the tutelary divinity of that particular town, and to promise him the same rites, or even a more extended worship, at Rome; and at the present day even, this ritual still forms part of the discipline of our pontiffs. Hence it is, no doubt, that the name of the tutelary deity of Rome has been so strictly kept concealed, lest any of our enemies should act in a similar manner." [[1]]

Some examples of this practice are known to us. The first was when Camillus evoked Vei from Her Etruscan city in 396 BCE to install Her at Rome as Juno Regina of the Aventine. [[2]] A second example is taken from the dedication of a temple for Vortumnus in 264 BCE and a third comes from when Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus performed an ''evocatio'' by which he drew Tanis from Carthage in 146 BCE to install Her as Juno Caelistis at Rome. [[3]] An inscription for Isaurus Vetus, dating to 75 BCE, indicates another ''evocatio'' was performed at the siege of that city. [[4]] The practice was so ingrained into Roman seige methods that to reveal the name of Rome's protective, in order that the same be done to Rome, was a capital crime. There is only one incident that we know about where the name was revealed, although the name remains a secret today. And this secrecy of Her name is part of the ceremony that was held for Her.

"Last and greater than all, Rome herself, whose other name the hallowed mysteries of the sacred rites forbid us to mention without being guilty of the greatest impiety. After it had been long kept buried in secresy with the strictest fidelity and in respectful and salutary silence, Valerius Soranus dared to divulge it, but soon did he pay the penalty of his rashness. It will not perhaps be altogether foreign to the purpose, if I here make mention of one peculiar institution of our forefathers which bears especial reference to the inculcation of silence on religious matters. The Goddess Angerona, to whom sacrifice is offered on the twelfth day before the calends of January [21st December], is represented in her statue as having her mouth bound with a sealed fillet." [[5]]

The Ageronalia or Divalia of 21 December was a public festival, performed by the ''pontifices'' in the Curia Acculeia. Macrobius in the fifth century said instead that the ritual was performed in a Temple of Volupa, citing Verrius Flaccus as his source, but such a place is not known at Rome, nor is it mentioned by other authors who cited the same source. [[6]]

Another point made by Macrobius was that this December ritual was made "in propitiation for expelling anguish and anxiety." Angerona was thought by some to be a Goddess who both brought on and relieved anguish and fear. This would place Her among the deities of the Underworld who were involed in a ''devotio'' of an enemy's force, and thus may be seen how She was called upon to protect Rome.

Ovid tells a myth about how Angerona came to be called Tacita and Muta, and how Her image is seen with Her mouth concealed. Learning of Jupiter's plans to rape Her sister, Agerona rushed to warn Juturna, and also told Juno of Her husband's intended infidelity. Ovid then said that Jupiter had Angerona's tongue torn from Her, and Her mouth then covered, and then ordered that Mercurius lead Her to Hades. Along the way, Mercurius supposedly raped Her, and thus Angerona became the mother of the Lares compitales. The key here is that Ovid called Her Lara, and Lala, connecting Her to Mater Larum, "the Mother of the Lares." [[7]] The Angeronalia, or Divalia Angeronae on 21 December, comes in conjunction with the Larentalia of 23 December where a rite was performed for Larentia (Lara, Lala) in recognition of her as the foster mother of Romulus. By extension she was the mother of all Romans, much as Mater Larum could be regarded, and thus also the protective Goddess of Rome may also have been viewed, or related to, a Mother Goddess of Rome.

Modern speculations on what Angerona's "true name" may have been have suggested Favra and Fona, Acca, Flora, Valesia, and Valentia, Sorana, and Hirpa. Some of these play on the thought of the she-wolf or ''lupa'' that nursed Romulus and Remus. But none of the theories are satisfactory, and none give us any better idea of who Angerona may have been.

Angerona

2007-12-24T14:56:15Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: Agerona, secret name of Rome, and Divalia (Angeronalia)

'''Angerona'''

The Romans held as a state secret the true name of the protective Goddess of Rome:

"Verrius Flaccus cites authors whom he deems worthy of credit, to show that on the occasion of a siege, it was the usage, the first thing of all, for the Roman priests to summon forth the tutelary divinity of that particular town, and to promise him the same rites, or even a more extended worship, at Rome; and at the present day even, this ritual still forms part of the discipline of our pontiffs. Hence it is, no doubt, that the name of the tutelary deity of Rome has been so strictly kept concealed, lest any of our enemies should act in a similar manner." [[1]]

Some examples of this practice are known to us. The first was when Camillus evoked Vei from Her Etruscan city in 396 BCE to install Her at Rome as Juno Regina of the Aventine. [[2]] A second example is taken from the dedication of a temple for Vortumnus in 264 BCE and a third comes from when Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus performed an ''evocatio'' by which he drew Tanis from Carthage in 146 BCE to install Her as Juno Caelistis at Rome. [[3]] An inscription for Isaurus Vetus, dating to 75 BCE, indicates another ''evocatio'' was performed at the siege of that city. [[4]] The practice was so ingrained into Roman seige methods that to reveal the name of Rome's protective, in order that the same be done to Rome, was a capital crime. There is only one incident that we know about where the name was revealed, although the name remains a secret today. And this secrecy of Her name is part of the ceremony that was held for Her.

"Last and greater than all, Rome herself, whose other name the hallowed mysteries of the sacred rites forbid us to mention without being guilty of the greatest impiety. After it had been long kept buried in secresy with the strictest fidelity and in respectful and salutary silence, Valerius Soranus dared to divulge it, but soon did he pay the penalty of his rashness. It will not perhaps be altogether foreign to the purpose, if I here make mention of one peculiar institution of our forefathers which bears especial reference to the inculcation of silence on religious matters. The Goddess Angerona, to whom sacrifice is offered on the twelfth day before the calends of January [21st December], is represented in her statue as having her mouth bound with a sealed fillet." [[5]]

The Ageronalia or Divalia of 21 December was a public festival, performed by the ''pontifices'' in the Curia Acculeia. Macrobius in the fifth century said instead that the ritual was performed in a Temple of Volupa, citing Verrius Flaccus as his source, but such a place is not known at Rome, nor is it mentioned by other authors who cited the same source. [[6]]

Another point made by Macrobius was that this December ritual was made "in propitiation for expelling anguish and anxiety." Angerona was thought by some to be a Goddess who both brought on and relieved anguish and fear. This would place Her among the deities of the Underworld who were involed in a ''devotio'' of an enemy's force, and thus may be seen how She was called upon to protect Rome.

Ovid tells a myth about how Angerona came to be called Tacita and Muta, and how Her image is seen with Her mouth concealed. Learning of Jupiter's plans to rape Her sister, Agerona rushed to warn Juturna, and also told Juno of Her husband's intended infidelity. Ovid then said that Jupiter had Angerona's tongue torn from Her, and Her mouth then covered, and then ordered that Mercurius lead Her to Hades. Along the way, Mercurius supposedly raped Her, and thus Angerona became the mother of the Lares compitales. The key here is that Ovid called Her Lara, and Lala, connecting Her to Mater Larum, "the Mother of the Lares." [[7]] The Angeronalia, or Divalia Angeronae on 21 December, comes in conjunction with the Larentalia of 23 December where a rite was performed for Larentia (Lara, Lala) in recognition of her as the foster mother of Romulus. By extension she was the mother of all Romans, much as Mater Larum could be regarded, and thus also the protective Goddess of Rome may also have been viewed, or related to, a Mother Goddess of Rome.

Modern speculations on what Angerona's "true name" may have been have suggested Favra and Fona, Acca, Flora, Valesia, and Valentia, Sorana, and Hirpa. Some of these play on the thought of the she-wolf or ''lupa'' that nursed Romulus and Remus. But none of the theories are satisfactory, and none give us any better idea of who Angerona may have been.

Angerona

2007-12-24T14:46:30Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus:

'''Angerona'''

The Romans held as a state secret the true name of the protective Goddess of Rome:

"Verrius Flaccus cites authors whom he deems worthy of credit, to show that on the occasion of a siege, it was the usage, the first thing of all, for the Roman priests to summon forth the tutelary divinity of that particular town, and to promise him the same rites, or even a more extended worship, at Rome; and at the present day even, this ritual still forms part of the discipline of our pontiffs. Hence it is, no doubt, that the name of the tutelary deity of Rome has been so strictly kept concealed, lest any of our enemies should act in a similar manner." [[1]]

Some examples of this practice are known to us. The first was when Camillus evoked Vei from Her Etruscan city in 396 BCE to install Her at Rome as Juno Regina of the Aventine. [[2]] A second example is taken from the dedication of a temple for Vortumnus in 264 BCE and a third comes from when Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus performed an ''evocatio'' by which he drew Tanis from Carthage in 146 BCE to install Her as Juno Caelistis at Rome. [[3]] An inscription for Isaurus Vetus, dating to 75 BCE, indicates another ''evocatio'' was performed at the siege of that city. [[4]] The practice was so ingrained into Roman seige methods that to reveal the name of Rome's protective, in order that the same be done to Rome, was a capital crime. There is only one incident that we know about where the name was revealed, although the name remains a secret today. And this secrecy of Her name is part of the ceremony that was held for Her.

"Last and greater than all, Rome herself, whose other name the hallowed mysteries of the sacred rites forbid us to mention without being guilty of the greatest impiety. After it had been long kept buried in secresy with the strictest fidelity and in respectful and salutary silence, Valerius Soranus dared to divulge it, but soon did he pay the penalty of his rashness. It will not perhaps be altogether foreign to the purpose, if I here make mention of one peculiar institution of our forefathers which bears especial reference to the inculcation of silence on religious matters. The Goddess Angerona, to whom sacrifice is offered on the twelfth day before the calends of January [21st December], is represented in her statue as having her mouth bound with a sealed fillet." [[5]]

The Ageronalia or Divalia of 21 December was a public festival, performed by the ''pontifices'' in the Curia Acculeia. Macrobius in the fifth century said instead that the ritual was performed in a Temple of Volupa, citing Verrius Flaccus as his source, but such a place is not known at Rome, nor is it mentioned by other authors who cited the same source. [[6]]

Another point made by Macrobius was that this December ritual was made "in propitiation for expelling anguish and anxiety." Angerona was thought by some to be a Goddess who both brought on and relieved anguish and fear. This would place Her among the deities of the Underworld who were involed in a ''devotio'' of an enemy's force, and thus may be seen how She was called upon to protect Rome.

Ovid tells a myth about how Angerona came to be called Tacita and Muta, and how Her image is seen with Her mouth concealed. Learning of Jupiter's plans to rape Her sister, Agerona rushed to warn Juturna, and also told Juno of Her husband's intended infidelity. Ovid then said that Jupiter had Angerona's tongue torn from Her, and Her mouth then covered, and then ordered that Mercurius lead Her to Hades. Along the way, Mercurius supposedly raped Her, and thus Angerona became the mother of the Lares compitales. The key here is that Ovid called Her Lara, and Lala, connecting Her to Mater Larum, "the Mother of the Lares." [[7]] The Angeronalia, or Divalia Angeronae on 21 December, comes in conjunction with the Larentalia of 23 December where a rite was performed for Larentia (Lara, Lala) in recognition of her as the foster mother of Romulus. BY extension she was the mother of all Romans, much as Mater Larum could be regarded

Angerona

2007-12-24T14:10:31Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus:

Angerona

2007-12-24T14:03:33Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus:

Angerona

2007-12-24T13:48:09Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus:

Angerona

2007-12-24T13:33:14Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus:

Angerona

2007-12-24T13:26:10Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: New page: '''Angerona''' The Romans held as a state secret the true name of the protective Goddess of Rome: "Verrius Flaccus cites authors whom he deems worthy of credit, to show that on the occas...

Equus october

2007-12-24T03:58:15Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: The October Horse

'''Equus October: The October Horse'''

Two-horse chariot races were held on the Ides of October in honor of Mars. The inner horse of the winning team became the "October Horse." Upon the Campus Martius he was sacrificed by thrusting the sacred spear of Mars into his heart. His blood was collected and it is believed that it was mixed by the Vestales Virgines with the ashes of the unborn calf that was sacrificed at the Fordicidia in April and distributed as februa to the people for Parilia (21 April). His tail was cut off with a morsel of flesh as an ''offa penita'' and rushed to the Regia where the blood was allowed to drip slowly into the sacred hearth. The horse's head was cut off and decked with cakes and ribbons in the same manner as draught animals at ''Vestalia'', ''Consualia'', and the ''feriae Sementivae''. Paulus mentions that these cakes came from the recent harvest. The decorated horse head then became a trophy contested over by men from the neighborhoods of the Via Sacra and the Subura. If the team from the Via Sacra were able to carry off the horse, then his head was affixed to the Regia. If instead the men from Subura carry it away, the head was affixed on the turris Mamilia as a fetish to ensure fertility and virility in the coming year.

'''Sources:''' ''Fasti Philocalus''; Festus 178; Paulus 220; Plutarch ''Ques. Rom.'' 97; Polybius 12.4. Ovid, ''Fasti''; Fowler, W. W. (1899) ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Roman Republic'', London.

Mundus

2007-12-24T03:41:53Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: Mudus opened

'''Mundus patet'''

As part of the ritual by which Romulus founded Roma antiqua, he set the quadrata atop the Palatine as the center of his City. At its center was dug the ''mundus'' that was a concave pit that Cato said represented the counterpart to the concave vault of the Heavens above (Festus 1.c). Popular belief was that this pit was covered for most of the year by the ''lapis manalis'' (Festus s. v.). When opened the entrance way to the infernal regions lay opened as well: "Mundus cum patet, Deorum tristium atque inferum ianua patet" (Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.16.18). Offerings were therefore placed in the ''mundus'' for Maiores nostrum. Three times a year - 24 August, 5 October, and 5 November, the ''mundus'' was uncovered. It was a night when it was believed that the dead emerged to commune with the living.

'''Sources:''' Macrobius, ''Saturnalia'' 1.16.18; Fowler, W. W. (1899) ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Roman Republic'', London.

Agonalia

2007-12-24T03:11:00Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: feriae Agonium

'''AGONIUM'''

A festival for Janus held on 11 January.

"Janus must be propitiated on the Agonal day.
The day may take its name from the girded priest
At whose blow the God's sacrifice is felled:
Always, before he stains the naked blade with hot blood,
He asks if he should, ''Agatne?'' and won't unless commanded.
Some believe that the day is called Agonal because
The sheep do not come to the altar but are driven (''agantur'').
Others think the ancients called this festival Agnalia,
'Of the lambs', dropping a letter from its usual place.
Or because the victim fears the knife mirrored in the water,
The day might be so called from the creature's agony?
It may also be that the day has a Greek name
From the games (''agones'') that were held in former times.
And in ancient speech agonia meant a sheep,
And this last reason in my judgement is the truth.
Though the meaning is uncertain, Rex Sacrorum,
Must appease the Gods with the mate of a woolly ewe." ~ Ovid

In typical fashion Ovid offers a few different explanations for the name of the Agonium. One that he does not mention is that the name is a more ancient Latin term for sacrificial victim. The sacrifice of a ram was offered to Janus by the Rex Sacrorum at the Regia. Augustine of Hippo said that this sacrifice was offered to Agonius, which refers to Janus here. This name relates to the Quirinal Hill, in as much as its traditional name was Collis Agonus, the Colline Gate was called the Porta Agonensis, and the Salii priests who were headquartered on the Quirinal Hill were called the Salii Agonenses. It is possible that a special sacrifice for Janus was offered on the Quirinal Hill day; that is, in addition to the one in the Regia, but there is not any certainty that a second sacrifice was offered on the Quirinal, and, if so, by what priest.

'''Sources:''' Ovid, ''Fasti'' 1.318 ff.;(Varro, ''Lingua Latinae'' 6.12; Augustine of Hippo, ''Civ. Dei'' 4.11.16; Fowler, W. W. (1899) ''The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Roman Republic'', London.

Aesculapius

2007-12-24T02:43:15Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus:

'''Dies Natalis Aesculapii'''

The feriae or "dies natalis" of Asculapius on 1 January designates the day on which a temple for this God of Healing was first dedicated in Rome in 460 AUC (293 BCE). Aesculapius was first called to Rome in response to an oracle that suggested He might aid against a plague.

"The year (293 BCE) had been a happy one in many ways, but this was hardly adequate consolation for the one major disaster: the plague that raged through town and countryside alike. The devastation it caused was thought to be an evil omen, and thus the Sibylline Oracles were consulted to find what limits or remedy the Gods proposed for it ravages. The Books revealed that Aesculapius must be summoned from Epidaurus to Rome; however because the consuls were busy engaged in a war, nothing was done about it that year except that one day was set aside for a supplicatio for the God."

The "numen," or presence of Aesculapius, arrived in the form of a large snake who had traveled with Rome's envoys back from Epidaurus .

"They brought with them a snake that had joined them in the ship, and which no doubt was a manifestation of the God; from the ship, it went to the island in the Tiber, to the place where the temple of Aesculapius has been erected."

His Temple was build in the form of the ship He had first arrived in. The Temple became a center for the introduction of Hippocratic medicine to Rome. Eventually it had a hospital attached to the Temple that mainly treated elderly slaves

'''Sources:''' Livy, History 10.47.6; Livy, Perioche 11.3; Fowler, W. W. (1899) "The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Roman Republic," London.

Vediovis

2007-12-24T02:42:12Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: New page: '''Dies Natalis Vediovii''' L. Furius Purpureo vowed a temple for Vediovis while fighting the Battle of Cremona (200 BCE) during which he defeated the Carthagininas under Hamilcar and the...

'''Dies Natalis Vediovii'''

L. Furius Purpureo vowed a temple for Vediovis while fighting the Battle of Cremona (200 BCE) during which he defeated the Carthagininas under Hamilcar and their Gallic allies. The temple was built on the Insula in the River Tiber. It was then dedicated on 1 Janurary 194 BCE.

'''Sources:''' Livy, History 31.21; 34.53; Fowler, W. W. (1899) The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Roman Republic London.

Aesculapius

2007-12-24T02:34:45Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: Feriae Aesculapii (1 January)

The feriae or "dies natalis" of Asculapius on 1 January designates the day on which a temple for this God of Healing was first dedicated in Rome in 460 AUC (293 BCE). Aesculapius was first called to Rome in response to an oracle that suggested He might aid against a plague.

"The year (293 BCE) had been a happy one in many ways, but this was hardly adequate consolation for the one major disaster: the plague that raged through town and countryside alike. The devastation it caused was thought to be an evil omen, and thus the Sibylline Oracles were consulted to find what limits or remedy the Gods proposed for it ravages. The Books revealed that Aesculapius must be summoned from Epidaurus to Rome; however because the consuls were busy engaged in a war, nothing was done about it that year except that one day was set aside for a supplicatio for the God."

The "numen," or presence of Aesculapius, arrived in the form of a large snake who had traveled with Rome's envoys back from Epidaurus .

"They brought with them a snake that had joined them in the ship, and which no doubt was a manifestation of the God; from the ship, it went to the island in the Tiber, to the place where the temple of Aesculapius has been erected."

His Temple was build in the form of the ship He had first arrived in. The Temple became a center for the introduction of Hippocratic medicine to Rome. Eventually it had a hospital attached to the Temple that mainly treated elderly slaves

'''Sources:''' Livy, History 10.47.6; Livy, Perioche 11.3; Fowler, W. W. (1899) "The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Roman Republic," London.

Numa tradition

2006-04-05T11:13:24Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: /* Sacrifices */

[[Category:Religio Romana (Nova Roma)]]

[[Image:Carmentis-sm.jpg|frame|right|Sacred Grove of Carmentis]]The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[religio Romana]]. Numa Pompilius, Sabine by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through Egeria in the sacred grove of Carmentis, and through direct contact with the highest Gods.

==Sacrifices==

The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood sacrifices. As Plutarch explained about the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." Only later were immolationes introduced.

<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. Ceres first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>

In times of great distress the City of Rome would renew itself by returning to the Numa tradition. The first time came with the expulsion of the kings and establishment of the Republic around 509 BCE. The second time followed the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BCE. Following the Civil Wars in the Late Republic, some Romans once again advocated a return to the Numa tradition as a way to restore Rome. "The Gods," said Varro, "do not desire blood sacrifice; Their images even less."

Some rules on Roman ritual that Numa elicited from the Gods can be found among the works of Pliny the elder, Festus, Cicero, Plutarch, and others. These include the following.

"The Gods are not to be represented in the form of man or beast, nor are there to be any painted or graven image of a deity admitted (to your rites)."

"When you sacrifice to the celestial Gods, let it be with an odd number; when to the terrestrial, with even."

"Sacrifices are not to be celebrated with an effusion of blood, but consist of flour, wine, and the least costly of offerings."

"No sacrifices shall be performed without meal (mola salsa)."

"You shall not stir the fire with a sword."

"You shall not make to the Gods libation of wine from an unpruned vine."

"Do not sprinkle wine on a funeral pyre."

"Turn round to pay adoration to the gods; sit after you have worshipped."

"When you go out upon a journey, look not behind thee."

Romulus, the first king of Rome, had dedicated the first Roman sanctury of the City (Livy, I.10.5-7). This was an oak tree on the Capitoline Hill where the spoils of war were to be offered to Jupiter Feretrius. Later, Numa Pompilius then provided a <i>lex templi</i> for this Romulan shrine:

"The man under whose auspices the opima spolia are won in full battle should dedicate them to Jupiter Feretrius; he should sacrifice an ox; let him who took them [give three] hundred in bronze. For the second spoils, let him sacrifice solitaurilia, whichever he wishes, at the altar of Mars in the Campus Martius. For the third spoils, let him sacrifice to Janus Quirinus a male lamb; let him who took them give one hundred in bronze. Let the man under whose auspices they were taken make any necessary piacular offering to the Gods."

==Sources==

*[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_NUMA Plutarch's Life of Numa at Project Gutenberg]

Numa tradition

2006-04-05T11:12:58Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: /* Sacrifices */

Numa tradition

2006-04-05T11:11:26Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: /* Sacrifices */

[[Category:Religio Romana (Nova Roma)]]

[[Image:Carmentis-sm.jpg|frame|right|Sacred Grove of Carmentis]]The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[religio Romana]]. Numa Pompilius, Sabine by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through Egeria in the sacred grove of Carmentis, and through direct contact with the highest Gods.

==Sacrifices==

The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood sacrifices. As Plutarch explained about the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." Only later were immolationes introduced.

<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. Ceres first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>

In times of great distress the City of Rome would renew itself by returning to the Numa tradition. The first time came with the expulsion of the kings and establishment of the Republic around 509 BCE. The second time followed the Gallic sack of Rome in 390 BCE. Following the Civil Wars in the Late Republic, some Romans once again advocated a return to the Numa tradition as a way to restore Rome. "The Gods," said Varro, "do not desire blood sacrifice."

Some rules on Roman ritual that Numa elicited from the Gods can be found among the works of Pliny the elder, Festus, Cicero, Plutarch, and others. These include the following.

"The Gods are not to be represented in the form of man or beast, nor are there to be any painted or graven image of a deity admitted (to your rites)."

"When you sacrifice to the celestial Gods, let it be with an odd number; when to the terrestrial, with even."

"Sacrifices are not to be celebrated with an effusion of blood, but consist of flour, wine, and the least costly of offerings."

"No sacrifices shall be performed without meal (mola salsa)."

"You shall not stir the fire with a sword."

"You shall not make to the Gods libation of wine from an unpruned vine."

"Do not sprinkle wine on a funeral pyre."

"Turn round to pay adoration to the gods; sit after you have worshipped."

"When you go out upon a journey, look not behind thee."

Romulus, the first king of Rome, had dedicated the first Roman sanctury of the City (Livy, I.10.5-7). This was an oak tree on the Capitoline Hill where the spoils of war were to be offered to Jupiter Feretrius. Later, Numa Pompilius then provided a <i>lex templi</i> for this Romulan shrine:

"The man under whose auspices the opima spolia are won in full battle should dedicate them to Jupiter Feretrius; he should sacrifice an ox; let him who took them [give three] hundred in bronze. For the second spoils, let him sacrifice solitaurilia, whichever he wishes, at the altar of Mars in the Campus Martius. For the third spoils, let him sacrifice to Janus Quirinus a male lamb; let him who took them give one hundred in bronze. Let the man under whose auspices they were taken make any necessary piacular offering to the Gods."

==Sources==

*[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_NUMA Plutarch's Life of Numa at Project Gutenberg]

Numa tradition

2006-04-05T11:00:11Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: /* Sacrifices */

[[Category:Religio Romana (Nova Roma)]]

[[Image:Carmentis-sm.jpg|frame|right|Sacred Grove of Carmentis]]The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[religio Romana]]. Numa Pompilius, Sabine by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through Egeria in the sacred grove of Carmentis, and through direct contact with the highest Gods.

==Sacrifices==

The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood sacrifices. As Plutarch explained about the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." "The Gods," said Varro, "do not desire blood sacrifice." Only later were immolationes introduced.

<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. Ceres first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>

Some rules on Roman ritual that Numa elicited from the Gods can be found among the works of Pliny the elder, Festus, Cicero, Plutarch, and others. These include the following.

"The Gods are not to be represented in the form of man or beast, nor are there to be any painted or graven image of a deity admitted (to your rites)."

"When you sacrifice to the celestial Gods, let it be with an odd number; when to the terrestrial, with even."

"Sacrifices are not to be celebrated with an effusion of blood, but consist of flour, wine, and the least costly of offerings."

"No sacrifices shall be performed without meal (mola salsa)."

"You shall not stir the fire with a sword."

"You shall not make to the Gods libation of wine from an unpruned vine."

"Do not sprinkle wine on a funeral pyre."

"Turn round to pay adoration to the gods; sit after you have worshipped."

"When you go out upon a journey, look not behind thee."

Romulus, the first king of Rome, had dedicated the first Roman sanctury of the City (Livy, I.10.5-7). This was an oak tree on the Capitoline Hill where the spoils of war were to be offered to Jupiter Feretrius. Later, Numa Pompilius then provided a <i>lex templi</i> for this Romulan shrine:

"The man under whose auspices the opima spolia are won in full battle should dedicate them to Jupiter Feretrius; he should sacrifice an ox; let him who took them [give three] hundred in bronze. For the second spoils, let him sacrifice solitaurilia, whichever he wishes, at the altar of Mars in the Campus Martius. For the third spoils, let him sacrifice to Janus Quirinus a male lamb; let him who took them give one hundred in bronze. Let the man under whose auspices they were taken make any necessary piacular offering to the Gods."

==Sources==

*[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_NUMA Plutarch's Life of Numa at Project Gutenberg]

Numa tradition

2006-04-05T10:59:20Z

Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus: /* Sacrifices */

[[Category:Religio Romana (Nova Roma)]]

[[Image:Carmentis-sm.jpg|frame|right|Sacred Grove of Carmentis]]The ancients considered the '''Numa tradition''' to be the oldest, purest, and most reverent form of the [[religio Romana]]. Numa Pompilius, Sabine by birth and second king of Rome, received this tradition from the Gods, through Egeria in the sacred grove of Carmentis, and through direct contact with the highest Gods.

==Sacrifices==

The Numa tradition was generally regarded to have forbidden the use of blood sacrifices. As Plutarch explained about the rituals handed down from Numa Pompilius, "they were not celebrated with effusion of blood, but consisted of flour, wine, and the least costly offerings." "The Gods," said Varro, "do not desire blood sacrifice." Only later were immolationes introduced.

<blockquote>"Formerly what served to reconcile Gods and men was [[spelt cake|spelt]] and pure salt's glistening grain. ... A man was wealthy if he could add violets to crowns fashioned from meadow flowers; the knife which eviscerates a pole-axed bull had no role in the sacred rites. Ceres first delighted in a greedy sow's blood" (Ovid Fasti 1.337-49).</blockquote>

Some rules on Roman ritual that Numa elicited from the Gods can be found among the works of Pliny the elder, Festus, Cicero, Plutarch, and others. These include the following.

"The Gods are not to be represented in the form of man or beast, nor are there to be any painted or graven image of a deity admitted (to your rites)."

"When you sacrifice to the celestial Gods, let it be with an odd number; when to the terrestrial, with even."

"Sacrifices are not to be celebrated with an effusion of blood, but consist of flour, wine, and the least costly of offerings."

"No sacrifices shall be performed without meal (mola salsa)."

"You shall not stir the fire with a sword."

"You shall not make to the Gods libation of wine from an unpruned vine."

"Do not sprinkle wine on a funeral pyre."

"Turn round to pay adoration to the gods; sit after you have worshipped."

"When you go out upon a journey, look not behind thee."

Romulus, the first king of Rome, had dedicated the first Roman sanctury of the City (Livy, I.10.5-7). This was an oak tree on the Capitoline Hill where the spoils of war were to be offered to Jupiter Feretrius. Later, Numa Pompilius then provided a <i>lex templi</i> for this Romulan shrine:

"The man under whose auspices the opima spolia are won in full battle should dedicate them to Jupiter Feretrius; he should sacrifice an ox; let him who took them [give three] hundred in bronze. For the second spoils, let him sacrifice solitaurilia, whichever he wishes, at the altar of Mars in the Campus Martius. For the third spoils, let him sacrifice to Janus Quirinus a male lamb; let him who took them give one hundred in bronze. Let the man under whose auspices they were taken make any necessary piacular offering to the Gods."

==Sources==

*[http://www.gutenberg.org/files/14033/14033-h/14033-h.htm#LIFE_OF_NUMA Plutarch's Life of Numa at Project Gutenberg]