Consul (Nova Roma)

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{{NR Magistracy articles}}
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The '''consulship''' is the highest executive [[magistracies (Nova Roma)|magistracy]] of Nova Roma. The two '''''consules''''' are co-presidents of the [[Res Publica Novae Romae|republic]].
  
The consulship is the highest executive [[magistracies (Nova Roma)|magistracy]] of Nova Roma. They are co-presidents of the republic. There are two ''consules''.
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To stand for election as ''[[consul (Nova Roma)|consul]]'', a potential candidate is required to be at least 30 years old as of the effective date of office, must be ''[[assiduus]]'', must have been a citizen of Nova Roma for at least four years, and must have previously held the position of ''[[Praetor (Nova Roma)|praetor]]'' or [[Tribunus Plebis (Nova Roma)|Tribune of the Plebs]] for at least six months, or served as [[Governor (Nova Roma)|Provincial Governor]] for at least three years, or held the position of ''[[Senator (Nova Roma)|Senator]]'' for a year.<ref name="Cornelia-CursuHonorum">Lex Cornelia de cursu honorum - http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Lex_Cornelia_de_cursu_honorum_(Nova_Roma)</ref></onlyinclude>
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{{Current consules}}
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== Duties and powers of the ''consules'' ==
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The [[Current constitution (Nova Roma)|Constitution]] of Nova Roma says about the ''consules'':
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<div class="scriptum">
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::'''2'''. ''Consul''. Two consuls shall be elected annually by the [[Comitia centuriata (Nova Roma)|''comitia centuriata'']] to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:
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:::'''a'''. To hold ''[[Imperium]]'' and have the honor of being preceded by twelve ''[[lictor]]s'';
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:::'''b'''. To issue those [[edictum|''edicta'']] (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);
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:::'''c'''. To call the [[Senate (Nova Roma)|Senate]], the [[Comitia centuriata (Nova Roma)|''comitia centuriata'']] , and the [[Comitia populi tributa (Nova Roma)|''comitia populi tributa'']]  to order;
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:::'''d'''. To pronounce ''[[intercessio]]'' (intercession; a veto) against another ''consul'' or magistrate of lesser authority;
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:::'''e'''. To appoint [[accensus (Nova Roma)|''accensi'']] (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as they shall see fit.
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</div>
  
 
==Collegiality and precedence==
 
==Collegiality and precedence==
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The ''consules'' are [[Collegiality (Nova Roma)|colleagues]] and their legal powers are equal.
 
The ''consules'' are [[Collegiality (Nova Roma)|colleagues]] and their legal powers are equal.
  
In the ancient republic when both ''consules'' were at Rome they would hold the ''fasces'' (i.e. exercise power) in alternate months.  This practice is sometimes adopted in Nova Roma, for example {{2000}}.
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In the ancient republic when both ''consules'' were at Rome they would hold the ''fasces'' (i.e. exercise power) in alternate months.  This practice is sometimes adopted in Nova Roma, for example in the year {{2000}}.
  
The ''consul'' who held the ''fasces'' first was referred to as ''consul maior'' or ''consul prior''.  When it was necessary for one ''consul'' to take precedence on ceremonial occasions, for instance in religious processions, the ''maior consul'' took precedence; and it is probably the ''consul maior'' whose name was placed first in official documents and in the [[Roman dates#Consular dating|name of the year]].
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The ''consul'' who held the [[fasces|''fasces'']] first was referred to as ''consul maior'' or ''consul prior''.  When it was necessary for one ''consul'' to take precedence on ceremonial occasions, for instance in religious processions, the ''consul maior'' took precedence; and it is probably the ''consul maior'' whose name was placed first in official documents and in the [[Roman dates#Consular dating|name of the year]].
  
It is not entirely clear how it was decided which ''consul'' was ''maior'', and there may even have been disagreement about this antiquity.<ref>Discussion summarized in Lintott, '''The Constitution Of The Roman Republic''' (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 100. The issue sometimes gets confused with the question of whether ''consules'' are ''maiores'' than ''praetores'', also discussed by ancient sources, on which see Stewart, '''Public Office In Early Rome: Ritual Procedure & Political Practice''' (University of Michigan Press, 1998), pp. 212-213.</ref> Some sources seem to indicate that the ''maior consul'' was the elder one;<ref>"''postridieque [P. Valerius Publicola] sibi collegam Sp. Lucretium subrogavit, suosque ad eum quod erat maior natu lictores transire iussit, instituitque primus ut singulis consulibus alternis mensibus lictores praeirent''" ("and the next day he [P. Valerius Publicola] had Sp. Lucretius elected as his colleage, and ordered his [Publicola's] lictors to go over to him [Lucretius] because he [Lucretius] was the elder, and he [Publicola] was the first to lay it down that the lictors should accompany each ''consul'' in alternate months") - Cicero, '''''de re publica''''', 2.55 (the same story is told in Valerius Maximus, 4.1.1, and Plutarch, '''Publicola''', 12.5); "''Solitos tamen audio, qui lege potiores essent fasces primi menses collegis concedere aut longe aetate prioribus aut nobilioribus multo aut secundum consulatum ineuntibus''" ("I have heard, however, that those who by statute had priority used to yield the first month's ''fasces'' to colleagues who were many years older, or much more noble, or who were beginning a second consulate") - Gellius, '''''Noctes Atticae''''', 2.15.8.</ref> others that he was the one elected first;<ref>"''Maiorem consulem L. Caesar putat dici vel eum penes quem fasces sint vel eum qui prior factus sit''" ("L. Caesar thought the ''consul'' was called ''maior'' who held the ''fasces'' or who was elected first") - Festus, p. 154 Lindsay; a republican inscription also gives a special role to the ''consul'' first elected, but it is not certain that this is the same as the ''consul maior'' - see Lintott, '''The Constitution Of The Roman Republic''' (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 100 n. 29.</ref> others that he was the one who ranked higher in prestige or status.<ref>"''Solitos tamen audio, qui lege potiores essent fasces primi menses collegis concedere aut longe aetate prioribus aut nobilioribus multo aut secundum consulatum ineuntibus''" ("I have heard, however, that those who by statute had priority used to yield the first month's ''fasces'' to colleagues who were many years older, or much more noble, or who were beginning a second consulate") - Gellius, '''''Noctes Atticae''''', 2.15.8</ref> The solution is perhaps that in strict point of law the ''maior consul'' was the first elected, but that he customarily yielded precedence to his colleague if that colleague was significantly older or higher-ranking.<ref>This interpretation appears to be supported by Gellius, '''''Noctes Atticae''''', 2.15.8, quoted in the note above.</ref> The most common view in Nova Roma is that the ''maior consul'' is the one elected first.
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It is not entirely clear how it was decided which ''consul'' was ''maior'', and there may even have been disagreement about this antiquity.<ref>Discussion summarized in Lintott, '''The Constitution Of The Roman Republic''' (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 100. The issue sometimes gets confused with the question of whether ''consules'' are ''maiores'' than ''praetores'', also discussed by ancient sources, on which see Stewart, '''Public Office In Early Rome: Ritual Procedure & Political Practice''' (University of Michigan Press, 1998), pp. 212-213.</ref>Some sources seem to indicate that the ''maior consul'' was the elder one;<ref>"''postridieque [P. Valerius Publicola] sibi collegam Sp. Lucretium subrogavit, suosque ad eum quod erat maior natu lictores transire iussit, instituitque primus ut singulis consulibus alternis mensibus lictores praeirent''" ("and the next day he [P. Valerius Publicola] had Sp. Lucretius elected as his colleage, and ordered his [Publicola's] lictors to go over to him [Lucretius] because he [Lucretius] was the elder, and he [Publicola] was the first to lay it down that the lictors should accompany each ''consul'' in alternate months") - Cicero, '''''de re publica''''', 2.55 (the same story is told in Valerius Maximus, 4.1.1, and Plutarch, '''Publicola''', 12.5); "''Solitos tamen audio, qui lege potiores essent fasces primi menses collegis concedere aut longe aetate prioribus aut nobilioribus multo aut secundum consulatum ineuntibus''" ("I have heard, however, that those who by statute had priority used to yield the first month's ''fasces'' to colleagues who were many years older, or much more noble, or who were beginning a second consulate") - Gellius, '''''Noctes Atticae''''', 2.15.8.</ref>others that he was the one elected first;<ref>"''Maiorem consulem L. Caesar putat dici vel eum penes quem fasces sint vel eum qui prior factus sit''" ("L. Caesar thought the ''consul'' was called ''maior'' who held the ''fasces'' or who was elected first") - Festus, p. 154 Lindsay; a republican inscription also gives a special role to the ''consul'' first elected, but it is not certain that this is the same as the ''consul maior'' - see Lintott, '''The Constitution Of The Roman Republic''' (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 100 n. 29.</ref>others that he was the one who ranked higher in prestige or status.<ref>"''Solitos tamen audio, qui lege potiores essent fasces primi menses collegis concedere aut longe aetate prioribus aut nobilioribus multo aut secundum consulatum ineuntibus''" ("I have heard, however, that those who by statute had priority used to yield the first month's ''fasces'' to colleagues who were many years older, or much more noble, or who were beginning a second consulate") - Gellius, '''''Noctes Atticae''''', 2.15.8</ref>The solution is perhaps that in strict point of law the ''consul maior'' was the first elected, but that he customarily yielded precedence to his colleague if that colleague was significantly older or higher-ranking.<ref>This interpretation appears to be supported by Gellius, '''''Noctes Atticae''''', 2.15.8, quoted in the note above.</ref>The most common view in Nova Roma is that the ''consul maior'' is the one elected first.
 
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Citizens of Nova Roma sometimes mistakenly use the terms ''senior consul'' ("elder" ''consul'') and ''iunior consul'' ("younger" ''consul'') for ''maior consul'' and ''minor consul'' respectively.
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==Offices and Edicta==
 
==Offices and Edicta==
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:*[[Officina Consulum MMDCCLXI]]
 
:*[[Officina Consulum MMDCCLXI]]
  
==List of Consuls of Nova Roma==
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==Historical overview==
 
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As of {{2007}}, 19 individuals have been Consul of Nova Roma.
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* Three have held the office twice.
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* Ten (53%) served as Praetor before becoming Consul. (indicated with '''PR.''')
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* Three (16%) were not members of the Senate before being elected Consul. (indicated with **)
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* One is no longer a citizen.
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==={{1998}}===
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*[[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] (I)
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** Suffectus: [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Caecilius Metellus]] (no longer a citizen)
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*[[Marcus Cassius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Cassius Iulianus]] (I)
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==={{1999}}===
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*[[Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus]] (removed) '''PR.'''
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** Suffectus: [[Lucius Cornelius Sulla (Nova Roma)|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] '''PR.'''
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*[[Decius Iunius Palladius (Nova Roma)|Decius Iunius Palladius]] '''PR.'''
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==={{2000}}===
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*[[Quintus Fabius Maximus (Nova Roma)|Quintus Fabius Maximus]] **
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*[[Marcus Minucius Audens (Nova Roma)|Marcus Minucius Audens]] '''PR.'''
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==={{2001}}===
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*[[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Flavius Vedius Germanicus]] (II)
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*[[Marcus Cassius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Cassius Iulianus]] (II)
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==={{2002}}===
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*[[Marcus Octavius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Octavius Germanicus]]
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*[[Lucius Cornelius Sulla (Nova Roma)|Lucius Cornelius Sulla]] (II) '''CEN.'''
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==={{2003}}===
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*[[Caeso Fabius Quintilianus (Nova Roma)|Caeso Fabius Quintilianus]]
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*[[Titus Labienus Fortunatus (Nova Roma)|Titus Labienus Fortunatus]] '''PR.'''
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==={{2004}}===
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*[[Gnaeus Salix Astur (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Salix Astur]] '''PR.'''
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*[[Gnaeus Equitius Marinus (Nova Roma)|Gnaeus Equitius Marinus]] **
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==={{2005}}===
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*[[Franciscus Apulus Caesar (Nova Roma)|Franciscus Apulus Caesar]]
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*[[Gaius Popillius Laenas (Nova Roma)|Gaius Popillius Laenas]] '''PR.'''
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==={{2006}}===
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*[[Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus (Nova Roma)|Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus]] **
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*[[Pompeia Minucia Strabo (Nova Roma)|Pompeia Minucia Strabo]] '''PR.'''
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==={{2007}}===
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*[[Consul overview]]: a comparison of ancient Roman and Nova Roman ''consules''
*[[Lucius Arminius Faustus (Nova Roma)|Lucius Arminius Faustus]] '''PR.'''
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*[[Tiberius Galerius Paulinus (Nova Roma)|Tiberius Galerius Paulinus]] '''PR.'''
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==={{2008}}===
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==List of Nova Roman consuls ==
*[[Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus (Nova Roma)|Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus]]
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*[[Titus Iulius Sabinus (Nova Roma)|Titus Iulius Sabinus]] **
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{{:Fasti consulares (Nova Roma)}}
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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[[Category: Nova Roma]]
 
[[Category: Nova Roma History]]
 
 
[[Category:Magistracies (Nova Roma)]]
 
[[Category:Magistracies (Nova Roma)]]

Revision as of 20:19, 19 November 2013

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Classification of magistracies

Magistracy overview




The consulship is the highest executive magistracy of Nova Roma. The two consules are co-presidents of the republic.

To stand for election as consul, a potential candidate is required to be at least 30 years old as of the effective date of office, must be assiduus, must have been a citizen of Nova Roma for at least four years, and must have previously held the position of praetor or Tribune of the Plebs for at least six months, or served as Provincial Governor for at least three years, or held the position of Senator for a year.[1]


CIV-Marcus Aurelius Cotta Iovius.jpg
M. Aurelius Cotta Iovius
CIV-Gaius Petronius Stephanus Turpilianus.jpg
C. Petronius Stephanus Turpilianus


Contents

Duties and powers of the consules

The Constitution of Nova Roma says about the consules:

2. Consul. Two consuls shall be elected annually by the comitia centuriata to serve a term lasting one year. They shall have the following honors, powers, and obligations:
a. To hold Imperium and have the honor of being preceded by twelve lictors;
b. To issue those edicta (edicts) necessary to engage in those tasks which advance the mission and function of Nova Roma (such edicts being binding upon themselves as well as others);
c. To call the Senate, the comitia centuriata , and the comitia populi tributa to order;
d. To pronounce intercessio (intercession; a veto) against another consul or magistrate of lesser authority;
e. To appoint accensi (personal assistants) to assist with administrative and other tasks, as they shall see fit.

Collegiality and precedence

The consules are colleagues and their legal powers are equal.

In the ancient republic when both consules were at Rome they would hold the fasces (i.e. exercise power) in alternate months. This practice is sometimes adopted in Nova Roma, for example in the year Q. Maximo M. Minucio cos. MMDCCLIII a.u.c..

The consul who held the fasces first was referred to as consul maior or consul prior. When it was necessary for one consul to take precedence on ceremonial occasions, for instance in religious processions, the consul maior took precedence; and it is probably the consul maior whose name was placed first in official documents and in the name of the year.

It is not entirely clear how it was decided which consul was maior, and there may even have been disagreement about this antiquity.[2]Some sources seem to indicate that the maior consul was the elder one;[3]others that he was the one elected first;[4]others that he was the one who ranked higher in prestige or status.[5]The solution is perhaps that in strict point of law the consul maior was the first elected, but that he customarily yielded precedence to his colleague if that colleague was significantly older or higher-ranking.[6]The most common view in Nova Roma is that the consul maior is the one elected first.

Offices and Edicta

Edicta of the Consules are posted in their respective officinae.

Historical overview

List of Nova Roman consuls

As of M. Pompeio Sex. Lucilio cos. MMDCCLXVIII a.u.c., 30 individuals have been Consul of Nova Roma.

  • One has held the office three times.
  • Three have held the office twice.
  • Seventeen (57%) served as Praetor before becoming Consul. (indicated with PR.)
  • Twelve (40%) have also served as Censor. (indicated with CEN.)
  • Five (17%) were not members of the Senate before being elected Consul. (indicated with **)

Fl. Vedio M. Cassio cos. MMDCCLI a.u.c.

L. Equitio Dec. Iunio cos. MMDCCLII a.u.c.

Q. Maximo M. Minucio cos. MMDCCLIII a.u.c.

Fl. Vedio (II) M. Cassio (II) cos. MMDCCLIV a.u.c.

M. Octavio L. Sulla (II) cos. MMDCCLV a.u.c.

K. Buteone T. Labieno cos. MMDCCLVI a.u.c.

Cn. Salvio Cn. Equitio cos. MMDCCLVII a.u.c.

Fr. Apulo C. Laenate cos. MMDCCLVIII a.u.c.

K. Buteone Po. Minucia cos. MMDCCLIX a.u.c.

L. Arminio Ti. Galerio cos. MMDCCLX a.u.c.

M. Moravio T. Iulio cos. MMDCCLXI a.u.c.

M. Curiatio M. Iulio cos. MMDCCLXII a.u.c.

P. Memmio K. Buteone (II) cos. MMDCCLXIII a.u.c.

P. Ullerio C. Equitio cos. MMDCCLXIV a.u.c.

Cn. Caesare C. Tullio cos. MMDCCLXV a.u.c.

L. Sulla (III) cos. sine collega MMDCCLXVI a.u.c.

St. Cornelia C. Aemilio cos. MMDCCLXVII a.u.c.

M. Pompeio Sex. Lucilio cos. MMDCCLXVIII a.u.c.


Cn. Lentulo Alexandro T. Domitio cos. MMDCCLXIX a.u.c.

Sex. Lucilio C. Claudio P. Annaeo Q. Catulo tr. mil. cos. pot. MMDCCLXX a.u.c.

  • nemo

C. Claudio T. Domitio (II) cos. MMDCCLXXI a.u.c.

Q. Arrio P. Annaeo cos. MMDCCLXXII a.u.c.

Q. Arrio (II) T. Domitio (III) cos. MMDCCLXXIII a.u.c.

Q. Arrio (III) A. Tullia cos. MMDCCLXXIV a.u.c.

Sex. Lucilio (II) A. Tullia (II) cos. MMDCCLXXV a.u.c.

C. Cethego Q. Arrio (IV) cos. MMDCCLXXVI a.u.c.

M. Cotta C. Petronio cos. MMDCCLXXVII a.u.c.


References

  1. Lex Cornelia de cursu honorum - http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Lex_Cornelia_de_cursu_honorum_(Nova_Roma)
  2. Discussion summarized in Lintott, The Constitution Of The Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 100. The issue sometimes gets confused with the question of whether consules are maiores than praetores, also discussed by ancient sources, on which see Stewart, Public Office In Early Rome: Ritual Procedure & Political Practice (University of Michigan Press, 1998), pp. 212-213.
  3. "postridieque [P. Valerius Publicola] sibi collegam Sp. Lucretium subrogavit, suosque ad eum quod erat maior natu lictores transire iussit, instituitque primus ut singulis consulibus alternis mensibus lictores praeirent" ("and the next day he [P. Valerius Publicola] had Sp. Lucretius elected as his colleage, and ordered his [Publicola's] lictors to go over to him [Lucretius] because he [Lucretius] was the elder, and he [Publicola] was the first to lay it down that the lictors should accompany each consul in alternate months") - Cicero, de re publica, 2.55 (the same story is told in Valerius Maximus, 4.1.1, and Plutarch, Publicola, 12.5); "Solitos tamen audio, qui lege potiores essent fasces primi menses collegis concedere aut longe aetate prioribus aut nobilioribus multo aut secundum consulatum ineuntibus" ("I have heard, however, that those who by statute had priority used to yield the first month's fasces to colleagues who were many years older, or much more noble, or who were beginning a second consulate") - Gellius, Noctes Atticae, 2.15.8.
  4. "Maiorem consulem L. Caesar putat dici vel eum penes quem fasces sint vel eum qui prior factus sit" ("L. Caesar thought the consul was called maior who held the fasces or who was elected first") - Festus, p. 154 Lindsay; a republican inscription also gives a special role to the consul first elected, but it is not certain that this is the same as the consul maior - see Lintott, The Constitution Of The Roman Republic (Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 100 n. 29.
  5. "Solitos tamen audio, qui lege potiores essent fasces primi menses collegis concedere aut longe aetate prioribus aut nobilioribus multo aut secundum consulatum ineuntibus" ("I have heard, however, that those who by statute had priority used to yield the first month's fasces to colleagues who were many years older, or much more noble, or who were beginning a second consulate") - Gellius, Noctes Atticae, 2.15.8
  6. This interpretation appears to be supported by Gellius, Noctes Atticae, 2.15.8, quoted in the note above.
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