http://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&feed=atom&action=historyRoman religious terms - Revision history2024-03-28T15:36:38ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.17.0http://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&diff=52272&oldid=prevAppius Claudius Iohannes: Additions, edits.2014-06-09T23:36:32Z<p>Additions, edits.</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[vitulari|VITULARI]]''' (verb)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[vitulari|VITULARI]]''' (verb)  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"Vitulari est voce laetari" reports Macrobius, quoting Titus, in the third book of his ''Saturnalia'' - in other words, "to vitulate is to rejoice in voice", to show mirth or give thanks by vocal expression, presumably singing.  He even reports a supposed etymology of the word linking it with the word ''victoria'', as in the singing of triumph after a victory, and concludes that ''vitulari'' is the equivalent of Greek ''paianizein'', to sing paeans, songs of thanksgiving or triumph. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*'''[[vitulatio|VITULATIO]]''' (sg) (pl "vitulationes") </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A verbal noun drawn from ''vitulor, vitulari'', a ''vitulatio'' would be a "rejoicing", and in fact names a specific Roman holiday, an annual day of thanksgiving celebrated on July 6 or 8, depending on whom you read. Beyond this, a goddess ''Vitula'' was identified with it, who was celebrated as well. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[votum|VOTUM]]''' (sg) (pl "vota")  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[votum|VOTUM]]''' (sg) (pl "vota")  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">To solemnly pledge something to a deity was to "vovere", to vow that thing.  Thus the past participle, ''votum'', described both the action or fact of the pledge, and the thing pledged.  The thing pledged could be a sacrifical offering, or a statue, or even something as great as a temple, depending on the situation and the individual or group that was pledging.  ''Vota'' were offered privately, publicly for the state (and later, the Emperor), and militarily, by commanders before campaigning, or if needed during a campaign.  There was even, in earlier times, a more extreme sort of military vow, the ''devotio'', in which a Roman general vowed his own life and the lives of the enemy he killed to the God or Goddess in question.  </ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Appius Claudius Iohanneshttp://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&diff=52270&oldid=prevAppius Claudius Iohannes: Some actual additions and completion of missings sections.2014-06-06T01:24:09Z<p>Some actual additions and completion of missings sections.</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Sacrificium|SACRIFICIUM]]''' (sg) (pl ''sacrificia'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Sacrificium|SACRIFICIUM]]''' (sg) (pl ''sacrificia'')  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sacrifice, as an action, is a generality of religions, an offering of something of some value to the Gods. One gives up something of value in order to "give something back" to the Gods who govern your world, to please them and show respect.  (See "do ut des", ''supra''.)  Roman rites generally required a sacrifice - after all, if we're going to ask a benefit of the Gods, don't we have to do something for them first?  For most ''lustrationes'', an animal sacrifice - in fact, a sacrifice of three animals together - was required as well as the ritual sprinkling of cleansing water.  Purifications by lustration were very important - fields, dwellings, livestock, people, a ship, an army, a religious site - all might be objects of lustration.  For major lustrations, the ''suovetaurilia'' was performed.  This triple-sacrifice was of a pig (''suus/suis''), a sheep (''ovis/ovis''), and a bull (''taurus/tauri''), the smoke of whose burnt flesh was thought to be in itself purifying.  </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">But not all sacrifices were bloody; if one did not give up livestock, there was still the farmers' main produce, fruit and grain.  Smith's article on sacrifice  ([http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Sacrificium.html here]) states that offerings were often "fruit and cakes. The former were mostly offered to the gods as ''primitiae'' or tithes of the harvest, and as a sign of gratitude."  Moreover, for the poorer Romans, livestock could not be sacrificed on a regular basis, and so in place of the prohibitively expensive bloody sacrifice cakes might be offered, especially baked in the image of the animal that would ideally have been offered.  Cakes, one should remember, were products of grains, and were an offering from the farmers' critical crops, of their agricultural wealth.  </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">See also [http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Sacrifice sacrifice] here at Nova Roma.  Another good article on Roman sacrifice can be found [http://www.patheos.com/blogs/religioromana/2013/05/sacrifice-in-the-numa-tradition/ here].  </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Sacrosanctus|SACROSANCTUS]]''' (-us, -a, -um) (adj)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Sacrosanctus|SACROSANCTUS]]''' (-us, -a, -um) (adj)</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It is said by Livy that this word was created to describe the sanctity & inviolability of the ''potestas'' of Plebeian Tribunes and other magistrates.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It is said by Livy that this word was created to describe the sanctity & inviolability of the ''potestas'' of Plebeian Tribunes and other magistrates. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Given that it combines "sacer" and "sanctus", it is an emphatic word indeed - something both "dedicated to the Gods and hallowed".  </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Salii|SALII]]''' (pl) (not used in the singular)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Salii|SALII]]''' (pl) (not used in the singular)</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>These priests of Mars, the "leaping priests" (''salientes''), danced a ritual that involved not only leaping and bounding, but also the ''ancillae'' - the shields sacred to Mars.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>These priests of Mars, the "leaping priests" (''salientes''), danced a ritual that involved not only leaping and bounding, but also the ''ancillae'' - the shields sacred to Mars. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Sanctio|SANCTIO]]''' (sg) (pl ''sanctiones'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Sanctio|SANCTIO]]''' (sg) (pl ''sanctiones'')</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the word ''sacer'' we find two distinct meanings <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </del>that, in modern terms, something ''sacer'' might be either sacred or cursed; so also in ''sanctio'', for it can mean either something "holy" or something under divine punishment. ''Sanctio'' comes from the verb ''sancio/sancire'': "I hallow, I sanctify", i.e., I dedicate this to the Gods as sacred (or, in the negative aspect, cursed). Our modern version of this noun, "sanction", retains this split in aspect - if we allow something, we give it our "sanction" (approval); if we disapprove of something, we apply a "sanction" against it (punishment).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>In the word ''sacer'' we find two distinct meanings<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>that, in modern terms, something ''sacer'' might be either sacred or cursed; so also in ''sanctio'', for it can mean either something "holy" or something under divine punishment. ''Sanctio'' comes from the verb ''sancio/sancire'': "I hallow, I sanctify", i.e., I dedicate this to the Gods as sacred (or, in the negative aspect, cursed). Our modern version of this noun, "sanction", retains this split in aspect - if we allow something, we give it our "sanction" (approval); if we disapprove of something, we apply a "sanction" against it (punishment).  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The "sacred spring" was a ceremony that developed from dire origins to become a kind of "ritual migration".  It appears that originally, among the Sabines in times of the greatest distress, sacrifices of a whole generation of offspring were vowed to Mars - of livestock or people born in the spring of the following year. In time, accouring to ancient sources, ritual expulsion took the place of actual human sacrifice so that future children might still be vowed to the God, but were not expelled until age 21 or so.  Such a group of votives were called the ''sacrani''; they were sent off to found or conquer a community at a certain destination, all the while under the protection of the God. It is noted that the Mamertines of Sicily were the descendants of just such a group of ''sacrani''.  During the Second Punic War, the Romans undertook Vera Sacra twice, but the vows were specifically for livestock votives, not people.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The "sacred spring" was a ceremony that developed from dire origins to become a kind of "ritual migration".  It appears that originally, among the Sabines in times of the greatest distress, sacrifices of a whole generation of offspring were vowed to Mars - of livestock or people born in the spring of the following year. In time, accouring to ancient sources, ritual expulsion took the place of actual human sacrifice so that future children might still be vowed to the God, but were not expelled until age 21 or so.  Such a group of votives were called the ''sacrani''; they were sent off to found or conquer a community at a certain destination, all the while under the protection of the God. It is noted that the Mamertines of Sicily were the descendants of just such a group of ''sacrani''.  During the Second Punic War, the Romans undertook Vera Sacra twice, but the vows were specifically for livestock votives, not people.   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[victima|VICTIMA]]''' (sg) (pl "victimae")</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[victima|VICTIMA]]''' (sg) (pl "victimae")</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The ''victima'' was the sacrificial victim.  Not any animal could be offered in sacrifice, but prospective victims had to be evaluated for their merits.  Qualities such as species, appearance, colors, gender, even whether castrated could all come into play.  For example, for sacrifice to the celestial deities, a white color was requisite; for the chthonic deities, dark colors; and for Vulcanus in particular, a red color.  Moreover, a pretense that the victim was itself willing to undergo the sacrifice was maintained, such that a nod of the head - natural or forced - was a prerequisite; if a ''victima'' displayed panic or distress, it was an ill omen for the rite. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">More specifically, the ''victima'' could be contrasted with the ''hostia'', another name for the animal to be sacrificed.  As some ancient authorities put it, before a battle, when facing the enemy (the ''hostis''), blessings were asked for and a ''hostia'' sacrificed; later, when the Romans had triumphed (were, then, ''victores''), thanks were offered and a ''victima'' was sacrificed.  </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[victimarius|VICTIMARIUS]]''' (adj)  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[victimarius|VICTIMARIUS]]''' (adj)  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The ''victimarius'' was an attendant who guided and handled the animal to be sacrificed.  One or more led the victim to the altar, carried the axe or the mallet and knife to be used, and held the animal in the proper position for act to follow. </ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Appius Claudius Iohanneshttp://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&diff=52269&oldid=prevAppius Claudius Iohannes: Fixies, minor additions.2014-06-05T18:14:03Z<p>Fixies, minor additions.</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Nemus|NEMUS]]''' (sg) (pl ''nemora'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Nemus|NEMUS]]''' (sg) (pl ''nemora'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Nemus'' meant woodland, woods, or glade, and was used in common speech and poetry to describe such a grove in nature, but also in poetry and religion to indicate a sacred grove.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Nemus'' meant woodland, woods, or glade, and was used in common speech and poetry to describe such a grove in nature, but also in poetry and religion to indicate a sacred grove.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*'''[[Numa Tradition|"NUMA TRADITION"]]''' </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The "Numa Tradition" refers to the ritual tradition in Roman Religion established by Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, unwarlike successor to Romulus, and great Religious reformer thereof. The reforms, traditions, and religious offices attributed to his creation are many.  See the Nova Roman article on Numa [http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Numa_tradition here].  There is also a very good article on Numa and Roman sacrifice [http://www.patheos.com/blogs/religioromana/2013/05/sacrifice-in-the-numa-tradition/ here].</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Sacra|SACRA]]''' (pl) (sg sacrum)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Sacra|SACRA]]''' (pl) (sg sacrum)</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''sacra'' are the traditional cults and rites of Rome.  The ''sacra publica'' were for the state and the people of Rome, and the ''sacra privata'' were observed domestically, by the ''gens'', family, or individual involved.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''sacra'' are the traditional cults and rites of Rome.  The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Roman_religion </ins>''sacra publica''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </ins>were for the state and the people of Rome, and the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://www.novaroma.org/nr/Roman_religion </ins>''sacra privata''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] </ins>were observed domestically, by the ''gens'', family, or individual involved.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Appius Claudius Iohanneshttp://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&diff=52266&oldid=prevAppius Claudius Iohannes: FINALLY the last additions - soon to be done....2014-05-30T00:58:24Z<p>FINALLY the last additions - soon to be done....</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Additionally, all of Rome within the Pomoerium (q.v.) was already a consecrated place.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Additionally, all of Rome within the Pomoerium (q.v.) was already a consecrated place.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*'''[[verba certa|VERBA CERTA]]''' (pl)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The ''verba certa'' (or ''certa verba'') were simply the precise words of a verbal formula, whether religious or legal.  For the Romans, religious ritual had to be performed perfectly; thus the words used had to be "certain" - exact, and were therefore of necessity already prescribed.  (In _____ there is an interesting distinction between "prayer" as commonly understood in our time and ''prex'' (prayer) as it was understood in Roman times:  </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*'''[[verba concepta|VERBA CONCEPTA]]''' (pl) </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">While the ''verba certa'' were absolutely precise and unchanging, the ''verba concepta'' appear to have been words that, while still formulaic, were not absolutely and immutably fixed.  Apparently the advantage of such phrases was that they could be used in more circumstances, remaining rigidly ceremonial yet adaptable to more situations. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*'''[[ver sacrum|VER SACRUM]]''' (sg) (pl "Vera Sacra")</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The "sacred spring" was a ceremony that developed from dire origins to become a kind of "ritual migration".  It appears that originally, among the Sabines in times of the greatest distress, sacrifices of a whole generation of offspring were vowed to Mars - of livestock or people born in the spring of the following year. In time, accouring to ancient sources, ritual expulsion took the place of actual human sacrifice so that future children might still be vowed to the God, but were not expelled until age 21 or so.  Such a group of votives were called the ''sacrani''; they were sent off to found or conquer a community at a certain destination, all the while under the protection of the God. It is noted that the Mamertines of Sicily were the descendants of just such a group of ''sacrani''.  During the Second Punic War, the Romans undertook Vera Sacra twice, but the vows were specifically for livestock votives, not people.  </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*'''[[victima|VICTIMA]]''' (sg) (pl "victimae")</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*'''[[victimarius|VICTIMARIUS]]''' (adj) </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*'''[[vitium|VITIUM]]''' (sg) (pl "vitia")</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In Religious circumstances, a ''vitium'' was a flaw, error or imperfection in the performance of a ritual.  A single ''vitium'' would void the rite and require that it be performed again from the beginning. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*'''[[vitulari|VITULARI]]''' (verb)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*'''[[votum|VOTUM]]''' (sg) (pl "vota") </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">magis advenebit....</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Roman religion]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Roman religion]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Appius Claudius Iohanneshttp://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&diff=51305&oldid=prevAppius Claudius Iohannes: Formatting in place.2013-12-10T02:07:04Z<p>Formatting in place.</p>
<a href="http://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&diff=51305&oldid=51304">Show changes</a>Appius Claudius Iohanneshttp://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&diff=51304&oldid=prevAppius Claudius Iohannes: Continuing Triarius's formatting; need to do one early save to be sure my formatting works; thereafter I can go w previews.2013-12-10T01:33:23Z<p>Continuing Triarius's formatting; need to do one early save to be sure my formatting works; thereafter I can go w previews.</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>COLLEGIUM (sg) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>(pl: ''collegia'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*'''[[Collegium|</ins>COLLEGIUM<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]''' </ins>(sg) (pl: ''collegia'')</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A ''collegium'' (a "college") was a Roman association that had a legal authority, whether commercial, magisterial, or religious.  Most significant to Roman religion were the College of Pontiffs; the College of Augurs; the Sibylline college (the ''Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis''); and the ''Septemviri Epulonum'' college, the seven priests who oversaw public religious banquets.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A ''collegium'' (a "college") was a Roman association that had a legal authority, whether commercial, magisterial, or religious.  Most significant to Roman religion were the College of Pontiffs; the College of Augurs; the Sibylline college (the ''Quindecimviri Sacris Faciundis''); and the ''Septemviri Epulonum'' college, the seven priests who oversaw public religious banquets.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CONSECRATIO (sg) (pl: ''consecrationes'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*'''[[Consecratio|</ins>CONSECRATIO<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]'''  </ins>(sg) (pl: ''consecrationes'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''consecratio'' was the the rite by which (in a Religious sense) the ''aedes'' of a god was created.  It most likely followed at some point the marking-off or sanctifiying of the sacral area (see ''templum''); its officiant was a pontiff, but it also involved a dedication by a civil magistrate standing for the Roman state.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''consecratio'' was the the rite by which (in a Religious sense) the ''aedes'' of a god was created.  It most likely followed at some point the marking-off or sanctifiying of the sacral area (see ''templum''); its officiant was a pontiff, but it also involved a dedication by a civil magistrate standing for the Roman state.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*'''[[Cultus Deorum|</ins>"CULTUS DEORUM"<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]'''  </ins>(sg)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>"CULTUS DEORUM" (sg)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Cultus Deorum'' can be translated as the ''care'' of the Gods, the activity, rituals, duties and worship that are characteristic of the Religio Romana.  An individual who performs these obligations is a ''cultor Deorum'', a religious "cultivator" of the Gods.  Such care was both ritual and material, and the customs were exacting; rites had to be performed in a perfectly precise manner; offerings of animals and materials were specifically laid down for the various acts of sacrifice.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Cultus Deorum'' can be translated as the ''care'' of the Gods, the activity, rituals, duties and worship that are characteristic of the Religio Romana.  An individual who performs these obligations is a ''cultor Deorum'', a religious "cultivator" of the Gods.  Such care was both ritual and material, and the customs were exacting; rites had to be performed in a perfectly precise manner; offerings of animals and materials were specifically laid down for the various acts of sacrifice.   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>DELUBRUM (sg)  (pl: ''delubra'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*'''[[Delubrum|</ins>DELUBRUM<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]''' </ins>(sg)  (pl: ''delubra'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A ''delubrum'' was a shrine; according to Varro, it was the oldest form of an ''aedes'' (''q.v.'').  See also ''fanum''.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A ''delubrum'' was a shrine; according to Varro, it was the oldest form of an ''aedes'' (''q.v.'').  See also ''fanum''.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>"DO UT DES"  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Literally, "I give, so that you may give", a concept or principle of ancient religion - and of the Religio Romana in particular.  Humankind was bound to respect the Gods and to make appropriate offerings, and the Gods took part by giving something of value back to men: a state of religious reciprocity.  Some have seen this principle as a kind of magic commercialism, but it was more than that.  A quote from Emile Durkheim gets to the heart of it: it was "an exchange of mutually invigorating good deeds between the divinity and his faithful".  See also ''"cultus deorum"''.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Literally, "I give, so that you may give", a concept or principle of ancient religion - and of the Religio Romana in particular.  Humankind was bound to respect the Gods and to make appropriate offerings, and the Gods took part by giving something of value back to men: a state of religious reciprocity.  Some have seen this principle as a kind of magic commercialism, but it was more than that.  A quote from Emile Durkheim gets to the heart of it: it was "an exchange of mutually invigorating good deeds between the divinity and his faithful".  See also ''"cultus deorum"''.   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>FANUM (sg) (pl: ''fana'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*'''[[Fanum|</ins>FANUM<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]''' </ins>(sg) (pl: ''fana'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''fanum'' was a sacred space, a shrine.  It could be a sacral feature of nature (a sacred tree or grove, or some other locus) or be a consecrated artificial site (an ''aedes'', or a ''delubrum'').  As a word, it was cognate with terms in other Italic languages, and was not defined narrowly, but was general in its reference.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''fanum'' was a sacred space, a shrine.  It could be a sacral feature of nature (a sacred tree or grove, or some other locus) or be a consecrated artificial site (an ''aedes'', or a ''delubrum'').  As a word, it was cognate with terms in other Italic languages, and was not defined narrowly, but was general in its reference.   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>FAS (from adj, an indeclinable noun, n.)  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*'''[[Fas|</ins>FAS<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]''' </ins>(from adj, an indeclinable noun, n.)  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>To be "Religiously or divinely legitimate" might be offered as a definition of ''fas''.  One explanation of ''fas'' is, as given in the Lewis & Short dictionary, "the dictates of religion, divine law; opp. to ''jus'', or human law".  From its strict meaning of something that accords with the divine, it took a common, generic meaning of "that which is proper".  See also ''nefas''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>To be "Religiously or divinely legitimate" might be offered as a definition of ''fas''.  One explanation of ''fas'' is, as given in the Lewis & Short dictionary, "the dictates of religion, divine law; opp. to ''jus'', or human law".  From its strict meaning of something that accords with the divine, it took a common, generic meaning of "that which is proper".  See also ''nefas''.</div></td></tr>
</table>Appius Claudius Iohanneshttp://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&diff=50614&oldid=prevAppius Claudius Iohannes: A couple of revisions, a couple of added Terms.2013-08-22T21:51:59Z<p>A couple of revisions, a couple of added Terms.</p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 21:51, 22 August 2013</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Augur|AUGURIUM]]''' (sg) (pl: ''auguria'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*'''[[Augur|AUGURIUM]]''' (sg) (pl: ''auguria'')</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>See ''augur''.  The term ''augurium'' <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was relegated to </del>several functions related to the augurs of Rome - the augurs' rites, the augurs' laws, the augurs' compendium of known signs, and even the consecration of a man as an augur.  The actual observation and interpretation of the signs, however, was called ''auspicium''.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>See ''augur''.  The term ''augurium'' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">denoted </ins>several functions related to the augurs of Rome - the augurs' rites, the augurs' laws, the augurs' compendium of known signs, and even the consecration of a man as an augur.  The actual observation and interpretation of the signs, however, was called ''auspicium''.   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>PIUS (adj)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>PIUS (adj)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An Italic word seen not only in Latin but also in cognate forms in Volscian, Oscan and Umbrian, ''pius'' could describe both actions done to the Gods' satisfaction and people who behaved in ways satisfactory to the Gods.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An Italic word seen not only in Latin but also in cognate forms in Volscian, Oscan and Umbrian, ''pius'' could describe both actions done to the Gods' satisfaction and people who behaved in ways satisfactory to the Gods.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">POMOERIUM (sg)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The ''pomoerium'' was a sacred boundary which, in effect, marked the heart of the sacred city of Rome.  Stone pillars set at certain intervals marked the great loop of city within the ''pomoerium''.  Although sacred, the ''pomoerium'' was not entirely static; with the city's expansion and according to the correct ritual, it was continually enlarged over the years, from Romulus's area at the foot of the Palatine Hill (Gellius), to larger and larger areas under the Republic, Sulla, Augusutus and, finally, the Emperor Aurelian, after he had enlarged the walls of the city in the third century. (See also ''templum'')</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A "sign" was a general term for symbols or events that were interpreted as indicating the presence or activity of a God.  See also: ''prodigia'', ''ostenta'', ''omina'', ''portenta''.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A "sign" was a general term for symbols or events that were interpreted as indicating the presence or activity of a God.  See also: ''prodigia'', ''ostenta'', ''omina'', ''portenta''.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">******</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SILENTIUM (sg) (pl ''silentia'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SILENTIUM (sg) (pl ''silentia'')</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SODALITAS (sg) (pl ''sodalitates'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SODALITAS (sg) (pl ''sodalitates'')</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An association or group - as in a ''collegium'' or a ''sodalicium''.  The ''sodalitas'' ("society") <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was </del>was a voluntary assocation of ''sodales'' or members.  While some priests kept ''collegia'', others were united in ''sodalitates'', for example the Fetiales, priests who had authority in areas of war, peace, diplomacy, and international agreements.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An association or group - as in a ''collegium'' or a ''sodalicium''.  The ''sodalitas'' ("society") was a voluntary assocation of ''sodales'' or members.  While some priests kept ''collegia'', others were united in ''sodalitates'', for example the Fetiales, priests who had authority in areas of war, peace, diplomacy, and international agreements.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SPONSIO (sg) (pl ''sponsiones'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SPONSIO (sg) (pl ''sponsiones'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''sponsio'' was a solemn religious promise or obligation. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>For example, a betrothal pledged by the family of the bride as</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''sponsio'' was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a  sacred ''foedus'', </ins>a solemn religious promise or obligation<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; a sacred oath</ins>. For example, a betrothal <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as </ins>pledged by the family of the bride <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(the betrothal ceremony itself was called ''sponalia''; or a promise </ins>as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pledged by the Roman official in a treaty between nations.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SUPERSTITIO (sg) (pl ''superstitiones'')</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Although the modern English word "superstition" derives from this Latin word, the meanings are different.  While "superstition" in the modern sense usually means a spurious belief in magical powers of some sort, in Ancient Rome it meant an excess of the belief in magical powers.  Divinity and the realm of magic were much accepted in Rome (as they have been in every culture) but ''superstitio'' was, in effect, "too much religion".  Seneca made a telling remark, too, that while " ''religio'' honnors the Gods, ''superstitio'' wrongs them" - that ''superstitio'' excessively and wrongly placed confidence in or feared the wrath of Deity, whereas ''religio'' was a bona fide and properly measured observance. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SUPPLICATIO (sg) (pl ''supplicationes'')</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''Supplicationes'' were either a plea for divine aid at a time of serious public threat, or a thanksgiving thereafter. A ''supplicatio'' involved a procession by the people of Rome throughout the city, attending to various religious sites, expressing a plea for salvation by the Divine Powers.  One suppication is described as the whole population turning out, wearing wreaths and carrying twigs of laurel, and making sacrifices at indicated temples and precincts throughout the City.  </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TABERNACULUM (sg) (pl ''tabernacula'')</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A "temporary hut", which is to say a tent, was not only a part of Roman military usage but also a part of Roman augury.  In augury, a ''templum'' (sacred area) was first sanctified by the augur, and within this a ''tabernaculum'' (tent) was pitched, which would be the ''templum minus'' or "minor sacred area" was used by the augurs in taking the auspices. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TEMPLUM (sg) (pl ''templa'')</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The word ''templum'', although related to the modern word, "temple", has a quite different definition: while the modern "temple" is seen as a religious structure, the Roman ''templum'' was of "a place marked off" in a sacred fashion, a place sanctified for religious use.  So the first step in building a religious structure (modern "temple") would have involved marking off a sacred site or ''templum''.  It is thought the word is related to the Greek word ''temenos'', meaning an area "cut off" from the common geography, a sanctified place. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Permanent structures aside, in augury ''templa'' were several.  In taking the auspices (see Auspicium) one could find three distinct ''templa'':  (1) First, there was the marking off of a sacred area of ground in which the augur would make his observations, and this geographical space was a ''templum''. (2) Then, too, the area of the sky where bird flight or other phenomena were to be observed was also marked off, and this aerial area was also a ''templum''.  (3) Then again, within the ''templum'' grounds, the augurs would pitch a tent (''tabernaculum'')  from which the augurs operated, called the ''templum minus'' ("minor sacred area"). </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Additionally, all of Rome within the Pomoerium (q.v.) was already a consecrated place. </ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Appius Claudius Iohanneshttp://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&diff=50562&oldid=prevAppius Claudius Iohannes: Tweaks and minor additions.2013-08-08T05:50:50Z<p>Tweaks and minor additions.</p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 05:50, 8 August 2013</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''The Fasti'' also refers to the famous six-book poem by the poet Ovid, which has been a mine of information on Roman Religion.  (See [http://www.theoi.com/Text/OvidFasti1.html here.])  Ovid begins his work saying, "The order of the calendar throughout the Latin year, its causes, and the starry signs that set beneath the earth and rise again -- of these I’ll sing."   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''The Fasti'' also refers to the famous six-book poem by the poet Ovid, which has been a mine of information on Roman Religion.  (See [http://www.theoi.com/Text/OvidFasti1.html here.])  Ovid begins his work saying, "The order of the calendar throughout the Latin year, its causes, and the starry signs that set beneath the earth and rise again -- of these I’ll sing."   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>That which was favored by the divine powers, that which was held to be auspicious, of good omen, fortunate, lucky.  It is a cousin to the Latin word ''fastus'' (see ''fasti'' above).   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>That which was favored by the divine powers, that which was held to be auspicious, of good omen, fortunate, lucky.  It is a cousin to the Latin word ''fastus'' (see ''fasti'' above).   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FAVETE LINGUIS</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A ritual injunction, enjoining silence for the performance of the ritual.  (Literally, "Be favorable [to the rite] as regards your tongues.")</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It was in May that the Fratres Arvales officiated at the Ambarvalia, a three-day celebration for the Dea Dia, which is to say Ceres, the Goddess of Grain.  The sacrifices seem to have been made at points defining Old Rome's original extent (the ''Ager Romanus'') as well as other areas of religious importance.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It was in May that the Fratres Arvales officiated at the Ambarvalia, a three-day celebration for the Dea Dia, which is to say Ceres, the Goddess of Grain.  The sacrifices seem to have been made at points defining Old Rome's original extent (the ''Ager Romanus'') as well as other areas of religious importance.   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The Latin for "to invoke", to pray unto the Gods.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The Latin for "to invoke", to pray unto the Gods.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACRA (pl) (sg sacrum)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACRA (pl) (sg sacrum)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''sacra'' are the traditional cults and rites of Rome.  The ''sacra publica'' were for the state and the people of Rome, and the ''sacra privata'' were observed domestically, by the ''gens'', family, or individual involved.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''sacra'' are the traditional cults and rites of Rome.  The ''sacra publica'' were for the state and the people of Rome, and the ''sacra privata'' were observed domestically, by the ''gens'', family, or individual involved.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACRAMENTUM (sg) (pl ''sacramenta'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACRAMENTUM (sg) (pl ''sacramenta'')</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A ''sacramentum'' was a pledge or bond given to the Gods, a contract made with divinity, "an appeal to some superior being, calling on him to bear witness that the swearer speaks the truth, or intends to perform the promise which he makes." To fail in such a pledge would result in being declared ''sacer'' in the unfavorable sense, i.e., being cursed to destruction, with great loss of property and family. While a ''ius iurandum'' was an oath given by and among men (although witnessed by the Gods), the ''sacramentum'' was a direct vow to the deity or deities themselves.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A ''sacramentum'' was a pledge or bond given to the Gods, a contract made with divinity, "an appeal to some superior being, calling on him to bear witness that the swearer speaks the truth, or intends to perform the promise which he makes." To fail in such a pledge would result in being declared ''sacer'' in the unfavorable sense, i.e., being cursed to destruction, with great loss of property and family. While a ''ius iurandum'' was an oath given by and among men (although witnessed by the Gods), the ''sacramentum'' was a direct vow to the deity or deities themselves.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''sacrarium'' was a place for storage of sacred objects.  Often the word was used as equivalent to ''sacellum'' (small shrine), although it's specific meaning was the safe location for storing the religious objects.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''sacrarium'' was a place for storage of sacred objects.  Often the word was used as equivalent to ''sacellum'' (small shrine), although it's specific meaning was the safe location for storing the religious objects.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACROSANCTUS (-us, -a, -um) (adj) It is said by Livy that this word was created to describe the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">legal and divine authority and </del>inviolability of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Plebian </del>Tribunes<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>magistrates <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it was taboo to</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>It is said by Livy that this word was created to describe the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sanctity & </ins>inviolability of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''potestas'' of Plebeian </ins>Tribunes <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and other </ins>magistrates<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>These priests of Mars, the "leaping priests" (''salientes''), danced a ritual that involved not only leaping and bounding, but also the ''ancillae'' - the shields sacred to Mars.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>These priests of Mars, the "leaping priests" (''salientes''), danced a ritual that involved not only leaping and bounding, but also the ''ancillae'' - the shields sacred to Mars.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SANCTIO (sg) (pl ''sanctiones'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SANCTIO (sg) (pl ''sanctiones'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Apparently following </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fork in meanings that we find in </del>''sacer'' <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a thing </del>''sacer'' might be<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, in modern terms, </del>either sacred or cursed<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </del>so also ''sanctio'' can mean either something <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">divinely blessed </del>or something <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">divinely punished</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It </del>comes from the verb ''sancio/sancire''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>"I hallow, I sanctify", to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">make something inviolably </del>sacred (or, in the negative aspect, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inviolably </del>cursed). Our modern version of this noun, "sanction", retains this split in aspect - if we allow something, we give it our "sanction" (approval); if we disapprove of something, we apply a "sanction" against it (punishment).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">word </ins>''sacer'' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">we find two distinct meanings - </ins>that<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, in modern terms, something </ins>''sacer'' might be either sacred or cursed<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </ins>so also <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in </ins>''sanctio''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, for it </ins>can mean either something <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"holy" </ins>or something <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">under divine punishment</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''Sanctio'' </ins>comes from the verb ''sancio/sancire''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: </ins>"I hallow, I sanctify", <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">i.e., I dedicate this </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the Gods as </ins>sacred (or, in the negative aspect, cursed). Our modern version of this noun, "sanction", retains this split in aspect - if we allow something, we give it our "sanction" (approval); if we disapprove of something, we apply a "sanction" against it (punishment).  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SIGNUM (sg) (pl ''signa'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SIGNUM (sg) (pl ''signa'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A "sign" was a general term for symbols or events that were interpreted as indicating the presence or activity of a God.  See also ''prodigia'', ''ostenta'', ''omina'', ''portenta''.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A "sign" was a general term for symbols or events that were interpreted as indicating the presence or activity of a God.  See also: ''prodigia'', ''ostenta'', ''omina'', ''portenta''.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">******</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SILENTIUM (sg) (pl ''silentia'')</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In performance of sacred Roman ritual, correct execution was of greatest importance, and ''silentium'' (silence) was required to preserve the sacred setting and avoid distractions to the officiators. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SODALITAS (sg) (pl ''sodalitates'')</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">An association or group - as in a ''collegium'' or a ''sodalicium''.  The ''sodalitas'' ("society") was was a voluntary assocation of ''sodales'' or members.  While some priests kept ''collegia'', others were united in ''sodalitates'', for example the Fetiales, priests who had authority in areas of war, peace, diplomacy, and international agreements. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SPECTIO (sg)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Divination performed by observing the sky and its birds, whether in flight or even in their eating patterns.  Augurs and certain magistrates would perform these observations and announce their findings.  Being the mouthpiece of the pleasure of the Gods was a powerful office, since divine displeasure might halt or postpone state and private business. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SPONSIO (sg) (pl ''sponsiones'')</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The ''sponsio'' was a solemn religious promise or obligation.  For example, a betrothal pledged by the family of the bride as</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Appius Claudius Iohanneshttp://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&diff=50561&oldid=prevAppius Claudius Iohannes: Starting additions again.2013-08-08T00:26:53Z<p>Starting additions again.</p>
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<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 00:26, 8 August 2013</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>OSTENTUM (sg) (pl ''ostenta'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>OSTENTUM (sg) (pl ''ostenta'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An ''ostentum'' was a sign of a certain kind.  Suetonius defined it as something that "shows itself" (''se ostendere'') "without possessing a solid body and affects both our eyes and ears, like darkness or a light at night."  [cite]  The ''ostenta'' were not the codified signs related to ''observatio'' (supra) but rather novel signs that required some further interpretation, which is to say were the domain of ''coniectura'' rather than  ''observatio''.  Nonetheless, observations & interpretations related to ''ostenta'' were collected in ''ostentaria'', books which described such signs and helped guide their interpretation.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An ''ostentum'' was a sign of a certain kind.  Suetonius defined it as something that "shows itself" (''se ostendere'') "without possessing a solid body and affects both our eyes and ears, like darkness or a light at night."  [cite]  The ''ostenta'' were not the codified signs related to ''observatio'' (supra) but rather novel signs that required some further interpretation, which is to say were the domain of ''coniectura'' rather than  ''observatio''.  Nonetheless, observations & interpretations related to ''ostenta'' were collected in ''ostentaria'', books which described such signs and helped guide their interpretation.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>PIUS (adj)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>PIUS (adj)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An Italic word seen not only in Latin but also in cognate forms in Volscian, Oscan and Umbrian, ''pius'' could describe both actions done to the Gods' satisfaction and people who behaved in ways satisfactory to the Gods.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>An Italic word seen not only in Latin but also in cognate forms in Volscian, Oscan and Umbrian, ''pius'' could describe both actions done to the Gods' satisfaction and people who behaved in ways satisfactory to the Gods.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACELLUM (sg) (pl ''sacella'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACELLUM (sg) (pl ''sacella'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Coming from the adjective ''sacer'',  a ''sacellum'' was a little sacred place, which is to say a shrine.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Coming from the adjective ''sacer'',  a ''sacellum'' was a little sacred place, which is to say a shrine.   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACERDOS (sg) (pl ''sacerdotes'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACERDOS (sg) (pl ''sacerdotes'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Sacerdos'' was the general term for a priest or priestess of Rome.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Sacerdos'' was the general term for a priest or priestess of Rome.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACRAMENTUM (sg) (pl ''sacramenta'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACRAMENTUM (sg) (pl ''sacramenta'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A ''sacramentum'' was a pledge or bond given <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">by men </del>to the Gods, a contract made with divinity. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> This sacred oath</del>'<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">s performance was ensured not only by </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">potential </del>loss of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">what </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">deposited or promised, but </del>by <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">divine displeasure </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the threat of being declared </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">harmful sense</del>) ''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sacer</del>'' <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">- </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A ''sacramentum'' was a pledge or bond given to the Gods, a contract made with divinity<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, "an appeal to some superior being, calling on him to bear witness that the swearer speaks the truth, or intends to perform the promise which he makes</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">" To fail in such a pledge would result in being declared </ins>'<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'sacer'' in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unfavorable sense, i.e., being cursed to destruction, with great </ins>loss of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">property and family. While a ''ius iurandum'' </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an oath given </ins>by and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">among men </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">although witnessed by </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gods</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, the </ins>''<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sacramentum</ins>'' <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was a direct vow to the deity or deities themselves.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at one's failure to live up to the contract.  While a ''ius iurandum'' was an oath given by and among men (although witnessed by the Gods), the ''sacramentum'' was a direct vow to the deity or deities themselves.</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an appeal to some superior being, calling on him to bear witness that the swearer speaks the truth, or intends to perform the promise which he makes</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACRARIUM (sg) (pl ''sacraria'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACRARIUM (sg) (pl ''sacraria'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''sacrarium'' was a place for storage of sacred objects.  Often the word was used as equivalent to ''sacellum'' (small shrine), although it's specific meaning was the safe location for storing the religious objects.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''sacrarium'' was a place for storage of sacred objects.  Often the word was used as equivalent to ''sacellum'' (small shrine), although it's specific meaning was the safe location for storing the religious objects.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">SACRIFICIUM (sg) (pl ''sacrificia'')</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SALII (pl) (not used in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sg</del>)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SALII (pl) (not used in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the singular</ins>)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>These priests of Mars, the "leaping priests" (''salientes''), danced a ritual that involved not only leaping and bounding, but also the ''ancillae'' - the shields sacred to Mars.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>These priests of Mars, the "leaping priests" (''salientes''), danced a ritual that involved not only leaping and bounding, but also the ''ancillae'' - the shields sacred to Mars.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div> </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SANCTIO (sg) (pl ''sanctiones'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SANCTIO (sg) (pl ''sanctiones'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Apparently following the fork in meanings that we find in ''sacer'' (that a thing ''sacer'' might be, in modern terms, either sacred or cursed) so also ''sanctio'' can mean either something divinely blessed or something divinely punished. It comes from the verb ''sancio/sancire'', "I hallow, I sanctify", to make something inviolably sacred (or, in the negative aspect, inviolably cursed). Our modern version of this noun, "sanction", retains this split in aspect - if we allow something, we give it our "sanction" (approval); if we disapprove of something, we apply a "sanction" against it (punishment).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Apparently following the fork in meanings that we find in ''sacer'' (that a thing ''sacer'' might be, in modern terms, either sacred or cursed) so also ''sanctio'' can mean either something divinely blessed or something divinely punished. It comes from the verb ''sancio/sancire'', "I hallow, I sanctify", to make something inviolably sacred (or, in the negative aspect, inviolably cursed). Our modern version of this noun, "sanction", retains this split in aspect - if we allow something, we give it our "sanction" (approval); if we disapprove of something, we apply a "sanction" against it (punishment).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SIGNUM (sg) (pl ''signa'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SIGNUM (sg) (pl ''signa'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A "sign" was a general term for symbols or events that were interpreted as indicating the presence or activity of a God.  See also ''prodigia'', ''ostenta'', ''omina'', ''portenta''.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>A "sign" was a general term for symbols or events that were interpreted as indicating the presence or activity of a God.  See also ''prodigia'', ''ostenta'', ''omina'', ''portenta''.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Appius Claudius Iohanneshttp://novaroma.org/vici/index.php?title=Roman_religious_terms&diff=50560&oldid=prevAppius Claudius Iohannes: More input; more to come.2013-08-07T19:16:01Z<p>More input; more to come.</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CONSECRATIO (sg) (pl: ''consecrationes'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CONSECRATIO (sg) (pl: ''consecrationes'')</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''consecratio'' was the the rite which (in a Religious sense) the ''aedes'' of a god was created.  It most likely followed at some point the marking-off or sanctifiying of the sacral area (see ''templum''); its officiant was a pontiff, but it also involved a dedication by a civil magistrate standing for the Roman state.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''consecratio'' was the the rite <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">by </ins>which (in a Religious sense) the ''aedes'' of a god was created.  It most likely followed at some point the marking-off or sanctifiying of the sacral area (see ''templum''); its officiant was a pontiff, but it also involved a dedication by a civil magistrate standing for the Roman state.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>LAR (sg) (pl ''lares'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>LAR (sg) (pl ''lares'')</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ancestor spirit or spirits of a Roman house - a subset of the domestic ''manes''.  Each house kept images of the ''lares'' along with the ''penates''.  Additionally, lares might be "spirits of those who have died and remain to protect our neighborhoods, roads, and other community places." <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>Piscinus, http://www.patheos.com/blogs/religioromana/2011/05/lemuria/ <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </del>The first lares were held to have been brought to Rome by Aeneas, and a special set of lares, the ''lares praestites'', were venerated as the ancestral spirits of Rome herself.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ancestor spirit or spirits of a Roman house - a subset of the domestic ''manes''.  Each house kept images of the ''lares'' along with the ''penates''.  Additionally, lares might be "spirits of those who have died and remain to protect our neighborhoods, roads, and other community places." <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">H. </ins>Piscinus, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>http://www.patheos.com/blogs/religioromana/2011/05/lemuria/ <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">here.] </ins>The first lares were held to have been brought to Rome by Aeneas, and a special set of lares, the ''lares praestites'', were venerated as the ancestral spirits of Rome herself.   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>LEMUR (sg) (pl ''lemures'')  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>LEMUR (sg) (pl ''lemures'')  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''lemures'' are another interesting kind of Roman spirit.  These were issue-less, homeless and even foreign  spirits who roamed the land, searching for someone, anyone, who would take them into their house as a lar or as lares - ghosts, if you will, and like ghosts they could be harmful or harmless or even beneficent, but were generally treated as troublesome; one could not be certain whether they were friendly or not, since they are not family spirits or even spirits of one's won countrymen. The festival of Lemuria was largely observed in order to provide something for the lemures, to help them travel on and not linger.  (As you might guess, the lemures of Madagascar were named after these Roman Lemures due to their “ghostly” appearance.) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>Piscinus, http://www.patheos.com/blogs/religioromana/2011/05/lemuria/ <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''lemures'' are another interesting kind of Roman spirit.  These were issue-less, homeless and even foreign  spirits who roamed the land, searching for someone, anyone, who would take them into their house as a lar or as lares - ghosts, if you will, and like ghosts they could be harmful or harmless or even beneficent, but were generally treated as troublesome; one could not be certain whether they were friendly or not, since they are not family spirits or even spirits of one's won countrymen. The festival of Lemuria was largely observed in order to provide something for the lemures, to help them travel on and not linger.  (As you might guess, the lemures of Madagascar were named after these Roman Lemures due to their “ghostly” appearance.) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">H. </ins>Piscinus, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>http://www.patheos.com/blogs/religioromana/2011/05/lemuria/ <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">here.]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>LECTISTERNIUM (sg) (pl ''lectisternia'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>LECTISTERNIUM (sg) (pl ''lectisternia'')</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''Lectisternium'' was a rite of setting a meal out before images of the Gods.  It was "a banquet of the gods, sometimes held on occasions of national thanksgiving. Images of the gods were laid on cushions (pulvinaria), and food of all kinds was placed before them."  (Shorey, Commentary on Horace ..., Sanborn and Co. 1910).  There are numerous mentions of lectisternia in Livy (viz, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=lectisternium&page=1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>. The word derives from ''sternere lectum'', to drape cloth on a couch. "[T]he images of the gods were placed upon couches and food was set before them...." (Rolfe, Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius, Heinemann 1927)   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The ''Lectisternium'' was a rite of setting a meal out before images of the Gods.  It was "a banquet of the gods, sometimes held on occasions of national thanksgiving. Images of the gods were laid on cushions (pulvinaria), and food of all kinds was placed before them."  (Shorey, Commentary on Horace ..., Sanborn and Co. 1910).  There are numerous mentions of lectisternia in Livy (viz <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">examples</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/searchresults?q=lectisternium&page=1 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">here</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] ) </ins>The word derives from ''sternere lectum'', to drape cloth on a couch. "[T]he images of the gods were placed upon couches and food was set before them...." (Rolfe, Attic Nights of Aulus Gellius, Heinemann 1927)   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>LUSTRATIIO (sg)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>LUSTRATIIO (sg)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The Lustratio was a rite of purification.  According to Smith (Dictionary, http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Lustratio.html<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">), </del>the Romans performed ''lustrationes'' often in order to purify and bless whatever was of value to them - their fields, their flocks, their colonies, their naval fleets are among those objects of lustration that Smith cites.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The Lustratio was a rite of purification.  According to Smith (Dictionary, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Lustratio.html <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lustratio] </ins>the Romans performed ''lustrationes'' often in order to purify and bless whatever was of value to them - their fields, their flocks, their colonies, their naval fleets are among those objects of lustration that Smith cites.   </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACERDOS (sg) (pl ''sacerdotes'')</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACERDOS (sg) (pl ''sacerdotes'')</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Sacerdos'' was the general term for a priest or priestess of Rome.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>''Sacerdos'' was the general term for a priest or priestess of Rome.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACER (adj)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>SACER <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(sacer, sacra, sacrum) </ins>(adj) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As opposed to the most modern notions of the "sacred", ''sacer'' in ancient Roman terms meant "given over to the Gods", and included everything touched by deity, whether the sacred area marked off by augurs, animals dedicated for offering to the Gods, or such criminals as had committed a crime serious enough to have them cast out of Roman society altogether. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SACERDOS (sg) (pl ''sacerdotes'')</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A Roman name for a priest, thought to originally have meant simply "he (or she) who performs the sacred rituals".  While Roman magistrates were required to perform certain religious rituals, they were not themselves ''sacerdotes'', i.e., they were not professionally priests, not themselves dedicated to a particular deity or deity's temple. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SACRA (pl) (sg sacrum)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The ''sacra'' are the traditional cults and rites of Rome.  The ''sacra publica'' were for the state and the people of Rome, and the ''sacra privata'' were observed domestically, by the ''gens'', family, or individual involved. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SACRAMENTUM (sg) (pl ''sacramenta'')</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A ''sacramentum'' was a pledge or bond given by men to the Gods, a contract made with divinity.  This sacred oath's performance was ensured not only by the potential loss of what was deposited or promised, but by divine displeasure and the threat of being declared (in the harmful sense) ''sacer'' - </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at one's failure to live up to the contract.  While a ''ius iurandum'' was an oath given by and among men (although witnessed by the Gods), the ''sacramentum'' was a direct vow to the deity or deities themselves.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an appeal to some superior being, calling on him to bear witness that the swearer speaks the truth, or intends to perform the promise which he makes</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SACRARIUM (sg) (pl ''sacraria'')</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The ''sacrarium'' was a place for storage of sacred objects.  Often the word was used as equivalent to ''sacellum'' (small shrine), although it's specific meaning was the safe location for storing the religious objects. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SACROSANCTUS (-us, -a, -um) (adj) It is said by Livy that this word was created to describe the legal and divine authority and inviolability of the Plebian Tribunes, magistrates it was taboo to</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These priests of Mars, the "leaping priests" (''salientes''), danced a ritual that involved not only leaping and bounding, but also the ''ancillae'' - the shields sacred to Mars. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Apparently following the fork in meanings that we find in ''sacer'' (that a thing ''sacer'' might be, in modern terms, either sacred or cursed) so also ''sanctio'' can mean either something divinely blessed or something divinely punished. It comes from the verb ''sancio/sancire'', "I hallow, I sanctify", to make something inviolably sacred (or, in the negative aspect, inviolably cursed). Our modern version of this noun, "sanction", retains this split in aspect - if we allow something, we give it our "sanction" (approval); if we disapprove of something, we apply a "sanction" against it (punishment).</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A "sign" was a general term for symbols or events that were interpreted as indicating the presence or activity of a God.  See also ''prodigia'', ''ostenta'', ''omina'', ''portenta''. </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Roman religion]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Category:Roman religion]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Appius Claudius Iohannes