How to sacrifice

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| Celestial
 
| Celestial
 
| Ritus Graecus
 
| Ritus Graecus
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| Wheat, incense, crown of laurel, cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley, crowns of laurel; calendula; wine
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| wheat, incense, crown of laurel, cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley, crowns of laurel; calendula; wine
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| Bull; ox with gilded horns; white goats
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| bull; ox with gilded horns; white goats
 
| Prayers: Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.43; Claud. Olyb. 71-2; Hor. Carm. 1.2.30; Livy 5.21.2; Mart. 9.42; Ovid Rem. Amor. 75; 704; Petron. PLM 94; Satyr. fr. 31Plaut. Merc. 678; Seneca Herc. Fur. 592; 900; Statius Theb. I 643-5; I 694-6; I 716-20; IV 649-51; VI 296-300; VII 779-88; VIII 90-94; Tib. 2.5.1ff; 3.10; 4.4.1; Val Flacc. Argo. 1.5; 5.17; 5.244; Virg. Aen. 3.85; 6.55; 10.875; 11.785; 12.197 Varro LL 7.17;.CIL 6.32323 Lines 141-46
 
| Prayers: Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.43; Claud. Olyb. 71-2; Hor. Carm. 1.2.30; Livy 5.21.2; Mart. 9.42; Ovid Rem. Amor. 75; 704; Petron. PLM 94; Satyr. fr. 31Plaut. Merc. 678; Seneca Herc. Fur. 592; 900; Statius Theb. I 643-5; I 694-6; I 716-20; IV 649-51; VI 296-300; VII 779-88; VIII 90-94; Tib. 2.5.1ff; 3.10; 4.4.1; Val Flacc. Argo. 1.5; 5.17; 5.244; Virg. Aen. 3.85; 6.55; 10.875; 11.785; 12.197 Varro LL 7.17;.CIL 6.32323 Lines 141-46
 
| CIL 6.32323; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.4; Livius 25.12, 27, 23.5; 23.11; Plinius HN 12.3; 15.134
 
| CIL 6.32323; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.4; Livius 25.12, 27, 23.5; 23.11; Plinius HN 12.3; 15.134
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| CIL 6.32349
 
| CIL 6.32349
 
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|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
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| Divus
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| Celestial
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| Ritus Romanus
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| ?
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| ox, sheep
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| Probably the same as Iuppiter
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| ILS 5047; Feriale Duranum
 
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|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
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| Genius Augusti
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| Celestial
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| Ritus Romanus
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| incense, wine
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| bull, bull-calf
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| -
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| CIL 6.32352; Horatius, Odes, 4.5.30 seq. Petronius, Satiricon, 60.7
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
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| Genius or Iuno (personal)
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| -
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| Ritus Romanus
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| incense, wine, cakes of boiled salted wheat (liba)
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| two-month old piglet (on the Saturnalia)
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| Blood sacrifice was explicitly not recommended on one's birthday
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| Horatius, Odes, 3.17.14-16; Ovidius, Tristia, 5.5.12; Persius, Satires, 2.1-3; Plinius, Naturalis Historia, 18.84; Tibullus, Elegies, 2.6.8;  4.6.14; Varro in Censorinus, De Die Natali, 2.2
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
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| Genius Loci/Lar
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| Domestic/Chtonic
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| Ritus Romanus
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| fruits of the Earth (namely first samplings), wine, garlands of flowers
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| pig, heifer, ewe-lamb
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| Inanimate offerings should be dropped/poured to the ground or natural altar in libation
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| Cato, De Agricultura 139 - 140; Apuleius, Apologia, 56.5-6; Florides, 1.3-4; Tibullus, Elegies, 1.1.19-24
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
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| Hercules
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| Domestic
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| Ritus Graecae
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| aconite, henbane, herb Robert. Opopanax, poplar, water lilies
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| -
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| Prayers: Apul. Met. IX 21; CIL 1.1290;Hor. Serm. 2.6.14; Sat. 6.10.3; Pers. Sat. 2.8; Plaut. Curc. 358; Bacch.892; Prop. 4.9.71-4; Sil. It. Pun. 1.505-7; Virg. Aen. 8.301-2;
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| Apul. Met. IX 21; CIL 1.1290;Hor. Serm. 2.6.14; Sat. 6.10.3; Pers. Sat. 2.8; Plaut. Curc. 358; Bacch.892; Pliny NH 12.3; 25.12; 25.15; 25.17; 25.37; 27.4; Prop. 4.9.71-4; Sil. It. Pun. 1.505-7; Virg. Aen. 8.301-2;
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
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| Ianus
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| Domestic (doors, passages) / Celestial (beginings and ends)
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| Ritus Romanus
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| incense, wine, cakes (strues)
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| ram
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| Prayers:  Acta Frat. Arv. CIL 6.2107 vs. 2-13 =  ILS 5048; 6.2099;  Auson. III 5; Cato Agr. 134, 141; Cic. Nat. Deor. 2.67.27; Fest. s.v. Chaos; Horat. Epist. I 16; Sat. 2.6.20; Livy 1.32.10; 8.9.6; Macrob. Sat. 1.9.9, 1.16.25; Martial Epigr. 8.2.8, 8.8.1; 10.28.1; 10.28.12, Ovid Fast. 1.65; 1.172; 1.287 Plaut. Cist. 512; Serv. Ad Aen. 7.610; Varro LL 7.26. Virg. Aen. 12.197
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| [Cato, De Agricultura 141] [Cato, De Agricultura 134] Cic. Nat. Deor. 2.67.27; Fest. s.v. Chaos; Horat. Epist. I 16; Sat. 2.6.20; ILS 5047; Livy 1.32.10; 8.9.6; Macrob. Sat. 1.9.9, 1.16.25; Martial Epigr. 8.2.8, 8.8.1; 10.28.1; 10.28.12, Ovid Fast. 1.65; 1.172; 1.287; 1.317-24; Plaut. Cist. 512; Serv. Ad Aen. 7.610; Varro, De Lingua Latina, 6.12; 726; Virg. Aen. 12.197
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
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| Ilithyia (Juno Lucina)
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| Domestic
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| Ritus Graecus (at least at the Ludi Saeculares)
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| cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley
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| -
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| Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 4; Horat. Carm. Saec. 14
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| CIL 6.32323
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
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| Iuno
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| Celestial
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| Ritus Romanus
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| incense, wine; silver; wild fig; cypress tree; blue flag iris
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| bull, ram, white cow, sheep, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and bull)
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| Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 4; XI 5 (Sospita); Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.10; Catul. 34.13; Cic. Domo 144-5; In Verr. II 5.184, Nat. Deor. 2.27.68; Livy 5.21.3; 6.16.1; 8.5; 38.51; Macro. Sat. 3.16.27; Ovid Fasti 3.255; Tib. 3.12.4; Petr. Satyr. 25;Plaut. Aulul. 692; Scr Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7;  Serv. Ad Aen. 1.8; Sil. It. Pun. 2.531-42; 6.466-72; 7.78-85; 10.432-8; Terent. Adelph. 486; Andria 473; Tertul. De Anim. C. 39; Tib. 4.6.7; Val. Flac. Argo. 1.79; Varro LL 6.27Virg. Aen 4.607; 12.176; CIL VI 32323 (Acta Sacr. Saec) vs 117; VI 32329 vs 10; CIL 6.2065; 6.32323 Lines 121-22, 125-27; 6.32329
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| [Cato, De Agricultura 134] CIL 6.2043; 6.2099; Feriale Duranum ILS 5047; Livy 22.1; Varro LL 6.18
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
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| Iuppiter
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| Celestial
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| Ritus Romanus
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| incense, wine (namely first samplings), cakes (fertum), meat, spelt cake (far), fruits; beans and greens; cinnabar; fluorspar; holm oak; beech tree; laurel, vervain
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| white heifer, white ox, ewe-lamb, whether, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and ox), bull?, ram?
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| According to the ancients books, only castrated victims should be offered to Iuppiter.
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Prayers: Accius Aen. Sive Dec. fr. 4; Cato Orig. 1 fr 12; Agr. 132, 134; Cic. Domo 144-5; Catul. 64.171; 66.30; 66.48; 67.2; 70.2;  Horat. Epist. 1.18.10; Sat. 2.3.281; 2.3.288; Juv. Sat. 10.185; Liv Andro. Odis. 1.45; Livy 1.10.6; 1.12.4; 1.18.8; 1.24.7-9; 1.32.6; 6.16.1; 8.6.5; 8.9.6; 22.53.10; Macrob. Sat. 3.9.10; Mart. 7.6; Ovid Fasti 3.365; 4.827; 4.893; 5.716; Heroid. 13.49; Pers. Sat. 3.35; 10.185; Petron. Sat. 44; 122, 156; 126; 498; Plaut. Poen. 1187; Persa 251; Persa 753; Prop. 2.28a.1-2; 4.10.15; 4.11.18; Scr Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7; Seneca Herc. Fur. 205; 299; 516; 900; 930;  Sil. It. Pun. 3.565-7; 4.126-7; 6.102-7; 6.466-72; 10.432-8; 12.643-5; 14.440-1; 15.362-3; Statius Theb. III 471-96; VI 197-201; Tacit. Ann. 16.35; Hist. 4.58; Tib. 1.3.51; Val. Flac. Argo. 1.667; 4.474; 6.727; Val Sor. fr 4 (Aug. Hip. C. Dei 7.9); Vel. Pat. 2.131.1;  Virg. Aen. 1.731; 2.689; 4.206; 5.687; 8.572; 9.495; 9.625; 10.668; 12.176; 12.197; CIL VI 32 323 vs 105; III 01933 (=ILS 4907); CIL 2.172; 3.1933; 5.5543; 6.2065; 6.32323 Lines 105-6.
 +
|[Cato, De Agricultura 141] [Cato, De Agricultura 134]  CIL 6.2065; CIL 6.2099;  Festus-Paul, On the meaning of the words, Lindsay ed., p.40.27 and 57.16-18; ILS 5047; Livius 22.10; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.3 Ovidius, Fasti, 1.55-57; 1.83 seq.; 2.67-70; 3.730; 4.863-900; 5.507-23; Plinius, NH 12.3; 15.13433.111; 37.18; Servius,  ad Virg. Eclog., 8.82; Varro LL 5.152; 6.16
 
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Revision as of 11:01, 12 July 2009

Deity Character Rite Known inanimate offerings Known living offerings Comments Sources
Apollo Celestial Ritus Graecus wheat, incense, crown of laurel, cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley, crowns of laurel; calendula; wine bull; ox with gilded horns; white goats Prayers: Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.43; Claud. Olyb. 71-2; Hor. Carm. 1.2.30; Livy 5.21.2; Mart. 9.42; Ovid Rem. Amor. 75; 704; Petron. PLM 94; Satyr. fr. 31Plaut. Merc. 678; Seneca Herc. Fur. 592; 900; Statius Theb. I 643-5; I 694-6; I 716-20; IV 649-51; VI 296-300; VII 779-88; VIII 90-94; Tib. 2.5.1ff; 3.10; 4.4.1; Val Flacc. Argo. 1.5; 5.17; 5.244; Virg. Aen. 3.85; 6.55; 10.875; 11.785; 12.197 Varro LL 7.17;.CIL 6.32323 Lines 141-46 CIL 6.32323; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.4; Livius 25.12, 27, 23.5; 23.11; Plinius HN 12.3; 15.134
Carna Domestic Ritus Romanus beans mixed with hot spelt, bacon - - Ovid, Fasti, 6.169-170
Ceres Chtonic Ritus Romanus (a part of the cult celebrated on the Aventine Hill corresponded to the Mysteries of Eleusis and was considered Graeca Sacra and thus not included in the Roman public cult) spelt cakes, incense, salt, bread, first samplings of ears of wheat, oak leaves, wine, honeycombs mixed with milk, crown of wheat (corona spicea), crown of oak, poppies, violets, hyacinths sow (sometimes pregnant); sheep; piglets Fasting and nine days of abstinence was required of participants in the sacrificium annuae sacrae

Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 2; XI 2; XI 5; Cic. In Verr. II 5.184; IV 72.187-8; Horat. Serm. II 2,124; Livy 24.38.8; Ovid Amor. 3.10.2; Fasti 1.669-704; 4.401-8; Ibis 419-20; Petr. Satyr. 122, 156; Seneca Herc. Fur. 299; Serv. Ad Geor. 1.21; Tib. 1.1.15-16; 2.1.3-4; Virg. Georg. 1.7-12; 1.338

Cato, De Agricultura 134; Fest. s. v. praesentanea porca; s. v. sacrima; Gellius NA 4.6.8; Hor. Carm. Saec. 29-30; Livius, 10.23; 36.37.4-5; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.11.10; Ovidius, Amor. 3.10; Fasti, 1.657-704; 2.519-20; 2.539; 4.393-416; 4.547-48; Metamorphoses, 10.431-36; Pliny NH 1.191; 18.2.8; Tibullus, Elegies,1.1.11-18; Varro Rust. 2.4.9-10; Varro in Non. Marc. 163; Virgilius, Aeneid 4.56-59; Georgics, 1.212; 1.338-350
Diana Celestial Ritus Romanus (although at the Ludi Saeculares she was honoured - like any other deity - Graeco Ritu) cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley hind, white she-goat?, cow Prayers: Apul. Met. XI 2; Catul 34.21-2; Cic. In Verr. II 5.184; Horat. Carm. 1.21.1; 3.22.2; Epist. 5.5; Carm. Saec. 13; Laevius fr. 26; Livius Andronicus fr. Equos Troianos; Ovid Fasti 2.449; 3.255-56; Met. 5.618-20; Sil. It. Pun. 9.168-72; 13.137; Statius Theb. IV 746-64; VI 633-37; 9.606-35; 10.360-70; Tertul de Anim. 39; Tibullus 4.4.1 ff; 4.6.1 ff; Val. Cato Lyd. 41-4; Virg. Aen. IX 404; XI 483; XI 557; XII 197; CIL 3.8298; 6.32323 Lines 141-46; 10.3796 Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 1.45] [Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 25.12, 27, 23.5] [Ovidius, Fasti, 1.387-388] [CIL 6.32323] [Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium, 7.3.1
Dis, Dis Pater Underworld Ritus Romanus  ? black sheep and other black victims Prayers: Audolent p.197 no.139, p. 292 no. 218; Ennius Androm; Festus (s.v. lapidem silicem); Macro. Sat. III 9,10; Sil. It. Pun. 8.140-2; Statius Theb. I 56-9; IV 473-87 Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium, 2.4.5] [Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.9.10-12
Diva Celestial Ritus Romanus  ? cow Probably the same as Iuno CIL 6.32349
Divus Celestial Ritus Romanus  ? ox, sheep Probably the same as Iuppiter ILS 5047; Feriale Duranum
Genius Augusti Celestial Ritus Romanus incense, wine bull, bull-calf - CIL 6.32352; Horatius, Odes, 4.5.30 seq. Petronius, Satiricon, 60.7
Genius or Iuno (personal) - Ritus Romanus incense, wine, cakes of boiled salted wheat (liba) two-month old piglet (on the Saturnalia) Blood sacrifice was explicitly not recommended on one's birthday Horatius, Odes, 3.17.14-16; Ovidius, Tristia, 5.5.12; Persius, Satires, 2.1-3; Plinius, Naturalis Historia, 18.84; Tibullus, Elegies, 2.6.8; 4.6.14; Varro in Censorinus, De Die Natali, 2.2
Genius Loci/Lar Domestic/Chtonic Ritus Romanus fruits of the Earth (namely first samplings), wine, garlands of flowers pig, heifer, ewe-lamb Inanimate offerings should be dropped/poured to the ground or natural altar in libation Cato, De Agricultura 139 - 140; Apuleius, Apologia, 56.5-6; Florides, 1.3-4; Tibullus, Elegies, 1.1.19-24
Hercules Domestic Ritus Graecae aconite, henbane, herb Robert. Opopanax, poplar, water lilies - Prayers: Apul. Met. IX 21; CIL 1.1290;Hor. Serm. 2.6.14; Sat. 6.10.3; Pers. Sat. 2.8; Plaut. Curc. 358; Bacch.892; Prop. 4.9.71-4; Sil. It. Pun. 1.505-7; Virg. Aen. 8.301-2; Apul. Met. IX 21; CIL 1.1290;Hor. Serm. 2.6.14; Sat. 6.10.3; Pers. Sat. 2.8; Plaut. Curc. 358; Bacch.892; Pliny NH 12.3; 25.12; 25.15; 25.17; 25.37; 27.4; Prop. 4.9.71-4; Sil. It. Pun. 1.505-7; Virg. Aen. 8.301-2;
Ianus Domestic (doors, passages) / Celestial (beginings and ends) Ritus Romanus incense, wine, cakes (strues) ram Prayers: Acta Frat. Arv. CIL 6.2107 vs. 2-13 = ILS 5048; 6.2099; Auson. III 5; Cato Agr. 134, 141; Cic. Nat. Deor. 2.67.27; Fest. s.v. Chaos; Horat. Epist. I 16; Sat. 2.6.20; Livy 1.32.10; 8.9.6; Macrob. Sat. 1.9.9, 1.16.25; Martial Epigr. 8.2.8, 8.8.1; 10.28.1; 10.28.12, Ovid Fast. 1.65; 1.172; 1.287 Plaut. Cist. 512; Serv. Ad Aen. 7.610; Varro LL 7.26. Virg. Aen. 12.197 [Cato, De Agricultura 141] [Cato, De Agricultura 134] Cic. Nat. Deor. 2.67.27; Fest. s.v. Chaos; Horat. Epist. I 16; Sat. 2.6.20; ILS 5047; Livy 1.32.10; 8.9.6; Macrob. Sat. 1.9.9, 1.16.25; Martial Epigr. 8.2.8, 8.8.1; 10.28.1; 10.28.12, Ovid Fast. 1.65; 1.172; 1.287; 1.317-24; Plaut. Cist. 512; Serv. Ad Aen. 7.610; Varro, De Lingua Latina, 6.12; 726; Virg. Aen. 12.197
Ilithyia (Juno Lucina) Domestic Ritus Graecus (at least at the Ludi Saeculares) cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley - Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 4; Horat. Carm. Saec. 14 CIL 6.32323
Iuno Celestial Ritus Romanus incense, wine; silver; wild fig; cypress tree; blue flag iris bull, ram, white cow, sheep, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and bull) Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 4; XI 5 (Sospita); Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.10; Catul. 34.13; Cic. Domo 144-5; In Verr. II 5.184, Nat. Deor. 2.27.68; Livy 5.21.3; 6.16.1; 8.5; 38.51; Macro. Sat. 3.16.27; Ovid Fasti 3.255; Tib. 3.12.4; Petr. Satyr. 25;Plaut. Aulul. 692; Scr Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7; Serv. Ad Aen. 1.8; Sil. It. Pun. 2.531-42; 6.466-72; 7.78-85; 10.432-8; Terent. Adelph. 486; Andria 473; Tertul. De Anim. C. 39; Tib. 4.6.7; Val. Flac. Argo. 1.79; Varro LL 6.27Virg. Aen 4.607; 12.176; CIL VI 32323 (Acta Sacr. Saec) vs 117; VI 32329 vs 10; CIL 6.2065; 6.32323 Lines 121-22, 125-27; 6.32329 [Cato, De Agricultura 134] CIL 6.2043; 6.2099; Feriale Duranum ILS 5047; Livy 22.1; Varro LL 6.18
Iuppiter Celestial Ritus Romanus incense, wine (namely first samplings), cakes (fertum), meat, spelt cake (far), fruits; beans and greens; cinnabar; fluorspar; holm oak; beech tree; laurel, vervain white heifer, white ox, ewe-lamb, whether, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and ox), bull?, ram? According to the ancients books, only castrated victims should be offered to Iuppiter.

Prayers: Accius Aen. Sive Dec. fr. 4; Cato Orig. 1 fr 12; Agr. 132, 134; Cic. Domo 144-5; Catul. 64.171; 66.30; 66.48; 67.2; 70.2; Horat. Epist. 1.18.10; Sat. 2.3.281; 2.3.288; Juv. Sat. 10.185; Liv Andro. Odis. 1.45; Livy 1.10.6; 1.12.4; 1.18.8; 1.24.7-9; 1.32.6; 6.16.1; 8.6.5; 8.9.6; 22.53.10; Macrob. Sat. 3.9.10; Mart. 7.6; Ovid Fasti 3.365; 4.827; 4.893; 5.716; Heroid. 13.49; Pers. Sat. 3.35; 10.185; Petron. Sat. 44; 122, 156; 126; 498; Plaut. Poen. 1187; Persa 251; Persa 753; Prop. 2.28a.1-2; 4.10.15; 4.11.18; Scr Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7; Seneca Herc. Fur. 205; 299; 516; 900; 930; Sil. It. Pun. 3.565-7; 4.126-7; 6.102-7; 6.466-72; 10.432-8; 12.643-5; 14.440-1; 15.362-3; Statius Theb. III 471-96; VI 197-201; Tacit. Ann. 16.35; Hist. 4.58; Tib. 1.3.51; Val. Flac. Argo. 1.667; 4.474; 6.727; Val Sor. fr 4 (Aug. Hip. C. Dei 7.9); Vel. Pat. 2.131.1; Virg. Aen. 1.731; 2.689; 4.206; 5.687; 8.572; 9.495; 9.625; 10.668; 12.176; 12.197; CIL VI 32 323 vs 105; III 01933 (=ILS 4907); CIL 2.172; 3.1933; 5.5543; 6.2065; 6.32323 Lines 105-6.

[Cato, De Agricultura 141] [Cato, De Agricultura 134] CIL 6.2065; CIL 6.2099; Festus-Paul, On the meaning of the words, Lindsay ed., p.40.27 and 57.16-18; ILS 5047; Livius 22.10; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.3 Ovidius, Fasti, 1.55-57; 1.83 seq.; 2.67-70; 3.730; 4.863-900; 5.507-23; Plinius, NH 12.3; 15.13433.111; 37.18; Servius, ad Virg. Eclog., 8.82; Varro LL 5.152; 6.16
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