How to sacrifice

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! Sources
 
! Sources
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
−
| Apollo
+
| [[Apollo]]
 
| Celestial
 
| Celestial
−
| Ritus Graecus
+
| [[Ritus Graecus]]
 
| wheat, incense, crown of laurel, cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley, crowns of laurel; calendula; wine
 
| wheat, incense, crown of laurel, cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley, crowns of laurel; calendula; wine
 
| bull; ox with gilded horns; white goats
 
| bull; ox with gilded horns; white goats
 
| Prayers: Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.43; Claud. Olyb. 71-2; Hor. Carm. 1.2.30; Livy 5.21.2; Mart. 9.42; Ovid Rem. Amor. 75; 704; Petron. PLM 94; Satyr. fr. 31Plaut. Merc. 678; Seneca Herc. Fur. 592; 900; Statius Theb. I 643-5; I 694-6; I 716-20; IV 649-51; VI 296-300; VII 779-88; VIII 90-94; Tib. 2.5.1ff; 3.10; 4.4.1; Val Flacc. Argo. 1.5; 5.17; 5.244; Virg. Aen. 3.85; 6.55; 10.875; 11.785; 12.197 Varro LL 7.17;.CIL 6.32323 Lines 141-46
 
| Prayers: Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.43; Claud. Olyb. 71-2; Hor. Carm. 1.2.30; Livy 5.21.2; Mart. 9.42; Ovid Rem. Amor. 75; 704; Petron. PLM 94; Satyr. fr. 31Plaut. Merc. 678; Seneca Herc. Fur. 592; 900; Statius Theb. I 643-5; I 694-6; I 716-20; IV 649-51; VI 296-300; VII 779-88; VIII 90-94; Tib. 2.5.1ff; 3.10; 4.4.1; Val Flacc. Argo. 1.5; 5.17; 5.244; Virg. Aen. 3.85; 6.55; 10.875; 11.785; 12.197 Varro LL 7.17;.CIL 6.32323 Lines 141-46
−
| CIL 6.32323; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.4; Livius 25.12, 27, 23.5; 23.11; Plinius HN 12.3; 15.134
+
|  
 +
*Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.4
 +
*{{CIL|VI|32323}}
 +
*Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 25.12, 27, 23.5; 23.11;
 +
*Plinius HN 12.3; 15.134
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Carna
+
| [[Carna]]
 
| Domestic
 
| Domestic
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| beans mixed with hot spelt, bacon  
 
| beans mixed with hot spelt, bacon  
 
| -
 
| -
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| Ovid, Fasti, 6.169-170
 
| Ovid, Fasti, 6.169-170
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Ceres
+
| [[Ceres]]
 
| Chtonic
 
| Chtonic
−
| Ritus Romanus (a part of the cult celebrated on the Aventine Hill corresponded to the Mysteries of Eleusis and was considered Graeca Sacra and thus not included in the Roman public cult)
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]] (a part of the cult celebrated on the Aventine Hill corresponded to the Mysteries of Eleusis and was considered Graeca Sacra and thus not included in the Roman public cult)
 
| spelt cakes, incense, salt, bread, first samplings of ears of wheat, oak leaves, wine, honeycombs mixed with milk, crown of wheat (corona spicea), crown of oak, poppies, violets, hyacinths
 
| spelt cakes, incense, salt, bread, first samplings of ears of wheat, oak leaves, wine, honeycombs mixed with milk, crown of wheat (corona spicea), crown of oak, poppies, violets, hyacinths
 
| sow (sometimes pregnant); sheep; piglets
 
| sow (sometimes pregnant); sheep; piglets
Line 33: Line 37:
  
 
Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 2; XI 2; XI 5; Cic. In Verr. II 5.184; IV 72.187-8; Horat. Serm. II 2,124; Livy 24.38.8; Ovid Amor. 3.10.2; Fasti 1.669-704; 4.401-8; Ibis 419-20; Petr. Satyr. 122, 156; Seneca Herc. Fur. 299; Serv. Ad Geor. 1.21;  Tib. 1.1.15-16; 2.1.3-4; Virg. Georg. 1.7-12; 1.338
 
Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 2; XI 2; XI 5; Cic. In Verr. II 5.184; IV 72.187-8; Horat. Serm. II 2,124; Livy 24.38.8; Ovid Amor. 3.10.2; Fasti 1.669-704; 4.401-8; Ibis 419-20; Petr. Satyr. 122, 156; Seneca Herc. Fur. 299; Serv. Ad Geor. 1.21;  Tib. 1.1.15-16; 2.1.3-4; Virg. Georg. 1.7-12; 1.338
−
| Cato, De Agricultura 134; Fest. s. v. praesentanea porca; s. v. sacrima; Gellius NA 4.6.8; Hor. Carm. Saec. 29-30; Livius, 10.23; 36.37.4-5; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.11.10; Ovidius, Amor. 3.10;  Fasti, 1.657-704; 2.519-20; 2.539; 4.393-416; 4.547-48; Metamorphoses, 10.431-36; Pliny NH 1.191; 18.2.8; Tibullus, Elegies,1.1.11-18; Varro Rust. 2.4.9-10; Varro in Non. Marc. 163; Virgilius, Aeneid 4.56-59; Georgics, 1.212; 1.338-350
+
| Cato, [[De Agricultura 134]]; Fest. s. v. praesentanea porca; s. v. sacrima; Gellius NA 4.6.8; Hor. Carm. Saec. 29-30; Livius, 10.23; 36.37.4-5; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.11.10; Ovidius, Amor. 3.10;  Fasti, 1.657-704; 2.519-20; 2.539; 4.393-416; 4.547-48; Metamorphoses, 10.431-36; Pliny NH 1.191; 18.2.8; Tibullus, Elegies,1.1.11-18; Varro Rust. 2.4.9-10; Varro in Non. Marc. 163; Virgilius, Aeneid 4.56-59; Georgics, 1.212; 1.338-350
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Diana
+
| [[Diana]]
 
| Celestial
 
| Celestial
−
| Ritus Romanus (although at the Ludi Saeculares she was honoured - like any other deity - Graeco Ritu)  
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]] (although at the Ludi Saeculares she was honoured - like any other deity - Graeco Ritu)  
 
| cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley  
 
| cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley  
 
| hind, white she-goat?, cow  
 
| hind, white she-goat?, cow  
−
| Prayers: Apul. Met. XI 2; Catul 34.21-2; Cic. In Verr. II 5.184; Horat. Carm. 1.21.1; 3.22.2; Epist. 5.5; Carm. Saec. 13; Laevius fr. 26; Livius Andronicus fr. Equos Troianos; Ovid Fasti 2.449; 3.255-56;  Met. 5.618-20; Sil. It. Pun. 9.168-72; 13.137; Statius Theb. IV 746-64; VI 633-37; 9.606-35; 10.360-70; Tertul de Anim. 39; Tibullus 4.4.1 ff; 4.6.1 ff; Val. Cato Lyd. 41-4; Virg. Aen. IX 404; XI 483; XI 557; XII 197; CIL 3.8298; 6.32323 Lines 141-46; 10.3796
+
| Prayers: Apul. Met. XI 2; Catul 34.21-2; Cic. In Verr. II 5.184; Horat. Carm. 1.21.1; 3.22.2; Epist. 5.5; Carm. Saec. 13; Laevius fr. 26; Livius Andronicus fr. Equos Troianos; Ovid Fasti 2.449; 3.255-56;  Met. 5.618-20; Sil. It. Pun. 9.168-72; 13.137; Statius Theb. IV 746-64; VI 633-37; 9.606-35; 10.360-70; Tertul de Anim. 39; Tibullus 4.4.1 ff; 4.6.1 ff; Val. Cato Lyd. 41-4; Virg. Aen. IX 404; XI 483; XI 557; XII 197; {{CIL|III|8298}}; {{CIL|VI|32323}} Lines 141-46; {{CIL|X|3796}}
−
| Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 1.45] [Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 25.12, 27, 23.5] [Ovidius, Fasti, 1.387-388] [CIL 6.32323] [Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium, 7.3.1
+
|
 +
*Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 1.45
 +
*Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 25.12, 27, 23.5
 +
*Ovidius, Fasti, 1.387-388
 +
*{{CIL|VI|32323}}
 +
*Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium, 7.3.1
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Dis, Dis Pater  
+
| [[Dis]], Dis Pater  
 
| Underworld
 
| Underworld
−
| Ritus Romanus  
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| ?
 
| ?
 
| black sheep and other black victims
 
| black sheep and other black victims
Line 51: Line 60:
 
| Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium, 2.4.5] [Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.9.10-12  
 
| Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium, 2.4.5] [Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.9.10-12  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Diva
+
| [[Diva]]
 
| Celestial
 
| Celestial
−
| Ritus Romanus  
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| ?
 
| ?
 
| cow
 
| cow
 
| Probably the same as Iuno  
 
| Probably the same as Iuno  
−
| CIL 6.32349
+
| {{CIL|VI|32349}}
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Divus
+
| [[Divus]]
 
| Celestial
 
| Celestial
−
| Ritus Romanus  
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| ?
 
| ?
 
| ox, sheep  
 
| ox, sheep  
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| ILS 5047; Feriale Duranum  
 
| ILS 5047; Feriale Duranum  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Genius Augusti  
+
| [[Genius Augusti]]
 
| Celestial  
 
| Celestial  
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| incense, wine  
 
| incense, wine  
 
| bull, bull-calf  
 
| bull, bull-calf  
 
| -
 
| -
−
| CIL 6.32352; Horatius, Odes, 4.5.30 seq. Petronius, Satiricon, 60.7
+
| {{CIL|VI|32352}}; Horatius, Odes, 4.5.30 seq. Petronius, Satiricon, 60.7
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Genius or Iuno (personal)
+
| [[Genius]] or [[Iuno]] (personal)
 
| -
 
| -
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| incense, wine, cakes of boiled salted wheat (liba)
 
| incense, wine, cakes of boiled salted wheat (liba)
 
| two-month old piglet (on the Saturnalia)
 
| two-month old piglet (on the Saturnalia)
Line 83: Line 92:
 
| Horatius, Odes, 3.17.14-16; Ovidius, Tristia, 5.5.12; Persius, Satires, 2.1-3; Plinius, Naturalis Historia, 18.84; Tibullus, Elegies, 2.6.8;  4.6.14; Varro in Censorinus, De Die Natali, 2.2
 
| Horatius, Odes, 3.17.14-16; Ovidius, Tristia, 5.5.12; Persius, Satires, 2.1-3; Plinius, Naturalis Historia, 18.84; Tibullus, Elegies, 2.6.8;  4.6.14; Varro in Censorinus, De Die Natali, 2.2
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Genius Loci/Lar
+
| [[Genius Loci]]/[[Lar]]
 
| Domestic/Chtonic
 
| Domestic/Chtonic
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| fruits of the Earth (namely first samplings), wine, garlands of flowers
 
| fruits of the Earth (namely first samplings), wine, garlands of flowers
 
| pig, heifer, ewe-lamb
 
| pig, heifer, ewe-lamb
 
| Inanimate offerings should be dropped/poured to the ground or natural altar in libation
 
| Inanimate offerings should be dropped/poured to the ground or natural altar in libation
−
| Cato, De Agricultura 139 - 140; Apuleius, Apologia, 56.5-6; Florides, 1.3-4; Tibullus, Elegies, 1.1.19-24  
+
| Cato, [[De Agricultura 139 - 140]]; Apuleius, Apologia, 56.5-6; Florides, 1.3-4; Tibullus, Elegies, 1.1.19-24  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Hercules
+
| [[Hercules]]
 
| Domestic  
 
| Domestic  
−
| Ritus Graecae
+
| [[Ritus Graecus]]
 
| aconite, henbane, herb Robert. Opopanax, poplar, water lilies
 
| aconite, henbane, herb Robert. Opopanax, poplar, water lilies
 
| -
 
| -
−
| Prayers: Apul. Met. IX 21; CIL 1.1290;Hor. Serm. 2.6.14; Sat. 6.10.3; Pers. Sat. 2.8; Plaut. Curc. 358; Bacch.892; Prop. 4.9.71-4; Sil. It. Pun. 1.505-7; Virg. Aen. 8.301-2;  
+
| Prayers: Apul. Met. IX 21; {{CIL|I|1290}}; Hor. Serm. 2.6.14; Sat. 6.10.3; Pers. Sat. 2.8; Plaut. Curc. 358; Bacch.892; Prop. 4.9.71-4; Sil. It. Pun. 1.505-7; Virg. Aen. 8.301-2;  
−
| Apul. Met. IX 21; CIL 1.1290;Hor. Serm. 2.6.14; Sat. 6.10.3; Pers. Sat. 2.8; Plaut. Curc. 358; Bacch.892; Pliny NH 12.3; 25.12; 25.15; 25.17; 25.37; 27.4; Prop. 4.9.71-4; Sil. It. Pun. 1.505-7; Virg. Aen. 8.301-2;  
+
| Apul. Met. IX 21; {{CIL|I|1290}}; Hor. Serm. 2.6.14; Sat. 6.10.3; Pers. Sat. 2.8; Plaut. Curc. 358; Bacch.892; Pliny NH 12.3; 25.12; 25.15; 25.17; 25.37; 27.4; Prop. 4.9.71-4; Sil. It. Pun. 1.505-7; Virg. Aen. 8.301-2;  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Ianus
+
| [[Ianus]]
 
| Domestic (doors, passages) / Celestial (beginings and ends)
 
| Domestic (doors, passages) / Celestial (beginings and ends)
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| incense, wine, cakes (strues)
 
| incense, wine, cakes (strues)
 
| ram
 
| ram
−
| Prayers:  Acta Frat. Arv. CIL 6.2107 vs. 2-13 =  ILS 5048; 6.2099;  Auson. III 5; Cato Agr. 134, 141; Cic. Nat. Deor. 2.67.27; Fest. s.v. Chaos; Horat. Epist. I 16; Sat. 2.6.20; Livy 1.32.10; 8.9.6; Macrob. Sat. 1.9.9, 1.16.25; Martial Epigr. 8.2.8, 8.8.1; 10.28.1; 10.28.12, Ovid Fast. 1.65; 1.172; 1.287 Plaut. Cist. 512; Serv. Ad Aen. 7.610; Varro LL 7.26. Virg. Aen. 12.197
+
| Prayers:  Acta Frat. Arv. {{CIL|VI|2107}} vs. 2-13 =  ILS 5048; {{CIL|VI|2099}};  Auson. III 5; Cato Agr. 134, 141; Cic. Nat. Deor. 2.67.27; Fest. s.v. Chaos; Horat. Epist. I 16; Sat. 2.6.20; Livy 1.32.10; 8.9.6; Macrob. Sat. 1.9.9, 1.16.25; Martial Epigr. 8.2.8, 8.8.1; 10.28.1; 10.28.12, Ovid Fast. 1.65; 1.172; 1.287 Plaut. Cist. 512; Serv. Ad Aen. 7.610; Varro LL 7.26. Virg. Aen. 12.197
 
| [Cato, De Agricultura 141] [Cato, De Agricultura 134] Cic. Nat. Deor. 2.67.27; Fest. s.v. Chaos; Horat. Epist. I 16; Sat. 2.6.20; ILS 5047; Livy 1.32.10; 8.9.6; Macrob. Sat. 1.9.9, 1.16.25; Martial Epigr. 8.2.8, 8.8.1; 10.28.1; 10.28.12, Ovid Fast. 1.65; 1.172; 1.287; 1.317-24; Plaut. Cist. 512; Serv. Ad Aen. 7.610; Varro, De Lingua Latina, 6.12; 726; Virg. Aen. 12.197
 
| [Cato, De Agricultura 141] [Cato, De Agricultura 134] Cic. Nat. Deor. 2.67.27; Fest. s.v. Chaos; Horat. Epist. I 16; Sat. 2.6.20; ILS 5047; Livy 1.32.10; 8.9.6; Macrob. Sat. 1.9.9, 1.16.25; Martial Epigr. 8.2.8, 8.8.1; 10.28.1; 10.28.12, Ovid Fast. 1.65; 1.172; 1.287; 1.317-24; Plaut. Cist. 512; Serv. Ad Aen. 7.610; Varro, De Lingua Latina, 6.12; 726; Virg. Aen. 12.197
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Ilithyia (Juno Lucina)
+
| [[Ilithyia]] (Juno Lucina)
 
| Domestic
 
| Domestic
−
| Ritus Graecus (at least at the Ludi Saeculares)
+
| [[Ritus Graecus]] (at least at the Ludi Saeculares)
 
| cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley
 
| cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley
 
| -
 
| -
 
| Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 4; Horat. Carm. Saec. 14
 
| Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 4; Horat. Carm. Saec. 14
−
| CIL 6.32323
+
|  
 +
*{{CIL|VI|32323}}
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Iuno
+
| [[Iuno]]
 
| Celestial
 
| Celestial
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| incense, wine; silver; wild fig; cypress tree; blue flag iris
 
| incense, wine; silver; wild fig; cypress tree; blue flag iris
 
| bull, ram, white cow, sheep, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and bull)
 
| bull, ram, white cow, sheep, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and bull)
−
| Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 4; XI 5 (Sospita); Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.10; Catul. 34.13; Cic. Domo 144-5; In Verr. II 5.184, Nat. Deor. 2.27.68; Livy 5.21.3; 6.16.1; 8.5; 38.51; Macro. Sat. 3.16.27; Ovid Fasti 3.255; Tib. 3.12.4; Petr. Satyr. 25;Plaut. Aulul. 692; Scr Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7;  Serv. Ad Aen. 1.8; Sil. It. Pun. 2.531-42; 6.466-72; 7.78-85; 10.432-8; Terent. Adelph. 486; Andria 473; Tertul. De Anim. C. 39; Tib. 4.6.7; Val. Flac. Argo. 1.79; Varro LL 6.27Virg. Aen 4.607; 12.176; CIL VI 32323 (Acta Sacr. Saec) vs 117; VI 32329 vs 10; CIL 6.2065; 6.32323 Lines 121-22, 125-27; 6.32329
+
| Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 4; XI 5 (Sospita); Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.10; Catul. 34.13; Cic. Domo 144-5; In Verr. II 5.184, Nat. Deor. 2.27.68; Livy 5.21.3; 6.16.1; 8.5; 38.51; Macro. Sat. 3.16.27; Ovid Fasti 3.255; Tib. 3.12.4; Petr. Satyr. 25;Plaut. Aulul. 692; Scr Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7;  Serv. Ad Aen. 1.8; Sil. It. Pun. 2.531-42; 6.466-72; 7.78-85; 10.432-8; Terent. Adelph. 486; Andria 473; Tertul. De Anim. C. 39; Tib. 4.6.7; Val. Flac. Argo. 1.79; Varro LL 6.27Virg. Aen 4.607; 12.176; CIL VI 32323 (Acta Sacr. Saec) vs 117; VI 32329 vs 10; {{CIL|VI|2065}}; {{CIL|VI|32323}} Lines 121-22, 125-27; {{CIL|VI|32329}}
−
| [Cato, De Agricultura 134] CIL 6.2043; 6.2099; Feriale Duranum ILS 5047; Livy 22.1; Varro LL 6.18
+
| Cato, [[De Agricultura 134]] {{CIL|VI|2043}}; {{CIL|VI|2099}}; Feriale Duranum ILS 5047; Livy 22.1; Varro LL 6.18
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Iuppiter
+
| [[Iuppiter]]
 
| Celestial
 
| Celestial
−
| Ritus Romanus  
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| incense, wine (namely first samplings), cakes (fertum), meat, spelt cake (far), fruits; beans and greens; cinnabar; fluorspar; holm oak; beech tree; laurel, vervain
 
| incense, wine (namely first samplings), cakes (fertum), meat, spelt cake (far), fruits; beans and greens; cinnabar; fluorspar; holm oak; beech tree; laurel, vervain
 
| white heifer, white ox, ewe-lamb, whether, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and ox), bull?, ram?
 
| white heifer, white ox, ewe-lamb, whether, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and ox), bull?, ram?
 
| According to the ancients books, only castrated victims should be offered to Iuppiter.  
 
| According to the ancients books, only castrated victims should be offered to Iuppiter.  
 
Prayers: Accius Aen. Sive Dec. fr. 4; Cato Orig. 1 fr 12; Agr. 132, 134; Cic. Domo 144-5; Catul. 64.171; 66.30; 66.48; 67.2; 70.2;  Horat. Epist. 1.18.10; Sat. 2.3.281; 2.3.288; Juv. Sat. 10.185; Liv Andro. Odis. 1.45; Livy 1.10.6; 1.12.4; 1.18.8; 1.24.7-9; 1.32.6; 6.16.1; 8.6.5; 8.9.6; 22.53.10; Macrob. Sat. 3.9.10; Mart. 7.6; Ovid Fasti 3.365; 4.827; 4.893; 5.716; Heroid. 13.49; Pers. Sat. 3.35; 10.185; Petron. Sat. 44; 122, 156; 126; 498; Plaut. Poen. 1187; Persa 251; Persa 753; Prop. 2.28a.1-2; 4.10.15; 4.11.18; Scr Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7; Seneca Herc. Fur. 205; 299; 516; 900; 930;  Sil. It. Pun. 3.565-7; 4.126-7; 6.102-7; 6.466-72; 10.432-8; 12.643-5; 14.440-1; 15.362-3; Statius Theb. III 471-96; VI 197-201; Tacit. Ann. 16.35; Hist. 4.58; Tib. 1.3.51; Val. Flac. Argo. 1.667; 4.474; 6.727; Val Sor. fr 4 (Aug. Hip. C. Dei 7.9); Vel. Pat. 2.131.1;  Virg. Aen. 1.731; 2.689; 4.206; 5.687; 8.572; 9.495; 9.625; 10.668; 12.176; 12.197; CIL VI 32 323 vs 105; III 01933 (=ILS 4907); CIL 2.172; 3.1933; 5.5543; 6.2065; 6.32323 Lines 105-6.
 
Prayers: Accius Aen. Sive Dec. fr. 4; Cato Orig. 1 fr 12; Agr. 132, 134; Cic. Domo 144-5; Catul. 64.171; 66.30; 66.48; 67.2; 70.2;  Horat. Epist. 1.18.10; Sat. 2.3.281; 2.3.288; Juv. Sat. 10.185; Liv Andro. Odis. 1.45; Livy 1.10.6; 1.12.4; 1.18.8; 1.24.7-9; 1.32.6; 6.16.1; 8.6.5; 8.9.6; 22.53.10; Macrob. Sat. 3.9.10; Mart. 7.6; Ovid Fasti 3.365; 4.827; 4.893; 5.716; Heroid. 13.49; Pers. Sat. 3.35; 10.185; Petron. Sat. 44; 122, 156; 126; 498; Plaut. Poen. 1187; Persa 251; Persa 753; Prop. 2.28a.1-2; 4.10.15; 4.11.18; Scr Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7; Seneca Herc. Fur. 205; 299; 516; 900; 930;  Sil. It. Pun. 3.565-7; 4.126-7; 6.102-7; 6.466-72; 10.432-8; 12.643-5; 14.440-1; 15.362-3; Statius Theb. III 471-96; VI 197-201; Tacit. Ann. 16.35; Hist. 4.58; Tib. 1.3.51; Val. Flac. Argo. 1.667; 4.474; 6.727; Val Sor. fr 4 (Aug. Hip. C. Dei 7.9); Vel. Pat. 2.131.1;  Virg. Aen. 1.731; 2.689; 4.206; 5.687; 8.572; 9.495; 9.625; 10.668; 12.176; 12.197; CIL VI 32 323 vs 105; III 01933 (=ILS 4907); CIL 2.172; 3.1933; 5.5543; 6.2065; 6.32323 Lines 105-6.
−
|[Cato, De Agricultura 141] [Cato, De Agricultura 134]  CIL 6.2065; CIL 6.2099;  Festus-Paul, On the meaning of the words, Lindsay ed., p.40.27 and 57.16-18; ILS 5047; Livius 22.10; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.3 Ovidius, Fasti, 1.55-57; 1.83 seq.; 2.67-70; 3.730; 4.863-900; 5.507-23; Plinius, NH 12.3; 15.13433.111; 37.18; Servius,  ad Virg. Eclog., 8.82; Varro LL 5.152; 6.16
+
|[Cato, De Agricultura 141] [Cato, De Agricultura 134]  {{CIL|VI|2065}}; CIL 6.2099;  Festus-Paul, On the meaning of the words, Lindsay ed., p.40.27 and 57.16-18; ILS 5047; Livius 22.10; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.3 Ovidius, Fasti, 1.55-57; 1.83 seq.; 2.67-70; 3.730; 4.863-900; 5.507-23; Plinius, NH 12.3; 15.13433.111; 37.18; Servius,  ad Virg. Eclog., 8.82; Varro LL 5.152; 6.16
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Lares Augusti
+
| [[Lares Augusti]]
 
| Domestic
 
| Domestic
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| same as Lares Familiares
 
| same as Lares Familiares
 
| same as Lares Familiares, wether
 
| same as Lares Familiares, wether
Line 140: Line 150:
 
| ILS 5047
 
| ILS 5047
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Lares Compitales/Viales
+
| [[Lares Compitales]]/Viales
 
| Chtonic
 
| Chtonic
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| ?
 
| ?
 
| pig shining with grease
 
| pig shining with grease
Line 148: Line 158:
 
| Propertius, Elegies, 4.1.23  
 
| Propertius, Elegies, 4.1.23  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Lar Familiaris / Lares Familiares  
+
| [[Lar Familiaris]] / Lares Familiares  
 
| Domestic
 
| Domestic
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| incense, wine, food (namely fruits and roasted meat with mola salsa), garlands of flowers
 
| incense, wine, food (namely fruits and roasted meat with mola salsa), garlands of flowers
 
| ewe-lamb, pig, ram (funeral)
 
| ewe-lamb, pig, ram (funeral)
Line 157: Line 167:
 
|Horatius, Satires, 2.5.14; Odes, 3.23.4; Ovidius, Fasti, 2.631-634; Plautus, Aulularia;  Plinius, NH 21.11; 28.27; Servius, Aeneidos, 1.730; Tibullus, Elegies, 1.1.23; 1.3.33 seq;  Valerius Maximus, 2.5.5; Varro in Nonius Marcellus, De Compendiosa Doctrina, Lindsay ed. p.554 1-2; Virgilius, Bucolics, 1.43  
 
|Horatius, Satires, 2.5.14; Odes, 3.23.4; Ovidius, Fasti, 2.631-634; Plautus, Aulularia;  Plinius, NH 21.11; 28.27; Servius, Aeneidos, 1.730; Tibullus, Elegies, 1.1.23; 1.3.33 seq;  Valerius Maximus, 2.5.5; Varro in Nonius Marcellus, De Compendiosa Doctrina, Lindsay ed. p.554 1-2; Virgilius, Bucolics, 1.43  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Liber Pater
+
| [[Liber]] Pater
 
| Chtonic
 
| Chtonic
−
| Ritus Romanus (the Bachannalia are considered Graeca Sacra, i.e. a foreign rite not included in the Roman public cult)
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]] (the Bachannalia are considered Graeca Sacra, i.e. a foreign rite not included in the Roman public cult)
 
| cakes (liba), libations of must (namely first samplings)
 
| cakes (liba), libations of must (namely first samplings)
 
| ?
 
| ?
Line 165: Line 175:
 
| Festus-Paul, Lindsay ed., p.423.1 seq;  Ovid, Fasti, 3.713-740; Plinius, HN 18.8  
 
| Festus-Paul, Lindsay ed., p.423.1 seq;  Ovid, Fasti, 3.713-740; Plinius, HN 18.8  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Manes
+
| [[Manes]]
 
| Underworld
 
| Underworld
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| unmixed wine, fresh milk, blood of sacrificial victims, roses, violets, black beans, salted corn, wheat mixed with wine
 
| unmixed wine, fresh milk, blood of sacrificial victims, roses, violets, black beans, salted corn, wheat mixed with wine
 
| ewe, pig, black bull-calves, black sheep, black puppies, blood of sacrificial animals
 
| ewe, pig, black bull-calves, black sheep, black puppies, blood of sacrificial animals
Line 174: Line 184:
 
| Ovidius, Fasti, 2.535-540; 4.436; Plinius, HN 21.11; Statius Thebaid 4.463-7; Valerius Flaccus Argo. 5.192 ff Virgilius, Aeneid 5.55-103
 
| Ovidius, Fasti, 2.535-540; 4.436; Plinius, HN 21.11; Statius Thebaid 4.463-7; Valerius Flaccus Argo. 5.192 ff Virgilius, Aeneid 5.55-103
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Mania / Mater Larum (mother of the Lares)
+
| [[Mania]] / Mater Larum (mother of the Lares)
 
| Underworld
 
| Underworld
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| garlic, poppy heads
 
| garlic, poppy heads
 
| sheep
 
| sheep
Line 182: Line 192:
 
| ILS 5047 Macrobius, Saturnalia, 1.7.35 seq.
 
| ILS 5047 Macrobius, Saturnalia, 1.7.35 seq.
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Mars
+
| [[Mars]]
 
| Celestial
 
| Celestial
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| spelt, bacon fat, meat, wine, cakes (strues and fertum); peony; iron goblets
 
| spelt, bacon fat, meat, wine, cakes (strues and fertum); peony; iron goblets
 
| suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and bull), bull, ram
 
| suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and bull), bull, ram
 
| Entrails were offered raw rather than boiled.
 
| Entrails were offered raw rather than boiled.
 
Prayers: Acta Frat. Arv. p. 123 (Herzen); Carmen Fratrum Arvalium; Cato Agr. 141; Claud. Ruf. 1.334-9; Gell. Noct. Att. 13.23.13; Horat. Carm. 1.5.35; Livy 8.9.6, 45.32.2; Lucan Phar. II 59; Ovid Fast. 3.1; 3.73; 4.827; 5.573;Serv. Ad Aen. 3.3; Sil. It. 3.126-7; 10.553-4; Val. Flacc. Argo. 5.244; Vell. Patercul. II 131,1; Virg. Aen. 12.176
 
Prayers: Acta Frat. Arv. p. 123 (Herzen); Carmen Fratrum Arvalium; Cato Agr. 141; Claud. Ruf. 1.334-9; Gell. Noct. Att. 13.23.13; Horat. Carm. 1.5.35; Livy 8.9.6, 45.32.2; Lucan Phar. II 59; Ovid Fast. 3.1; 3.73; 4.827; 5.573;Serv. Ad Aen. 3.3; Sil. It. 3.126-7; 10.553-4; Val. Flacc. Argo. 5.244; Vell. Patercul. II 131,1; Virg. Aen. 12.176
−
| [Cato, De Agricultura 141] ILS 5047; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.4; Pliny NH 25.16; 34.141; Suetonius, Vita Divi Augusti, 1
+
| Cato, [[De Agricultura 141]] ILS 5047; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.4; Pliny NH 25.16; 34.141; Suetonius, Vita Divi Augusti, 1
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Mercury
+
| [[Mercurius]]
 
| Celestial, Chtonic, and Underworld
 
| Celestial, Chtonic, and Underworld
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| incense, wine, beans and greens, cypress, crocus; herb mercury, mercurialis annua
 
| incense, wine, beans and greens, cypress, crocus; herb mercury, mercurialis annua
 
| -
 
| -
Line 199: Line 209:
 
| Pliny NH 25.18; Ovid Fasti 5.11-14; 5.87-88; 5.507-11; 5.671-72  
 
| Pliny NH 25.18; Ovid Fasti 5.11-14; 5.87-88; 5.507-11; 5.671-72  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Minerva
+
| [[Minerva]]
 
| Celestial
 
| Celestial
−
| Ritus Romanus  
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| silver, olive, mixture of dogbur, plantain, and yarrow; Chiron vine; rosemary  
 
| silver, olive, mixture of dogbur, plantain, and yarrow; Chiron vine; rosemary  
 
| white cow, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and bull),  
 
| white cow, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and bull),  
−
| Prayers: Acta Frat. Arv. p. 122 (Herzen); Apul. Met. XI 5; Capell. VI 575; Cic. Domo 144-5; Livy 6.16.1; Ovid Fasti 6.652; Nux 11; Scrip. Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7; Seneca Herc. Fur. 900; Sil. It. Pun. 10.432-8; Statius Theb. II 715-42;Virg. Aen. 9.483, 11.483; CIL 6.2065; 11.1305
+
| Prayers: Acta Frat. Arv. p. 122 (Herzen); Apul. Met. XI 5; Capell. VI 575; Cic. Domo 144-5; Livy 6.16.1; Ovid Fasti 6.652; Nux 11; Scrip. Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7; Seneca Herc. Fur. 900; Sil. It. Pun. 10.432-8; Statius Theb. II 715-42;Virg. Aen. 9.483, 11.483; {{CIL|VI|2065}}; 11.1305
−
| CIL 6.2065; 2099; Livy 22.1; Pliny NH 12.3; 24.59; 24.116; 25.16   
+
| {{CIL|VI|2065}}; 2099; Livy 22.1; Pliny NH 12.3; 24.59; 24.116; 25.16   
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
| Neptunus
+
| [[Neptunus]]
 
| Watery
 
| Watery
−
| Ritus Romanus
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 
| incense, wine, beans and greens
 
| incense, wine, beans and greens
 
| bull dressed with blue ribbons  
 
| bull dressed with blue ribbons  
Line 215: Line 225:
 
| Macrobius, Saturnalia 3.10.4; Ovid Fasti 3.10.4; 5.507-9; 5.511; 5.515-16; Valerius Flaccus Argo. 1.188 ff
 
| Macrobius, Saturnalia 3.10.4; Ovid Fasti 3.10.4; 5.507-9; 5.511; 5.515-16; Valerius Flaccus Argo. 1.188 ff
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
 
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"  
−
|  
+
| [[Numen Augusti]]
−
|  
+
| Celestial
−
|
+
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
−
|
+
| incense, wine
−
|
+
| bull-calf
−
|
+
| -
−
|
+
| {{CIL|XII|4333}}; ILS 154
−
 
+
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 +
| [[Penates]] (ensemble of domestic gods)
 +
| Domestic
 +
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 +
| incense, wine, cakes, food, etc.
 +
| ewe-lamb (see below on the Lares Familiares), cow
 +
| The Penates were the set of gods worshiped in a household
 +
| Cicero, De Divinatione II.39; {{CIL|VI|2042}}; Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.23; Festus-Paul, Lindsay ed. p.298
 +
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 +
| [[Priapus]]
 +
| Domestic/Fertility
 +
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 +
| milk, cakes (liba)
 +
| -
 +
| Prayers: Anthol. Lat. II 861; II 1504; Catul. 18; Nemes. Ecl. II 20; Petr. Satyr. 133; Tib. I 1.17; I.4.1-6; Virg. Eclog. 7.33
 +
| Vergilius, Eclogae, 7.33-34
 +
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 +
| [[Proserpina]]
 +
| Underworld
 +
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 +
| ?
 +
| black victims
 +
| Prayers:  Apul. Met. VI 2; XI 2; XI 5; Tib. III 5,6; Livy 24.38.8; Senec. Herc. Fur. 596; Lucan. Phar. VI 695; Statius Theb. I 85-7; IV 473-87; IV 501-3
 +
| Valerius Maximus, 2.4.5
 +
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 +
| [[Robigo]]
 +
| Chthonic
 +
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 +
| incense, wine
 +
| red (?) dog, ewe, unweaned puppy
 +
| Prayers: Ovid Fast. 4.911
 +
| Columella, De Re Rustica, 342 seq; Festus-Paul, Lindsay ed., p.358.27-30
 +
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 +
| [[Salus]]
 +
| Celestial
 +
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 +
| ?
 +
| cow
 +
| Prayer: Acta Frat. Arv. 122; 123 (Henz)
 +
| {{CIL|VI|2065}}
 +
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 +
| [[Saturnus]]
 +
| Chtonic
 +
| [[Ritus Graecus]]
 +
| ?
 +
| pig?
 +
| Prayer: Anthol. Lat. I.199,9; Mart. Epigr. XII 62,1; Plaut. Bacch. 892; Cist. 512;
 +
| Festus-Paul, Lindsay ed., p.274.29-32
 +
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 +
| [[Tellus]]
 +
| Chtonic
 +
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 +
| spelt cakes
 +
| sow (sometimes pregnant), pregnant cow
 +
| Prayers: Anthol. Lat. I17.1; II 1029.5; II.1048.1; Ant. Mus. Praec. Ter.; Macro. Sat. III 9, 10; Ovid Fasti 1.669; Statius Theb. VIII 303-38; Varro Rust. I 2,27; CIL VI 32 323 vs 136 (=ILS 5050)
 +
| Ovid, Fasti, 1.657-704; 4.629-636
 +
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 +
| [[Venus]]
 +
| Celestial
 +
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 +
| Incense, mint, myrtle, pearl
 +
| -
 +
| Prayers: Apul. Met. XI 2; XI 5; Cic. Deor.Nat. 2.67.27; Hort. Carm. 1.3.1, 1.30.1; Juv. Sat. 10.290; Lucr. Rerum Nat. I 1-9; Nemes. Ecl. II 20; Plaut  Bacch. 892; Mil. Glor. 1227; Rud. 1337; Curc. 125; Rodens 694ff; Tib. 1.2.41 ff; 3.3,33; 3.9.4
 +
| Ovid Fasti 4.867-69; Pliny NH 12.3; 15.119-20); 9.121
 +
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 +
| [[Vesta]]
 +
| Domestic
 +
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 +
| incense,  wine, meat, violets, laurel
 +
| sheep, white ass
 +
| Prayers: Acta Frat. Arv. p. 123, p.147 (Herz.); Cic. Deor. Nat. 2.67.27; Domo 144; Juv. Sat. 6.386; Ovid Fast. 3.426; 6.429; Ser. Ad Aen. 1.292; Val. Max. 8.1.5(absol); Vel. Pat. 2.131.1
 +
| [[Cato, De Agricultura, 132]] ILS 5047; Ovidius, Fasti, 3.141-42; 3.418; 6.325-48; 6.629-30
 +
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 +
| [[Victoria]]
 +
| Celestial
 +
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 +
| incense
 +
| cow
 +
| Prayer: Acta Frat. Arv. p. 123 (Herz.); Auson XIX 2,1; Ovid Amor. III 2,46; Scrip. Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7
 +
| Ambrosius, Epistles 18.31; Feriale Duranum
 +
|-style="text-align:left; font-size:8pt;"
 +
| [[Volcanus]]
 +
| Fiery (destructive)
 +
| [[Ritus Romanus]]
 +
| -
 +
| fish, red (?) animals
 +
| Prayer: Martial Epigr. 5.7.5; Grattius Cyneg. 437-42
 +
| Grattius Cyneg 437-42; Ovid Fasti 6.627-36; Festus-Paul, , Lindsay ed., p.276.3; Varro, LL 6.20
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
[[Category:Roman religion]]

Latest revision as of 09:38, 13 May 2010

Deity Character Rite Known inanimate offerings Known living offerings Comments Sources
Apollo Celestial Ritus Graecus wheat, incense, crown of laurel, cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley, crowns of laurel; calendula; wine bull; ox with gilded horns; white goats Prayers: Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.43; Claud. Olyb. 71-2; Hor. Carm. 1.2.30; Livy 5.21.2; Mart. 9.42; Ovid Rem. Amor. 75; 704; Petron. PLM 94; Satyr. fr. 31Plaut. Merc. 678; Seneca Herc. Fur. 592; 900; Statius Theb. I 643-5; I 694-6; I 716-20; IV 649-51; VI 296-300; VII 779-88; VIII 90-94; Tib. 2.5.1ff; 3.10; 4.4.1; Val Flacc. Argo. 1.5; 5.17; 5.244; Virg. Aen. 3.85; 6.55; 10.875; 11.785; 12.197 Varro LL 7.17;.CIL 6.32323 Lines 141-46
  • Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.4
  • {{{2}}}: VI 32323 (EN DE)
  • Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 25.12, 27, 23.5; 23.11;
  • Plinius HN 12.3; 15.134
Carna Domestic Ritus Romanus beans mixed with hot spelt, bacon - - Ovid, Fasti, 6.169-170
Ceres Chtonic Ritus Romanus (a part of the cult celebrated on the Aventine Hill corresponded to the Mysteries of Eleusis and was considered Graeca Sacra and thus not included in the Roman public cult) spelt cakes, incense, salt, bread, first samplings of ears of wheat, oak leaves, wine, honeycombs mixed with milk, crown of wheat (corona spicea), crown of oak, poppies, violets, hyacinths sow (sometimes pregnant); sheep; piglets Fasting and nine days of abstinence was required of participants in the sacrificium annuae sacrae

Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 2; XI 2; XI 5; Cic. In Verr. II 5.184; IV 72.187-8; Horat. Serm. II 2,124; Livy 24.38.8; Ovid Amor. 3.10.2; Fasti 1.669-704; 4.401-8; Ibis 419-20; Petr. Satyr. 122, 156; Seneca Herc. Fur. 299; Serv. Ad Geor. 1.21; Tib. 1.1.15-16; 2.1.3-4; Virg. Georg. 1.7-12; 1.338

Cato, De Agricultura 134; Fest. s. v. praesentanea porca; s. v. sacrima; Gellius NA 4.6.8; Hor. Carm. Saec. 29-30; Livius, 10.23; 36.37.4-5; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.11.10; Ovidius, Amor. 3.10; Fasti, 1.657-704; 2.519-20; 2.539; 4.393-416; 4.547-48; Metamorphoses, 10.431-36; Pliny NH 1.191; 18.2.8; Tibullus, Elegies,1.1.11-18; Varro Rust. 2.4.9-10; Varro in Non. Marc. 163; Virgilius, Aeneid 4.56-59; Georgics, 1.212; 1.338-350
Diana Celestial Ritus Romanus (although at the Ludi Saeculares she was honoured - like any other deity - Graeco Ritu) cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley hind, white she-goat?, cow Prayers: Apul. Met. XI 2; Catul 34.21-2; Cic. In Verr. II 5.184; Horat. Carm. 1.21.1; 3.22.2; Epist. 5.5; Carm. Saec. 13; Laevius fr. 26; Livius Andronicus fr. Equos Troianos; Ovid Fasti 2.449; 3.255-56; Met. 5.618-20; Sil. It. Pun. 9.168-72; 13.137; Statius Theb. IV 746-64; VI 633-37; 9.606-35; 10.360-70; Tertul de Anim. 39; Tibullus 4.4.1 ff; 4.6.1 ff; Val. Cato Lyd. 41-4; Virg. Aen. IX 404; XI 483; XI 557; XII 197; {{{2}}}: III 8298 (EN DE); {{{2}}}: VI 32323 (EN DE) Lines 141-46; {{{2}}}: X 3796 (EN DE)
  • Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 1.45
  • Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, 25.12, 27, 23.5
  • Ovidius, Fasti, 1.387-388
  • {{{2}}}: VI 32323 (EN DE)
  • Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium, 7.3.1
Dis, Dis Pater Underworld Ritus Romanus  ? black sheep and other black victims Prayers: Audolent p.197 no.139, p. 292 no. 218; Ennius Androm; Festus (s.v. lapidem silicem); Macro. Sat. III 9,10; Sil. It. Pun. 8.140-2; Statius Theb. I 56-9; IV 473-87 Valerius Maximus, Factorum et Dictorum Memorabilium, 2.4.5] [Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.9.10-12
Diva Celestial Ritus Romanus  ? cow Probably the same as Iuno {{{2}}}: VI 32349 (EN DE)
Divus Celestial Ritus Romanus  ? ox, sheep Probably the same as Iuppiter ILS 5047; Feriale Duranum
Genius Augusti Celestial Ritus Romanus incense, wine bull, bull-calf - {{{2}}}: VI 32352 (EN DE); Horatius, Odes, 4.5.30 seq. Petronius, Satiricon, 60.7
Genius or Iuno (personal) - Ritus Romanus incense, wine, cakes of boiled salted wheat (liba) two-month old piglet (on the Saturnalia) Blood sacrifice was explicitly not recommended on one's birthday Horatius, Odes, 3.17.14-16; Ovidius, Tristia, 5.5.12; Persius, Satires, 2.1-3; Plinius, Naturalis Historia, 18.84; Tibullus, Elegies, 2.6.8; 4.6.14; Varro in Censorinus, De Die Natali, 2.2
Genius Loci/Lar Domestic/Chtonic Ritus Romanus fruits of the Earth (namely first samplings), wine, garlands of flowers pig, heifer, ewe-lamb Inanimate offerings should be dropped/poured to the ground or natural altar in libation Cato, De Agricultura 139 - 140; Apuleius, Apologia, 56.5-6; Florides, 1.3-4; Tibullus, Elegies, 1.1.19-24
Hercules Domestic Ritus Graecus aconite, henbane, herb Robert. Opopanax, poplar, water lilies - Prayers: Apul. Met. IX 21; {{{2}}}: I 1290 (EN DE); Hor. Serm. 2.6.14; Sat. 6.10.3; Pers. Sat. 2.8; Plaut. Curc. 358; Bacch.892; Prop. 4.9.71-4; Sil. It. Pun. 1.505-7; Virg. Aen. 8.301-2; Apul. Met. IX 21; {{{2}}}: I 1290 (EN DE); Hor. Serm. 2.6.14; Sat. 6.10.3; Pers. Sat. 2.8; Plaut. Curc. 358; Bacch.892; Pliny NH 12.3; 25.12; 25.15; 25.17; 25.37; 27.4; Prop. 4.9.71-4; Sil. It. Pun. 1.505-7; Virg. Aen. 8.301-2;
Ianus Domestic (doors, passages) / Celestial (beginings and ends) Ritus Romanus incense, wine, cakes (strues) ram Prayers: Acta Frat. Arv. {{{2}}}: VI 2107 (EN DE) vs. 2-13 = ILS 5048; {{{2}}}: VI 2099 (EN DE); Auson. III 5; Cato Agr. 134, 141; Cic. Nat. Deor. 2.67.27; Fest. s.v. Chaos; Horat. Epist. I 16; Sat. 2.6.20; Livy 1.32.10; 8.9.6; Macrob. Sat. 1.9.9, 1.16.25; Martial Epigr. 8.2.8, 8.8.1; 10.28.1; 10.28.12, Ovid Fast. 1.65; 1.172; 1.287 Plaut. Cist. 512; Serv. Ad Aen. 7.610; Varro LL 7.26. Virg. Aen. 12.197 [Cato, De Agricultura 141] [Cato, De Agricultura 134] Cic. Nat. Deor. 2.67.27; Fest. s.v. Chaos; Horat. Epist. I 16; Sat. 2.6.20; ILS 5047; Livy 1.32.10; 8.9.6; Macrob. Sat. 1.9.9, 1.16.25; Martial Epigr. 8.2.8, 8.8.1; 10.28.1; 10.28.12, Ovid Fast. 1.65; 1.172; 1.287; 1.317-24; Plaut. Cist. 512; Serv. Ad Aen. 7.610; Varro, De Lingua Latina, 6.12; 726; Virg. Aen. 12.197
Ilithyia (Juno Lucina) Domestic Ritus Graecus (at least at the Ludi Saeculares) cakes of cheese, cakes of honey, cakes of parsley - Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 4; Horat. Carm. Saec. 14
Iuno Celestial Ritus Romanus incense, wine; silver; wild fig; cypress tree; blue flag iris bull, ram, white cow, sheep, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and bull) Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 4; XI 5 (Sospita); Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.10; Catul. 34.13; Cic. Domo 144-5; In Verr. II 5.184, Nat. Deor. 2.27.68; Livy 5.21.3; 6.16.1; 8.5; 38.51; Macro. Sat. 3.16.27; Ovid Fasti 3.255; Tib. 3.12.4; Petr. Satyr. 25;Plaut. Aulul. 692; Scr Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7; Serv. Ad Aen. 1.8; Sil. It. Pun. 2.531-42; 6.466-72; 7.78-85; 10.432-8; Terent. Adelph. 486; Andria 473; Tertul. De Anim. C. 39; Tib. 4.6.7; Val. Flac. Argo. 1.79; Varro LL 6.27Virg. Aen 4.607; 12.176; CIL VI 32323 (Acta Sacr. Saec) vs 117; VI 32329 vs 10; {{{2}}}: VI 2065 (EN DE); {{{2}}}: VI 32323 (EN DE) Lines 121-22, 125-27; {{{2}}}: VI 32329 (EN DE) Cato, De Agricultura 134 {{{2}}}: VI 2043 (EN DE); {{{2}}}: VI 2099 (EN DE); Feriale Duranum ILS 5047; Livy 22.1; Varro LL 6.18
Iuppiter Celestial Ritus Romanus incense, wine (namely first samplings), cakes (fertum), meat, spelt cake (far), fruits; beans and greens; cinnabar; fluorspar; holm oak; beech tree; laurel, vervain white heifer, white ox, ewe-lamb, whether, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and ox), bull?, ram? According to the ancients books, only castrated victims should be offered to Iuppiter.

Prayers: Accius Aen. Sive Dec. fr. 4; Cato Orig. 1 fr 12; Agr. 132, 134; Cic. Domo 144-5; Catul. 64.171; 66.30; 66.48; 67.2; 70.2; Horat. Epist. 1.18.10; Sat. 2.3.281; 2.3.288; Juv. Sat. 10.185; Liv Andro. Odis. 1.45; Livy 1.10.6; 1.12.4; 1.18.8; 1.24.7-9; 1.32.6; 6.16.1; 8.6.5; 8.9.6; 22.53.10; Macrob. Sat. 3.9.10; Mart. 7.6; Ovid Fasti 3.365; 4.827; 4.893; 5.716; Heroid. 13.49; Pers. Sat. 3.35; 10.185; Petron. Sat. 44; 122, 156; 126; 498; Plaut. Poen. 1187; Persa 251; Persa 753; Prop. 2.28a.1-2; 4.10.15; 4.11.18; Scr Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7; Seneca Herc. Fur. 205; 299; 516; 900; 930; Sil. It. Pun. 3.565-7; 4.126-7; 6.102-7; 6.466-72; 10.432-8; 12.643-5; 14.440-1; 15.362-3; Statius Theb. III 471-96; VI 197-201; Tacit. Ann. 16.35; Hist. 4.58; Tib. 1.3.51; Val. Flac. Argo. 1.667; 4.474; 6.727; Val Sor. fr 4 (Aug. Hip. C. Dei 7.9); Vel. Pat. 2.131.1; Virg. Aen. 1.731; 2.689; 4.206; 5.687; 8.572; 9.495; 9.625; 10.668; 12.176; 12.197; CIL VI 32 323 vs 105; III 01933 (=ILS 4907); CIL 2.172; 3.1933; 5.5543; 6.2065; 6.32323 Lines 105-6.

[Cato, De Agricultura 141] [Cato, De Agricultura 134] {{{2}}}: VI 2065 (EN DE); CIL 6.2099; Festus-Paul, On the meaning of the words, Lindsay ed., p.40.27 and 57.16-18; ILS 5047; Livius 22.10; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.3 Ovidius, Fasti, 1.55-57; 1.83 seq.; 2.67-70; 3.730; 4.863-900; 5.507-23; Plinius, NH 12.3; 15.13433.111; 37.18; Servius, ad Virg. Eclog., 8.82; Varro LL 5.152; 6.16
Lares Augusti Domestic Ritus Romanus same as Lares Familiares same as Lares Familiares, wether - ILS 5047
Lares Compitales/Viales Chtonic Ritus Romanus  ? pig shining with grease Prayer: Plaut. Merc. 865 Propertius, Elegies, 4.1.23
Lar Familiaris / Lares Familiares Domestic Ritus Romanus incense, wine, food (namely fruits and roasted meat with mola salsa), garlands of flowers ewe-lamb, pig, ram (funeral) Flowers are to adorn the Lararium and not to be burnt

Prayers: Calp. Bucol. 5,26; Cato Agr. 2.142; Ennius Ann. I fr. 141; Liv. 8.9.6; Plaut. Mil. Glor. 1339; Merc. 834; Trinum. 39; Tib. 1.1; 1.3.; 1.10; Val. Max. 2.5.5; 3.4.5.

Horatius, Satires, 2.5.14; Odes, 3.23.4; Ovidius, Fasti, 2.631-634; Plautus, Aulularia; Plinius, NH 21.11; 28.27; Servius, Aeneidos, 1.730; Tibullus, Elegies, 1.1.23; 1.3.33 seq; Valerius Maximus, 2.5.5; Varro in Nonius Marcellus, De Compendiosa Doctrina, Lindsay ed. p.554 1-2; Virgilius, Bucolics, 1.43
Liber Pater Chtonic Ritus Romanus (the Bachannalia are considered Graeca Sacra, i.e. a foreign rite not included in the Roman public cult) cakes (liba), libations of must (namely first samplings)  ? Prayer: Cic. In Verr. II 5.184; Horat. Carm. 1.12.13; 2.19.7; Nemes. Ecl. II 20; Ovid Fasti 3.481; 6.652; Nux 11; Plaut. Curc. 117; Prop. 3.17.1-20; Statius Theb. IV 383-404; Tib. 2.1.3; 3.6.1; Virg. Geo. 1.5; Aen. 1.731 Festus-Paul, Lindsay ed., p.423.1 seq; Ovid, Fasti, 3.713-740; Plinius, HN 18.8
Manes Underworld Ritus Romanus unmixed wine, fresh milk, blood of sacrificial victims, roses, violets, black beans, salted corn, wheat mixed with wine ewe, pig, black bull-calves, black sheep, black puppies, blood of sacrificial animals Use left hand to offer. Inanimate offerings are dropped/poured to the ground in libation without burning. Banquet can take place in the presence of the deceased.

Prayers: CIL 6.18817Macrob. Sat. III 9.10; Ovid 5.437-43; Sil. It. Pun. 6.113; 8.140-2; 15.443-4; Statius Theb. IV 473-87; VII 93-103

Ovidius, Fasti, 2.535-540; 4.436; Plinius, HN 21.11; Statius Thebaid 4.463-7; Valerius Flaccus Argo. 5.192 ff Virgilius, Aeneid 5.55-103
Mania / Mater Larum (mother of the Lares) Underworld Ritus Romanus garlic, poppy heads sheep Prayer : Ovid Fasti 6.559 ILS 5047 Macrobius, Saturnalia, 1.7.35 seq.
Mars Celestial Ritus Romanus spelt, bacon fat, meat, wine, cakes (strues and fertum); peony; iron goblets suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and bull), bull, ram Entrails were offered raw rather than boiled.

Prayers: Acta Frat. Arv. p. 123 (Herzen); Carmen Fratrum Arvalium; Cato Agr. 141; Claud. Ruf. 1.334-9; Gell. Noct. Att. 13.23.13; Horat. Carm. 1.5.35; Livy 8.9.6, 45.32.2; Lucan Phar. II 59; Ovid Fast. 3.1; 3.73; 4.827; 5.573;Serv. Ad Aen. 3.3; Sil. It. 3.126-7; 10.553-4; Val. Flacc. Argo. 5.244; Vell. Patercul. II 131,1; Virg. Aen. 12.176

Cato, De Agricultura 141 ILS 5047; Macrobius, Saturnalia, 3.10.4; Pliny NH 25.16; 34.141; Suetonius, Vita Divi Augusti, 1
Mercurius Celestial, Chtonic, and Underworld Ritus Romanus incense, wine, beans and greens, cypress, crocus; herb mercury, mercurialis annua - Prayers: Hort. Sat. 2.6.14; Serm. II 6,4; Man. Astrom. 1.30ff; Mart. Epigr. 7.74; Ovid Fast. 5.477; 5.663; 5.681; Pers. Sat. II 45; Plaut. Bacch. 892; Stich. 402; Anthol. Lat. II 1528 Pliny NH 25.18; Ovid Fasti 5.11-14; 5.87-88; 5.507-11; 5.671-72
Minerva Celestial Ritus Romanus silver, olive, mixture of dogbur, plantain, and yarrow; Chiron vine; rosemary white cow, suovetaurilia (sheep, pig and bull), Prayers: Acta Frat. Arv. p. 122 (Herzen); Apul. Met. XI 5; Capell. VI 575; Cic. Domo 144-5; Livy 6.16.1; Ovid Fasti 6.652; Nux 11; Scrip. Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7; Seneca Herc. Fur. 900; Sil. It. Pun. 10.432-8; Statius Theb. II 715-42;Virg. Aen. 9.483, 11.483; {{{2}}}: VI 2065 (EN DE); 11.1305 {{{2}}}: VI 2065 (EN DE); 2099; Livy 22.1; Pliny NH 12.3; 24.59; 24.116; 25.16
Neptunus Watery Ritus Romanus incense, wine, beans and greens bull dressed with blue ribbons Prayers: Acta Frat. Arv. p. 123 (Herzen); Arnob. Adv. Nat. 3.43; Hor. Carm. 1.5; Petr. Satyr. 108; Plaut. Most. 431; Rud. 358; Stich. 403; Trinum. 819ff; Rodens 906; Stich. 403; Sil. It. Pun. 15.159-62; Val. Flac. Argo. 1.188; 1.667; Verg. Aen. 3.52.8, 5.235 Macrobius, Saturnalia 3.10.4; Ovid Fasti 3.10.4; 5.507-9; 5.511; 5.515-16; Valerius Flaccus Argo. 1.188 ff
Numen Augusti Celestial Ritus Romanus incense, wine bull-calf - {{{2}}}: XII 4333 (EN DE); ILS 154
Penates (ensemble of domestic gods) Domestic Ritus Romanus incense, wine, cakes, food, etc. ewe-lamb (see below on the Lares Familiares), cow The Penates were the set of gods worshiped in a household Cicero, De Divinatione II.39; {{{2}}}: VI 2042 (EN DE); Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.23; Festus-Paul, Lindsay ed. p.298
Priapus Domestic/Fertility Ritus Romanus milk, cakes (liba) - Prayers: Anthol. Lat. II 861; II 1504; Catul. 18; Nemes. Ecl. II 20; Petr. Satyr. 133; Tib. I 1.17; I.4.1-6; Virg. Eclog. 7.33 Vergilius, Eclogae, 7.33-34
Proserpina Underworld Ritus Romanus  ? black victims Prayers: Apul. Met. VI 2; XI 2; XI 5; Tib. III 5,6; Livy 24.38.8; Senec. Herc. Fur. 596; Lucan. Phar. VI 695; Statius Theb. I 85-7; IV 473-87; IV 501-3 Valerius Maximus, 2.4.5
Robigo Chthonic Ritus Romanus incense, wine red (?) dog, ewe, unweaned puppy Prayers: Ovid Fast. 4.911 Columella, De Re Rustica, 342 seq; Festus-Paul, Lindsay ed., p.358.27-30
Salus Celestial Ritus Romanus  ? cow Prayer: Acta Frat. Arv. 122; 123 (Henz) {{{2}}}: VI 2065 (EN DE)
Saturnus Chtonic Ritus Graecus  ? pig? Prayer: Anthol. Lat. I.199,9; Mart. Epigr. XII 62,1; Plaut. Bacch. 892; Cist. 512; Festus-Paul, Lindsay ed., p.274.29-32
Tellus Chtonic Ritus Romanus spelt cakes sow (sometimes pregnant), pregnant cow Prayers: Anthol. Lat. I17.1; II 1029.5; II.1048.1; Ant. Mus. Praec. Ter.; Macro. Sat. III 9, 10; Ovid Fasti 1.669; Statius Theb. VIII 303-38; Varro Rust. I 2,27; CIL VI 32 323 vs 136 (=ILS 5050) Ovid, Fasti, 1.657-704; 4.629-636
Venus Celestial Ritus Romanus Incense, mint, myrtle, pearl - Prayers: Apul. Met. XI 2; XI 5; Cic. Deor.Nat. 2.67.27; Hort. Carm. 1.3.1, 1.30.1; Juv. Sat. 10.290; Lucr. Rerum Nat. I 1-9; Nemes. Ecl. II 20; Plaut Bacch. 892; Mil. Glor. 1227; Rud. 1337; Curc. 125; Rodens 694ff; Tib. 1.2.41 ff; 3.3,33; 3.9.4 Ovid Fasti 4.867-69; Pliny NH 12.3; 15.119-20); 9.121
Vesta Domestic Ritus Romanus incense, wine, meat, violets, laurel sheep, white ass Prayers: Acta Frat. Arv. p. 123, p.147 (Herz.); Cic. Deor. Nat. 2.67.27; Domo 144; Juv. Sat. 6.386; Ovid Fast. 3.426; 6.429; Ser. Ad Aen. 1.292; Val. Max. 8.1.5(absol); Vel. Pat. 2.131.1 Cato, De Agricultura, 132 ILS 5047; Ovidius, Fasti, 3.141-42; 3.418; 6.325-48; 6.629-30
Victoria Celestial Ritus Romanus incense cow Prayer: Acta Frat. Arv. p. 123 (Herz.); Auson XIX 2,1; Ovid Amor. III 2,46; Scrip. Hist. Aug. Vit. Prob. 12.7 Ambrosius, Epistles 18.31; Feriale Duranum
Volcanus Fiery (destructive) Ritus Romanus - fish, red (?) animals Prayer: Martial Epigr. 5.7.5; Grattius Cyneg. 437-42 Grattius Cyneg 437-42; Ovid Fasti 6.627-36; Festus-Paul, , Lindsay ed., p.276.3; Varro, LL 6.20
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