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This article is about Gens in the ancient world. For Gens in Nova Roma, see Gens (Nova Roma).

Introduction

A gens is a group of families sharing a common nomen: for example, P. Cornelius Scipio, L. Cornelius Sulla, and P. Cornelius Dolabella were all Cornelii, or members of the gens Cornelia.

Early social organization in central Italy was centered around the gens, (clan), an "aristocratic lineage or group of lineages and some of their lesser followers and dependents"^[1]. Inscriptions from the 7th century BCE show names consisting by that date of praenomen (identifies the individual) and nomen (identifies the gens)^[1].

Membership of a gens is hereditary: a Roman child is in the gens of his or her father. Some ancient gentes claimed that all their members were descended from a common ancestor, but this was perhaps never true; in any case it was not true by the middle of the ancient republic.

Nonetheless, in ancient times many noble gentes maintained close internal ties of kinship and support, and members of the same gens were often political allies. Many gentes also had shared religious traditions (sacra gentilicia), and it was socially unacceptable for members of the same gens to marry.

For more on selecting a Roman name in Nova Roma, visit Choosing a Roman name.

Gentes of ancient Rome

The following is a list of the more common gentes see in Roman history. This list is not exhaustive.

Aelia

Plebeian, of which the family-names and surnames are CATUS, GALLUS, (GRACILIS, LAMIA, LIGUR, PAETUS, STAIENUS, STILO, TUBERO. On coins this gens is also written Ailia, but Ailia seems to be a distinct gens. The only family-names and surnames of the Aelia gens upon coins are Bala, Lamia, Paetus, and Sejanus. Of Bala nothing is known. Sejanus is the name of the favorite of Tiberius, who was adopted by one of the Aelii. [SEJANUS, AELIUS.] The first member of this gens, who obtained the consulship, was P. Aelius Paetus in B. C. 337. Under the empire the Aelian name became still more celebrated. It was the name of the emperor Hadrian, and consequently of the Antonines, whom he adopted. It is doubtful to which family P. Aelius belonged who was one of the first plebeian quaestors, B. C. 409. (Liv. 4.54.)^[2]

Albia

No persons of this gens obtained any offices in the state till the first century B. C. They all bore the cognomen CARRINAS. ^[3]

Ambrosia

The name Ambrosius is derived from the Greek name Αμβροσιος (Ambrosios) meaning "immortal." It was a common Roman cognomen. St. Ambrose, Archbishop of Milan (c340-397) was born at Trier, where his father Aurelius Ambrosius was Praefectus of Gallia Narbonensis.

As a nomen, Ambrosius is documented in the Late Empire. Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius was a Roman grammarian and Neoplatonic philosopher who flourished during the reigns of Honorius and Arcadius (395-423). As usual for this period, his praenomen is not known. He tells us that that Latin was to him a foreign tongue, but no evidence about his origin survives. He is variously thought to have been Greek or African. He might have been the Macrobius who was mentioned in the Codex Theodosianus as a praetorian prefect of Spain in 399-400, proconsul of Africa in 410, and lord chamberlain in 422. His Saturnalia is a dialogue in seven books. It is chiefly a literary evaluation of Vergil. Macrobius also wrote a commentary on Cicero's Dream of Scipio, which was popular in the Middle Ages and influenced Chaucer. Macrobius was among the first to hold the idea of a spherical earth.

Ambrosius Aurelianus (fl. 440), called the "Last of the Romans", led the Romans in Britain following the withdrawal of the legions in 410. He gave his name to Amesbury in Wiltshire. According to Gildas, Ambrosius was "courageous, faithful, valiant and true; a man of Roman birth who had alone survived the conflict, his parents, who had worn the purple, having perished in the struggle; his descendants, greatly degenerated in these days from the excellence of their grandfather, still provoke their conquerors [the Saxons] to battle, and by the grace of God their prayers for victory are heard."^[4]According to Bede, Ambrosius came to power in 479.^[5]Fragments of his life were preserved in the Historia Britonum.^[6]In Geoffrey of Monmouth's pseudo-history, he is incorrectly called Aurelius Ambrosius and said, controversially, to have been a son of Constantine III, who was elected Emperor of Britannia, Gaul and Hispania in the reign of [Honorius].^[7]Ambrosius' history became entangled with, and obscured by, the legend of King Arthur, his supposed nephew.

Ambrosia in Nova Roma

Gens Ambrosia was one of the original gentes of Nova Roma. Its early members were patrician. When its founder Lucian Ambrosius Neptunius left Nova Roma in April 2751 a.u.c., Merlinia Ambrosia Artoria became the materfamilias. Its members have previously shared an interest in Roman Britannia.

Antonia

Both patrician and plebeian. The patrician Antonii bear the cognomen Merenda [MERENDA]; the plebeian Antonii bear no surname under the republic, with the exception of Q. Antonius, propraetor in Sardinia in the time of Sulla, who is called Balbus upon coins. (Eckhel, v. p. 140.) The plebeian Antonii are given under ANTONIUS. Antonius, the triumvir, pretended that his gens was descended from Anton, a son of Hercules. (Plut. Ant. 4, 36, 60.) We are told that he harnessed lions to his chariot to commemorate his descent from this hero (Plin. Nat. 8.16. s. 21; comp. Cic. Att. 10.13); and many of his coins bear a lion for the same reason. (Eckhel, vi. pp. 38, 44.).^[8]

Arria

An attested gens we see through the recorded accounts of Q. Arrius, a son of the preceding, was an unsuccessful candidate for the consulship, B. C. 59. (Cic. Att. 2.5, 7.) He was an intimate friend of Cicero (in Vatin. 12, pro Mil. 17); but Cicero during his exile complains bitterly of the conduct of Arrius. (Ad Qu. fr. 1.3.).^[9]

Coruncania

A attested gens known by the records of a distinguished Roman pontiff and jurist, was descended from a father and a grandfather of the same name, but none of his ancestors had ever obtained the honours of the Roman magistracy. According to a speech of the emperor Claudius in Tacitus, the Coruncanii came from Camerium (Ann. 11.24); but Cicero makes the jurist a townsman of Tusculum (pro Planc. 8). Notwithstanding his provincial extraction, this novus homo was promoted to all the highest offices at Rome. (Vell. 2.128.) In B. C. 280, he was consul with P. Valerius Laevinus, and while his colleague was engaged in the commencement of the war against Pyrrhus, the province of Etruria fell to Coruncanius, who was successful in quelling the remains of disaffection, and entirely defeated the Vulsinienses and Vulcientes. For these victories he was honoured with a triumph early in the following year. After subduig Etruria, he returned towards Rome to aid Laevinus in checking the advance of Pyrrhus. (Appian, Samn. 10.3.) In B. C. 270, he seems to have been censor with C. Claudius Canina. Modern writers appear to be ignorant of any ancient historical account of this censorship. In l'Art de vérifier les Dates, i. p. 605, Coruncanius is inferred to have been censor in the 34th lustrum, from the expressions of Velleius Paterculus (2.128), and a Claudius is wanting to complete the seven censors in that family mentioned by Suetonius. (Tiber. 1.) Seneca (de Vit. Beat. 21) says, that Cato of Utica was wont to praise the age of M'. Curius and Coruncanius, when it was a censorian crime to possess a few thin plates of silver. Niebuhr (iii. p. 555) speaks of this censorship as missing; but, though it is not mentioned by the epitomizer of Livy, we suspect that there is some classical auand thority extant concerning it, known to less modern scholars, for Panciroli (de Clar. Interp. p. 21) says, that Coruncanius was censor with C. Claudius; and Val. Forsterus (Historia Juris, fol. 41, b.) states, that in his censorship the population ineluded in the census amounted to 277,222. About B. C. 254, Coruncanius was created pontifex maximus, and was the first plebeian who ever filled that office (Liv. Epist. xviii.), although, before that time, his brother jurist, P. Sempronius Sophus, and other plebeians, had been pontifices. (Liv. 10.9.) In B. C. 246, he was appointed dictator for the purpose of holding the comitia, in order to prevent the necessity of recalling either of the consuls from Sicily; and he must have died shortly afterwards, at a very advanced age (Cic. de Senect. 6), for, in Liv. Epit. xix., Caecilius Metellus is named as pontifex maximus.

Coruncanius was a remarkable man. He lived on terms of strict friendship with M'. Curius and other eminent statesmen of his day. He was a Roman sage (Sapiens), a character more practical than that of a Grecian philosopher, but he was sufficiently versed in the learning of the times. That philosophy which placed the highest good in pleasure he rejected, and, with M'. Curius, wished that the enemies of Rome, Pyrrhus and the Samnites, could be taught to believe its precepts. He was a manly orator; his advice and opinion were respected in war as well as in peace, and he had great influence in the senate as well as in the public assembly. (Cic. de Orat. 3.33.) Cicero, who often sounds his praises, speaks of him as one of those extraordinary persons whose greatness was owing to a special Providence. (De Nat. Deor. 2.66.) To the highest acquirements of a politician he united profound knowledge of pontifical and civil law. Pomponius (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 2.38) says, that he left behind no writings, but that he gave many cral opinions, which were handed down to remembrance by legal tradition. Cicero says, that the Pontificum Commentarii afforded proof of his surpassing abilities (Brut. 14); and, in the treatise de Legibus (2.21), he cites one of his memorabilia. Another of his legal fragments is preserved by Pliny. (H. N. 8.51. s. 77.) It might be supposed from a passage in Seneca (Ep. 114), that writings of Coruncanius were extant in his time, for he there ridicules the affectation of orators, who, thinking Gracchus and Crassus and Curio too modern, went back to the language of the 12 Tables, of Appius, and of Coruncanius.

There is a passage relating to Coruncanius in Pomponius (Dig. 1. tit. 2. s. 8.35). which has given occasion to much controversy. He says that Coruncanius was the first who publicly professed law, since, before his time, jurists endeavoured to conceal the jus civile, and gave their time, not to students, but to those who wanted their advice. The statement as to the early concealment of the law has been supposed to be fabulous (Puchta, Institutionen, i. p. 301); but here it is proper to distinguish between the rules applicable to ordinary dealings on the one hand, and the technical regulations of the calendar, of procedure and of religious rites, on the other. Schrader(in Hugo's Civil. Mag. v. p. 187) assumes that it was usual for jurists before Coruncanius to admit patrician students--those at least who were destined for the college of pontiffs--to learn law by being present at their consultations with their clients. He further thinks that Coruncanius did not profess to give any systematic or peculiar instruction in the theory of law, and certainly there are passages which prove that such theoretic instruction was not common in the time of Cicero. (Cic. Brut. 89, de Amic. 1, de Leg. 1.4, de Off. 2.13.) Schrader therefore comes to the conclusion, that Coruncanius first publicly professed law only in this sense, that he was the first to allow plebeians and patricians indiscriminately to learn law by attending his consultations. This interpretation, though it is ingenious, and has found favour with Hugo (R. R. G. p. 460) and Zimmern (R. R. G. 1.53), appears to us to be very strained, and we think Pomponius must have meant to convey, whether rightly or wrongly, first, that before Coruncanius, it was not usual for jurists to take pupils; and, secondly, that the pupils of Coruncanius were not left to gain knowledge merely by seeing business transacted and hearing or reading the opinions given by their master to those who consulted him, but that they received special instruction in the general doctrines of law.

The two Coruncanii who were sent B. C. 228 as ambassadors front Rome to Teuta, queen of Illyricum, to complain of the maritime depredations of her subjects, and one of whom at least was put to death by her orders, were probably the sons of the jurist. (Appian, de Rebus Illyr. 7; Plb. 2.8; Plin.H. N. 34.6.) By Polybius they are called Caius and Lucius; by Pliny, P. Junius and Tiberius.

Titus for Tiberius, and Coruncanus for Coruncanius, are ordinary corruptions of the jurist's name.

(Rutilius, Vitae JCtorum, 100.5; Heineccius, Hist. Jur. Civ. § 118; Schweppe, R. R. G. § 127; L. A. Würffel, Epist. de Ti. Coruincanio, Hal. 1740.).^[10]

Curiatia

The existence of a patrician gens of this name is attested by Livy (1.30, comp. Dionys. A. R. 3.30), who expressly mentions the Curiatii among the noble Alban gentes, which, after the destruction of Alba, were transplanted to Rome, and there received among the Patres. This opinion is not contradicted by the fact that in B. C. 401 and 138 we meet with Curiatii who were tribunes of the people and consequently plebeians, for this phenomenon may be accounted for here, as in other cases, by the supposition that the plebeian Curiatii were the descendants of freedmen of the patrician Curiatii, or that some members of the patrician gens had gone over to the plebeians. The Alban origin of the Curiatii is also stated in the story about the three Curiatii who in the reign of Tullus Hostilius fought with the three Roman brothers, the Horatii, and were conquered by the cunning and bravery of one of the Horatii, though some writers described the Curiatii as Romans and the Horatii as Albans. (Liv. 1.24, &c.; Dionys. A. R. 3.11, &c.; Plut. Parall. Gr. et. Rom. 16; Flor. 1.3; Aurel. Vict. de Vir. Ill. 4; Zonar. 7.6; Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, i. p. 348; comp. HORATIUS.) No members of the patrician Curiatia gens, so far as our records go, rose to any eminence at Rome, and there are but few whose names have come down to us. The only cognomen of the gens in the times of the republic is FISTUS. For the plebeians who are mentioned without a cognomen, see CURIATIUS.^[11]

Curiatia in Nova Roma

The gens Curiatia was founded in Nova Roma by Marcus Curiatius Complutensis, first called Marcus Adrianus Complutensis.

Hortensia

A plebeian gens; for we have an Hortensius as tribunus plebis [HORTENSIUS, No. 1], and there is no evidence of any patrician families of this name. Cicero, indeed, gives the epithet of nobilis to the orator (pro Quinct. 22; cf. Plut. Cat. Ma. 25; Plin. Nat. 9, 80); but this is sufficiently accounted for by the high curule offices that had been held by several of his ancestors. The name seems to have been derived from the gardening propensities of the first person who lore it; and the surname Hortalus, borne by the great orator's son [Nos. 8 and 10], seems, as Drumann observes, to have been a kind of nickname of the orator himself. (Cic. Att. 2.25, 4.15.).^[12]

Labiena

The name of a Roman family, which does not occur in history till the last century of the republic. Most modern writers say that Labienus was a cognomen of the Atia gens, but there is no authority for this in any ancient author. The name was first assigned to this gens by P. Manutius, but apparently on conjecture ; and although Spanheim (De Praest. et Usu Numism. vol. ii. pp. 11, 12) pointed out that there was no authority for this, the error has been continued down to the present day, as, for instance, in Orelli's Onomasticon Tullianum.^[13]

Modia

Modia a Roman name, which rarely occurs. Varro (de Re Rust. 2.7) speaks of a Q. Modius Equiculus, and Cicero (Cic. Ver. 2.48) of a M. Modius. Juvenal (3.130) also mentions a rich Ronum matron of the name of Modia.^[14]

Mucia

Mucia was a very ancient patrician house, ascending to the earliest aera of the republic (Dionys. A. R. 5.25; Liv. 2.12). It existed in later times, however, only as a plebeian house. Its only cognomens are CORDUS and SCAEVOLA, under which are given all persons of the name of Mucius.^[15]

Petronia

A plebeian; laid claim to high antiquity, since a Petronius Sabinus is said to have lived in the reign of Tarquinius Superbus. [PETRONIUS, No. 1.] The coins struck by Petronius Turpilianus, who was one of the triumvirs of the mint in the reign of Augustus, likewise contain reference to the real or supposed Sabine origin of the gens. [TURPILIANUS.] But during the time of the republic scarcely any one of this name is mentioned. Under the empire, however, the name frequently occurs both in writers and in inscriptions with various cognomens; many of the Petronii obtained the consular dignity, and one of them, Petronius Maximus, was eventually raised to the imperial purple in A. D. 455.^[16]

Pompeia

A plebeian; is not mentioned till the second century before the Christian aera: the first member of it who obtained the consulship, Q. Pompeius, in B. C. 14, is described as a man of a humble and obscure origin (Cic. Ver. 5.70, pro Muren. 7, Brut. 25). It is expressly stated that there were two or three distinct families of the Pompeii under the republic (Vell. 2.21); and we can trace two, one of which was broutght into celebrity by Q. Pompeilus, the consul of B. C. 14], and the other is still better known as that to which the triumvir belonged. In the former family we find the surname of Rufus ; in the latter, the father of the triumvir was distinguiished by the personal cognomen of Strabo, and the triumvir himself gained that of Magnus, which he handed down to his children as an hereditary surname. Beside these cognomens we have on coins Faustulus as a a surname of a Sex. Pompeius, who is otherwise unknown, and Pius as a surname of Sextts, the son of Cn. Pompeius Magnus, to designate him as the avenger of his father and brother. (Eckhel, vol. v. p. 280, &c.) But as all the members of these families are usually spoken of under their gentile name, and not under their cognomens, they are given below under POMPEIUS. In addition to the cognomens already mentioned, we find many others, borne for the most part by freedmen or provincials, who had received the Roman franchise from the Pompeii^[17]

Pontia

A plebeian, was originally Samnite. It never attained much eminence at Rome during the republic, but under the empire some of its members were raised to the consulship. During the republican period AQUILA is the only cognomen borne by the Roman Pontii; but in the imperial times we find various surnames, where the Samnite Pontii are also mentioned.^[18]

Rutilia

A plebeian gens. No persons of this name are mentioned till the second century before the Christian aera; for instead of Sp. Rutilius Crassus, who occurs in many editions of Livy (4.47) as one of the tribunes of the plebs in B. C. 417, we ought undoubtedly to read Sp. Veturius Crassus. (See Alschefski, ad Liv. l.c.) The first member of the gens who obtained the consulship was P. Rutilius Lupus, who perished during his consulship, B. C. 90, in the Social war. Under the republic the Rutilii appear with the cognomens CALVUS, LUPUS, and RUFUS; but in the imperial period we find several other surnames, of which a list is given below. The persons of this name who are mentioned without a cognomen are spoken of under RUTILIUS, under which head the Rutilii with the cognomens of Calvus and Rufus are also given. The only coins of this gens extant bear on them the cognomen FLACCUS, which does not occur in writers. [FLACCUS, p. 157a.]^[19]

Scribonia

A plebeian gens, is first mentioned at the time of the second Punic war, but the first member of it who obtained the consulship was C. Scribonius Curio in B. C. 76. The principal families in the gens are those of CURIO and LIBO ; and besides these we meet with one or two other surnames in the imperial period, which are given below. On coins Libo is the only cognomen which is found.^[20]

Sicinia

Sicinia patrician and plebeian. The only patrician member of the gens was T. Sicinius Sabinus, who was consul B. C. 487. [SABINUS, p. 691a.] All the other Sicinii mentioned in history were plebeians; and although none of them obtained the consulship, they gained great celebrity by their advocacy of the rights of the plebeians in the struggles between the two orders. There are a few coins of this gens; one example of which, on the obverse is a female head, with "FORT. P. R." i. e. Fortune Populi Romani, and on the reverse a caduceus and a palm branch, with " Q. SICINIVS IIIVIR." This Q. Sicinius is not mentioned by any ancient writer. (Eckhel. vol. v. p. 313.)^[21]

Suetonia

One of the most famous of the Suetonia gens is that of C. Suetonius Tranquillus. The little that is known of Suetonius is derived from his "Lives of the Caesars" and the letters of his friend, the younger Plinius. The chief work of Suetonius is his "Lives of the Caesars" which, as it appears, were sometimes distributed in eight books, as they are in some manuscripts.^[22]

Terentia

A plebeian gens. The name was said by Varro to be derived from the Sabine word terenus, which signified " soft" (Macr. 2.9.) The Terentii are mentioned as early as B. C. 462, for the C. Terentillus Arsa, who was tribune of the plebs in that year (Liv. 3.9), must have belonged to the gens; and indeed he is called C. Terentius by Dionysius (10.1). The first member of the gens who obtained the consulship was C. Terentius Varro, who commanded at the fatal battle of Cannae in B. C. 216; and persons of the name continue to be mentioned under the early emperors. The principal surnames of the Terentii during the republic are CULLEO, LUCANUS, and VARRO: there are a few others of less importance.^[23]

Vipsania

An attested gens we see through the recorded accounts of Vipsania Agrippina. he daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa by his first wife Pomponia, the daughter of T. Pomponius Atticus, the friend of Cicero. [POMPONIUS, No. 3.] Augustus gave her in marriage to his step-son Tiberius, by whom she was much beloved; but after she had borne him a son, Drusus, and at a time when she was pregnant, Tiberius was compelled to divorce her by the command of the emperor, in order to marry Julia, the daughter of the latter. Vipsania afterwards married Asinius Gallus, whom Tiberius always disliked in consequence, more especially as Gallus asserted that he had previously carried on an adulterous intercourse with Vipsania, and that Drusus was his son. Vipsania died a natural death in A. D. 20. (D. C. 54.31, 57.2; Suet. Tib. 7; Tac. Ann. 1.12, 3.19.).^[24]

Vitellia

In the time of Suetonius it was disputed whether the origin of the Vitellii was ancient and noble, or recent and obscure, and even mean. The adulators of the emperor Vitellius and his enemies were the partizans of the two several opinions. The name of the Vitellii at least was ancient, and they were said to derive their descent from Faunus, king of the Aborigines, and Vitellia, as the name is in the text of Suetonius. (Vitell. c. l.) The family, according to tradition, went from the country of the Sabini to Rome, and was received among the Patricians. As evidence of the existence of this family (stirps), a Via Vitellia, extending from the Janiculum to the sea, is mentioned, and a Roman colonia of the same name, Vitellia, in the country of the Aequi. (Liv. 5.29, 2.39.) The name of the Vitellii occurs among the Romans who conspired to restore the last Tarquinius, and the sister of the Vitellii was the wife of the consul Brutus. (Liv. 2.4.) Cassius Severus and others assigned the meanest origin to the Vitellii : the founder of the stock, according to them, was a freedman. Suetonius leaves the question undecided.^[25]

• History of Gens Vitellia ~ From the ancient History Sourcebook
  

• Publius Vitellius, Knight ~ Suetonius, Lives of the 12 Caesars
  

• Aulus Vitellius ~ Suetonius, Lives of the 12 Caesars
  

Vitellia in Nova Roma

In modern times the most common praenomina have been Lucius, Marcus, Quintus, Sextus, Tiberia, and Titus by citizenship.

• Civis ID# 8446 ~ Lucius Vitellius Triarius
• Civis ID# 8649 ~ Sextus Vitellius Scaurus
• Civis ID# 8831 ~ Quintus Vitellius Arcarius
• Civis ID# 8900 ~ Titus Vitellius Avitus
• Civis ID# 8963 ~ Quintus Vitellius Maius
• Civis ID# 9115 ~ Titus Vitellius Iustus
• Civis ID# 9147 ~ Marcus Vitellius Pulcher
• Civis ID# 9232 ~ Lucius Vitellius Severus
• Civis ID# 12415 ~ Aulus Vitellius Celsus
• Civis ID# 12997 ~ Decimus Vitellius Regulus

References

1. ↑ ^1.1 1.2 Boatwright, M., Gargola, D., Talbert, R. (2004), "The Romans From Village to Empire", Oxford University Press
2. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D6%3Aentry%3Daelia-gens-bio-1
3. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. In the article on Soranus, we find: "at this present time (1848)" and this date seems to reflect the dates of works cited. 1873 - probably the printing date.
4. ↑ Gildas, De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, circa 540
5. ↑ Bede, Chronica Majora, 725
6. ↑ Nennius, Historia Britonum, circa 833
7. ↑ Geoffrey of Monmouth, Historia Regum Britanniae, circa 1136.
8. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D29%3Aentry%3Dantonia-gens-bio-1
9. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DA%3Aentry+group%3D45%3Aentry%3Darrius-bio-2
10. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DC%3Aentry+group%3D34%3Aentry%3Dti-coruncanius-bio-1
11. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DC%3Aentry+group%3D39%3Aentry%3Dcuriatia-gens-bio-1
12. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DH%3Aentry+group%3D16%3Aentry%3Dhortensia-gens-1
13. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DL%3Aentry+group%3D1%3Aentry%3Dlabienus-bio-1
14. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D28%3Aentry%3Dmodius-bio-1
15. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street.https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DM%3Aentry+group%3D30%3Aentry%3Dmucia-gens-bio-1
16. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D16%3Aentry%3Dpetronia-gens-bio-1
17. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D38%3Aentry%3Dpompeia-gens-bio-1
18. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D40%3Aentry%3Dpontia-gens-bio-1
19. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DR%3Aentry+group%3D8%3Aentry%3Drutilia-gens-bio-1
20. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Dscribonia-gens-bio-1
21. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street.https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D16%3Aentry%3Dsicinia-gens-bio-1
22. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DS%3Aentry+group%3D28%3Aentry%3Dc-suetonius-tranquillus-bio-1
23. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DT%3Aentry+group%3D4%3Aentry%3Dterentia-gens-bio-1
24. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DU%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Dvipsania-agrippina-bio-1
25. ↑ William Smith. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. London. John Murray: printed by Spottiswoode and Co., New-Street Square and Parliament Street. https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DU%3Aentry+group%3D9%3Aentry%3Dvitellii-bio-1