Roman dates

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==General Information==
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{{LanguageBar|Roman dates}}{{Calendar articles}}
  
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Roman dates are given by using references to three sacred days which fall at roughly the same time each month.  These days are the Kalends, the Nones, and the Ides.  These will be returned to again, shortly.
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==Years==
  
−
Dates are given by counting, inclusively, backwards from the next reference day, putting this number, ordinally, in the accusative case, after the words "ante diem," excepting one case, which is the day before the referenced day, in which case rather than the number and "ante diem," the word "pridie" is used instead.  Usually, instead of writing each word out, the words "ante diem" are abbreviated to "a.d.," "pridie" is abbreviated to "pr.," and the number is just given as a numeral.  Following this, the referenced sacred day and month is placed in the feminine accusative plural.
+
Years were given in one of two ways: either with reference to the year's consuls, or with reference to the year of the founding of the City.
 +
 
 +
===Consular dating===
 +
 
 +
When using Consular dating the names of both consuls were given in the [[ablative]] case, followed by the word "''consulibus'' (''cos.'')."  So, 63 BCE would be ''"M. Tullio Cicerone C. Antonio Hibrida consulibus"'' ("M. Tullius Cicero and C. Antonius Hibrida being the consules").  Also, it was not uncommon to shorten this to ''"M. Tullio C. Antonio cos."'' or even ''"Cicerone Hibridaque cos."''
 +
 
 +
'''N.B.''' The consular date is not the '''name''' of the year but a '''description''' of the year, meaning "X and Y being consules" or "while X and Y were consules". So one does not say "the conspiracy of Catilina was thwarted '''in''' ''M. Tullio C. Antonio cos.''" but simply "the conspiracy of Catilina was thwarted ''M. Tullio C. Antonio cos.''"
 +
 
 +
===Dating from the founding of the city===
 +
 
 +
When using reference to the founding of the City (i.e., [[Rome]]), the accepted date is 753 BCE, which would make the year 2001, for instance, "2754." This number is given, followed by the words "''anno Urbis conditae''" or "''ab Urbe condita''" ("in the year of the founding of the City" or "from the City being Founded"), both abbreviated "''a.u.c.''"
 +
 
 +
==Months==
 +
 
 +
<div style="float:right; margin-left:0.5em"><!-- THIS IS THE TABLE OF MONTHS -->
 +
{| style="border:medium groove #800000" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 +
|- style="background-color:#cfcfcf"
 +
! |English
 +
! |''Gregorian Latin''<br/>'''''pre-Julian Latin'''''
 +
! |Accusative<br/>plural
 +
! |Ablative<br/>plural
 +
|- style="background-color:#ffffff"
 +
|'''January'''
 +
|''Ianuarius''
 +
|''Ianuarias''
 +
|''Ianuariis''
 +
|- style="background-color:#ffffaa"
 +
|'''February'''
 +
|''Februarius''
 +
|''Februarias''
 +
|''Februariis''
 +
|- style="background-color:#ffffff"
 +
|'''March'''
 +
|''Martius''
 +
|''Martias''
 +
|''Martiis''
 +
|- style="background-color:#ffffaa"
 +
|'''April'''
 +
|''Aprilis''
 +
|''Apriles''
 +
|''Aprilibus''
 +
|- style="background-color:#ffffff"
 +
|'''May'''
 +
|''Maius''
 +
|''Maias''
 +
|''Maiis''
 +
|- style="background-color:#ffffaa"
 +
|'''June'''
 +
|''Iunius''
 +
|''Iunias''
 +
|''Iuniis''
 +
|- style="background-color:#ffffff"
 +
|'''July'''
 +
|''Iulius''<br/>''Quin[c]tilis''
 +
|''Iulias<br/> Quin[c]tiles''
 +
|''Iuliis<br/>Quin[c]tilibus''
 +
|- style="background-color:#ffffaa"
 +
|'''August'''
 +
|''Augustus''<br/>''Sextilis''
 +
|''Augustas<br/>Sextiles''
 +
|''Augustis<br/>Sextilibus''
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|- style="background-color:#ffffff"
 +
|'''September'''
 +
|''September''
 +
|''Septembres''
 +
|''Septembribus''
 +
|- style="background-color:#ffffaa"
 +
|'''October'''
 +
|''October''
 +
|''Octobres''
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|''Octobribus''
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|- style="background-color:#ffffff"
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|'''November'''
 +
|''November''
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|''Novembres''
 +
|''Novembribus''
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|- style="background-color:#ffffaa"
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|'''December'''
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|''December''
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|''Decembres''
 +
|''Decembribus''
 +
|}
 +
</div><!-- THIS IS THE END OF THE TABLE OF MONTHS -->
 +
 
 +
The pre-Julian Latin name and forms are only given when in disagreement with the Gregorian equivalents.
 +
 
 +
==Days==
  
 
===Kalends, Nones, and Ides===
 
===Kalends, Nones, and Ides===
  
−
The Kalends ("Kalendae", in Latin; abbr. "Kal.") always fall on the first day of the month.  The Nones (Nonae, "Non.") fall mostly on the 5th, but on the 7th in March, May, July, and October).  The Ides (Idus, "Id.") fall mostly on the 13th, but on the 15th in those months just referenced.
+
Roman dates were given by using references to three sacred days which fall at roughly the same time each month.  These days are the ''[[Kalends]]'', the ''[[Nones]]'', and the ''[[Ides]]''.
  
−
Therefore, to reference the 29th of January, for instance, the date would be "ante diem quartum Kalendas Februarias (a.d. IV Kal. Feb.)," literally translated to "the fourth day before the February Kalends (usually reckoned as "Kalends of 'month'"). Similarly, the 14th of March: "pridie Idus Martias (pr. Id. Mar.)," i.e., "the day before the March Ides."
+
The Kalends (''"Kalendae"'', in Latin; abbr. ''"Kal."'') always fall on the first day of the month.  The Nones (''Nonae, "Non."'') fall mostly on the 5th, but on the 7th in March, May, July, and October. The Ides (''Idus, "Id."'') fall mostly on the 13th, but on the 15th in those months just mentioned.
  
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But, there is an exception.  When the date to be give in one of these three sacred days (Kalends, Nones, Ides), the date is given as strictly the day and month, both in the feminine ablative plural.  Therefore, "Kalendis Aprilibus," "Nonis Septembribus," "Idibus Maiis."
+
When the date to be given is one of these three sacred days (''Kalends'', ''Nones'', ''Ides''), the date is given as the day and month, both in the feminine ablative plural.  Therefore, ''"Kalendis Aprilibus," "Nonis Septembribus," "Idibus Maiis."''
  
−
===Years===
+
===Other days===
  
−
Years are given in one of two ways: either with reference to the year's consuls, or with reference to the year of the founding of the City.  When using the former reference, the names of both consuls are given in the ablative case, followed by the word "consulibus (cos.)."  So, 63 BCE would be "M. Tullio Cicerone et C. Antonio Hibrida consulibus." Also, it was not uncommon to shorten this simply to the cognomina of the two consuls, so the previous would be "Cicerone et Hibrida cos." When using reference to the founding of the City (i.e., Rome), the accepted date is 753 BCE, which would make the year 2001, for instance, "2754." This number is given, followed by the words "anno Urbis conditae" or "ab Urbe condita" ("in the year of the founding of the City" or "from the City being Founded"), both abbreviated "a.u.c."
+
Dates were given by counting, '''in'''clusively, backwards from the next reference day, putting this number, ordinally, in the [[accusative|accusative case]], after the words ''"ante diem,"'' excepting one case, which is the day before the referenced day, in which case rather than the number and ''"ante diem,"'' the word ''"pridie"'' was used instead.  Usually, instead of writing each word out, the words ''"ante diem"'' were abbreviated to ''"a.d.," "pridie"'' is abbreviated to ''"pr.,"'' and the number was just given as a numeral. Following this, the referenced sacred day and month was placed in the feminine accusative plural.
  
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==Month Forms==
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To refer to the 29th of January, for instance, the date would be ''"ante diem quartum Kalendas Februarias (a.d. IV Kal. Feb.),"'' literally translated to "the fourth day before the February Kalends (usually reckoned as "Kalends of 'month'").  Similarly, the 14th of March: "''pridie Idus Martias (pr. Id. Mar.),"'' i.e., "the day before the March Ides."
 +
 
 +
==Leap Year==
  
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The table below gives the needed forms for giving Roman dates.  The pre-Julian Latin name and forms are only given when in disagreement with the Gregorian equivalents.
 
  
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{| border=1
 
−
|Month ('''English''', ''Gregorian Latin'', '''''pre-Julian Latin''''')
 
−
|Plural Forms (Accusative, Ablative)
 
−
|Month ('''English''', ''Gregorian Latin'', '''''pre-Julian Latin''''')
 
−
|Plural Forms (Accusative, Ablative)
 
−
|Month ('''English''', ''Gregorian Latin'', '''''pre-Julian Latin''''')
 
−
|Plural Forms (Accusative, Ablative)
 
−
|----
 
−
|'''January''', ''Ianuarius''
 
−
|Ianuarias, Ianuariis
 
−
|'''May''', ''Maius''
 
−
|Maias, Maiis
 
−
|'''September''', ''September''
 
−
|Septembres, Septembribus
 
−
|----
 
−
|'''February''', ''Februarius''
 
−
|Februarias, Februariis
 
−
|'''June''', ''Iunius''
 
−
|Iunias, Iuniis
 
−
|'''October''', ''October''
 
−
|Octobres, Octobribus
 
−
|----
 
−
|'''March''', ''Martius''
 
−
|Martias, Martiis
 
−
|'''July''', ''Iulius'', '''''Quin[c]tilis'''''
 
−
|Iulias, Iuliis; Quin[c]tiles, Quin[c]tilibus
 
−
|'''November''', ''November''
 
−
|Novembres, Novembribus
 
−
|----
 
−
|'''April''', ''Aprilis''
 
−
|Apriles, Aprilibus
 
−
|'''August''', ''Augustus'', '''''Sextilis'''''
 
−
|Augustas, Augustis; Sextiles, Sextilibus
 
−
|'''December''', ''December''
 
−
|Decembres, Decembribus
 
−
|}
 
  
 
==Table of Dates==
 
==Table of Dates==
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{| style="border:medium groove #800000" cellpadding="5"
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 +
{| style="border:medium groove #800000" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
 
|- style="background-color:#cfcfcf"
 
|- style="background-color:#cfcfcf"
 
!  
 
!  
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! 24
 
! 24
 
| a.d. IX Kal.
 
| a.d. IX Kal.
−
| colspan="2"| a.d. VI Kal.
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| a.d. VI kal
 +
| a.d. bis VI Kal.
 
| a.d. IX Kal.
 
| a.d. IX Kal.
 
| a.d. VIII Kal.
 
| a.d. VIII Kal.
Line 217: Line 270:
 
| a.d. VIII Kal.
 
| a.d. VIII Kal.
 
| a.d. V Kal.
 
| a.d. V Kal.
−
| a.d. bis VI Kal.
+
| a.d. VI Kal.
 
| a.d. VIII Kal.
 
| a.d. VIII Kal.
 
| a.d. VII Kal.
 
| a.d. VII Kal.
Line 237: Line 290:
 
! 28
 
! 28
 
| a.d. V Kal.
 
| a.d. V Kal.
−
| pridie Kalendis
+
| pridie Kalendas
 
| a.d. III Kal.
 
| a.d. III Kal.
 
| a.d. V Kal.
 
| a.d. V Kal.
Line 245: Line 298:
 
| a.d. IV Kal.
 
| a.d. IV Kal.
 
| (-)
 
| (-)
−
| pridie Kalendis
+
| pridie Kalendas
 
| a.d. IV Kal.
 
| a.d. IV Kal.
 
| a.d. III Kal.
 
| a.d. III Kal.
Line 254: Line 307:
 
| (-)
 
| (-)
 
| a.d. III Kal.
 
| a.d. III Kal.
−
| pridie Kalendis
+
| pridie Kalendas
 
|- align="center"
 
|- align="center"
 
! 31
 
! 31
−
| pridie Kalendis
+
| pridie Kalendas
 
| (-)
 
| (-)
 
| (-)
 
| (-)
−
| pridie Kalendis
+
| pridie Kalendas
 
| (-)
 
| (-)
 
|}
 
|}
  
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==Vide==
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 +
==References==
 +
<references/>
 +
 
 +
==See also==
  
 
*[[Roman calendar]]
 
*[[Roman calendar]]
 
*[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|Consular Years]]
 
*[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|Consular Years]]
 +
[[Category:Via Romana]]

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Roman calendar

Introduction
Roman dates
Kalends - Nones - Ides
Nundinae - Feriae

·Nova Roma·
Fasti Novi Romani
Calendar for the current year
Dies atri - Market days

Annals of Nova Roma
Current events


Contents

Years

Years were given in one of two ways: either with reference to the year's consuls, or with reference to the year of the founding of the City.

Consular dating

When using Consular dating the names of both consuls were given in the ablative case, followed by the word "consulibus (cos.)." So, 63 BCE would be "M. Tullio Cicerone C. Antonio Hibrida consulibus" ("M. Tullius Cicero and C. Antonius Hibrida being the consules"). Also, it was not uncommon to shorten this to "M. Tullio C. Antonio cos." or even "Cicerone Hibridaque cos."

N.B. The consular date is not the name of the year but a description of the year, meaning "X and Y being consules" or "while X and Y were consules". So one does not say "the conspiracy of Catilina was thwarted in M. Tullio C. Antonio cos." but simply "the conspiracy of Catilina was thwarted M. Tullio C. Antonio cos."

Dating from the founding of the city

When using reference to the founding of the City (i.e., Rome), the accepted date is 753 BCE, which would make the year 2001, for instance, "2754." This number is given, followed by the words "anno Urbis conditae" or "ab Urbe condita" ("in the year of the founding of the City" or "from the City being Founded"), both abbreviated "a.u.c."

Months

English Gregorian Latin
pre-Julian Latin 		Accusative
plural 		Ablative
plural
January Ianuarius Ianuarias Ianuariis
February Februarius Februarias Februariis
March Martius Martias Martiis
April Aprilis Apriles Aprilibus
May Maius Maias Maiis
June Iunius Iunias Iuniis
July Iulius
Quin[c]tilis 		Iulias
Quin[c]tiles 		Iuliis
Quin[c]tilibus
August Augustus
Sextilis 		Augustas
Sextiles 		Augustis
Sextilibus
September September Septembres Septembribus
October October Octobres Octobribus
November November Novembres Novembribus
December December Decembres Decembribus

The pre-Julian Latin name and forms are only given when in disagreement with the Gregorian equivalents.

Days

Kalends, Nones, and Ides

Roman dates were given by using references to three sacred days which fall at roughly the same time each month. These days are the Kalends, the Nones, and the Ides.

The Kalends ("Kalendae", in Latin; abbr. "Kal.") always fall on the first day of the month. The Nones (Nonae, "Non.") fall mostly on the 5th, but on the 7th in March, May, July, and October. The Ides (Idus, "Id.") fall mostly on the 13th, but on the 15th in those months just mentioned.

When the date to be given is one of these three sacred days (Kalends, Nones, Ides), the date is given as the day and month, both in the feminine ablative plural. Therefore, "Kalendis Aprilibus," "Nonis Septembribus," "Idibus Maiis."

Other days

Dates were given by counting, inclusively, backwards from the next reference day, putting this number, ordinally, in the accusative case, after the words "ante diem," excepting one case, which is the day before the referenced day, in which case rather than the number and "ante diem," the word "pridie" was used instead. Usually, instead of writing each word out, the words "ante diem" were abbreviated to "a.d.," "pridie" is abbreviated to "pr.," and the number was just given as a numeral. Following this, the referenced sacred day and month was placed in the feminine accusative plural.

To refer to the 29th of January, for instance, the date would be "ante diem quartum Kalendas Februarias (a.d. IV Kal. Feb.)," literally translated to "the fourth day before the February Kalends (usually reckoned as "Kalends of 'month'"). Similarly, the 14th of March: "pridie Idus Martias (pr. Id. Mar.)," i.e., "the day before the March Ides."

Leap Year

Table of Dates

Ianuarius
Sextilis
December 		Februarius Februarius
(leap year) 		Martius
Maius
Quintilis
October 		Aprilis
Iunius
September
November
1 Kalendis Kalendis Kalendis Kalendis
2 a.d. IV Non. a.d. IV Non. a.d. VI Non. a.d. IV Non.
3 a.d. III Non. a.d. III Non. a.d. V Non. a.d. III Non.
4 pridie Nonas pridie Nonas a.d. IV Non. pridie Nonas
5 Nonis Nonis a.d. III Non. Nonis
6 a.d. VIII Id. a.d. VIII Id. Pridie Nonas a.d. VIII Id.
7 a.d. VII Id. a.d. VII Id. Nonis a.d. VII Id.
8 a.d. VI Id. a.d. VI Id. a.d. VIII Id. a.d. VI Id.
9 a.d. V Id. a.d. V Id. a.d. VII Id. a.d. V Id.
10 a.d. IV Id. a.d. IV Id. a.d. VI Id. a.d. IV Id.
11 a.d. III Id. a.d. III Id. a.d. V Id. a.d. III Id.
12 pridie Idus pridie Idus a.d. IV Id. pridie Idus
13 Idibus Idibus a.d. III Id. Idibus
14 a.d. XIX Kal. a.d. XVI Kal. pridie Idus a.d. XVIII Kal.
15 a.d. XVIII Kal. a.d. XV Kal. Idibus a.d. XVII Kal.
16 a.d. XVII Kal. a.d. XIV Kal. a.d. XVII Kal. a.d. XVI Kal.
17 a.d. XVI Kal. a.d. XIII Kal. a.d. XVI Kal. a.d. XV Kal.
18 a.d. XV Kal. a.d. XII Kal. a.d. XV Kal. a.d. XIV Kal.
19 a.d. XIV Kal. a.d. XI Kal. a.d. XIV Kal. a.d. XIII Kal.
20 a.d. XIII Kal. a.d. X Kal. a.d. XIII Kal. a.d. XII Kal.
21 a.d. XII Kal. a.d. IX Kal. a.d. XII Kal. a.d. XI Kal.
22 a.d. XI Kal. a.d. VIII Kal. a.d. XI Kal. a.d. X Kal.
23 a.d. X Kal. a.d. VII Kal. a.d. X Kal. a.d. IX Kal.
24 a.d. IX Kal. a.d. VI kal a.d. bis VI Kal. a.d. IX Kal. a.d. VIII Kal.
25 a.d. VIII Kal. a.d. V Kal. a.d. VI Kal. a.d. VIII Kal. a.d. VII Kal.
26 a.d. VII Kal. a.d. IV Kal. a.d. V Kal. a.d. VII Kal. a.d. VI Kal.
27 a.d. VI Kal. a.d. III Kal. a.d. IV Kal. a.d. VI Kal. a.d. V Kal.
28 a.d. V Kal. pridie Kalendas a.d. III Kal. a.d. V Kal. a.d. IV Kal.
29 a.d. IV Kal. (-) pridie Kalendas a.d. IV Kal. a.d. III Kal.
30 a.d. III Kal. (-) (-) a.d. III Kal. pridie Kalendas
31 pridie Kalendas (-) (-) pridie Kalendas (-)


References


    See also

    Retrieved from "http://novaroma.org/nr/Roman_dates"
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