Choosing a Roman name
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The system of Roman names was unique and distinctive in the ancient world. A foreigner becoming a Roman citizen took a new Roman name as a mark of citizenship. In Nova Roma, too, we ask that you choose a Roman name when you become a citizen.
The name you choose is the name you will be known by in Nova Roma, so choose carefully and seriously. These pages, and other articles on our website, contain information to help you. If, after reading this, you have any more questions, please contact the Censores.
Contents |
Tria nomina
Typical Roman names of the late Republic had three parts (the "tria nomina"). Example: Gaius Iulius Caesar where:
- Gaius is a praenomen ("given name", plural praenomina),
- Iulius is a nomen ("gens or clan name", plural nomina), and
- Caesar is a cognomen ("family name within a gens", plural cognomina).
Some names had no cognomen, but in other cases a second cognomen, (called an agnomen), was added. Female names could follow similar conventions, with a few differences. Additional elements such as tribal affiliation and "filiation" (parentage), were also sometimes used.
Read more about names in ancient Rome.
Praenomen
A praenomen, the first part of a Roman name, is a personal name which distinguishes an individual from other members of the same family. The praenomen is not normally used on its own: normally only close relatives or very close friends call each other by their praenomen.
Read more about praenomina in ancient Rome.
There are only a small number of praenomina in ordinary use. These are used by the vast majority of Novi Romani, as they were by the vast majority of ancient Romans. There are also some rarer praenomina, most of them very old ones. If you have some good reason to want a rare praenomen, you may be allowed to have one, but such requests are very rarely granted and must be personally authorized by the Censor. We strongly recommend that you choose one of the standard ones.
When choosing a Roman name you are advised to try to find out whether any particular traditions are followed within the gens you wish to join. This can be done, for example, by contacting existing members and by looking at information about gentes on this website.
List of Standard Praenomina
These are the standard praenomina, from most common to least common.
List of Standard Praenomina
These are the standard praenomina,
from most common to least common.
Abbreviation | Male Form |
Female Form |
C. | Gaius | Gaia |
L. | Lucius | Lucia |
M. | Marcus | Marca |
P. | Publius | Publia |
Q. | Quintus | Quinta |
T. | Titus | Tita |
Ti. | Tiberius | Tiberia |
Sex. | Sextus | Sexta |
A. | Aulus | Aula |
D. | Decimus | Decima |
Cn. | Gnaeus | Gnaea |
Sp. | Spurius | Spuria |
M'. | Manius | Mania |
Ser. | Servius | Servia |
Ap. | Appius | Appia |
N. | Numerius | Numeria |
Nomen
A nomen gentilicium indicates which gens a Roman belongs to. A gens is a loose collection of families sharing the same nomen. It is the middle part of the tria nomina, i.e., the three-part Roman name.
Read more about nomina in ancient Rome.
In ancient times a new citizen would almost always join an existing gens, and similarly in Nova Roma we ask you to choose a nomen from a closed list. Some ancient Roman nomina which are not listed here may also be acceptable. If you want to use a nomen which is not on this list, the Censores will consider your request (please read about Unhistorical or Unattested Gentes).
To see the members of a gens, or other details of a gens, see the Album Gentium.
Cognomen
A cognomen is a family name which would be shared by a group of blood relatives within the same gens. Cognomina often, but not always, referred to a person's appearance or other characteristics. It was also common to have a cognomen referring to a place of birth, a job, or some other thing which distinguished the person (usually an ancestor) who first bore that cognomen.
Read more about cognomina in ancient Rome.
Almost everyone has a cognomen, and it is difficult to distinguish different families within a gens unless cognomina are used. However, strictly speaking, cognomina are not compulsory. If you don't choose one when you first apply for citizenship, you will still be able to add one later.
It is important to understand that a cognomen is not a way for you to express your innermost thoughts or aspirations, or to boast about your wonderful qualities. It is just a name.
To help you choose a cognomen, there is a list of ancient Roman cognomina below. But this is not a complete list - the Romans often created new cognomina, and if you want to have one which is not on the list we will be happy to discuss this with you. A cognomen used in the ancient republic will normally be acceptable so long as it complies with the general characteristics noted above.
Names referring to whole countries or provinces (e.g. Hispanus, "man from Hispania") are not normally allowed because they are not distinctive enough: if everyone in Hispania were called Hispanus, it would be very confusing! But such names may be appropriate if you live away from your native country (e.g. a citizen from Hispania living in America might be called Hispanus).
Honorific cognomina like Germanicus or Britannicus do not refer to a place of origin but to a military achievement. If someone is called Britannicus it means he won a great victory against the Britons. Names like this are not allowed, for obvious reasons.
If you would like to use a geographical or occupationalcognomen, the Censores will work with you to find an appropriate one.
Male Form | Female Form | Status | Meaning | Used especially by |
Aculeo | Aculeo | Prickly, unfriendly | ||
Agricola | Agricola | OVERUSED | Farmer | |
Agrippa | Agrippa | OVERUSED | Born feet first | Gens Menenia |
Ahala | Ahala | Armpit | Gens Servilia | |
Ahenobarbus | Ahenobarba | With a red beard | Gens Domitia | |
Albinus | Albina | Pale, white | Gens Postumia | |
Albus | Alba | White or fair-skinned | Gens Postumia | |
Ambustus | Ambusta | SUGGESTED | Burnt, scalded | Gens Fabia |
Annalis | Annalis | Relating to years | Gens Villia | |
Aquila | Aquila | OVERUSED | Eagle | |
Aquilinus | Aquilina | OVERUSED | Eagle-like | |
Arvina | Arvina | Fat, lard | Gens Cornelia | |
Asellio | Asellio | Keeper of donkeys | Gens Sempronia | |
Asina | Asina | Female donkey | Gens Cornelia | |
Atellus | Atella | Dark-haired or dark skinned | ||
Avitus | Avita | Grandfatherly | ||
Balbus | Balba | SUGGESTED | Stutterer | Gentes Acilia, Cornelia, Lucilia, Naevia, Octavia |
Barba | Barba | A beard | ||
Barbatus | Barbata | OVERUSED | Bearded | Gentes Cornelia, Horatia, Quinctia |
Bassus | Bassa | Plump | ||
Bestia | Bestia | Like an animal | Gens Calpurnia | |
Bibaculus | Bibacula | SUGGESTED | Drunkard | Gentes Furia, Sextia |
Bibulus | Bibula | SUGGESTED | Drunkard | Gentes Calpurnia, Publicia |
Blaesus | Blaesa | SUGGESTED | Someone who mispronounces words, slurs his speech, stammers, or lisps | Gens Sempronia |
Brocchus | Broccha | SUGGESTED | Toothy | |
Brutus | Bruta | Stupid, dull-witted | Gens Iunia | |
Bubulcus | Bubulca | SUGGESTED | Cattle-driver | Gens Iunia |
Bucco | Bucco | SUGGESTED | Fool, dolt | |
Bulbus | Bulba | SUGGESTED | Bulb, onion | Gens Atilia |
Buteo | Buteo | Buzzard | Gens Fabia | |
Caecus | Caeca | Blind | Gens Claudia | |
Caepio | Caepio | Onion-seller | Gens Servilia | |
Caesar | Caesar | DISCOURAGED | From archaic praenomen Caesar, perhaps meaning "hairy" | Gens Iulia |
Calidus | Calida | Hot-headed, rash | Gens Coelia | |
Calvinus | Calvina | From cognomen Calvus | Gentes Domitia, Veturia | |
Calvus | Calva | SUGGESTED | Bald | |
Camillus | Camilla | A child who helps during sacrifices | Gens Furia | |
Caninus | Canina | OVERUSED | Dog-like | Gens Acilia |
Canus | Cana | Golden-haired or grey-haired | ||
Capito | Capito | SUGGESTED | Big-headed | Gens Ateia |
Carbo | Carbo | Charcoal | Gens Papirii | |
Catilina | Catilina | Gens Sergia | ||
Cato | Cato | DISCOURAGED | Shrewd, prudent | Gentes Hostilia, Porcia |
Catulus | Catula | Puppy, whelp | Gens Lutatia | |
Celer | Celeris | Quick | ||
Celsus | Celsa | Tall | Gens Papia | |
Cethegus | Cethega | Gens Cornelia | ||
Cicero | Cicero | DISCOURAGED | Chick pea | Gens Tullia |
Cicurinus | Cicurina | Mild, gentle | Gens Veturia | |
Cilo | Cilo | SUGGESTED | Large forehead or large lips | Gens Flaminia |
Cincinnatus | Cincinnata | Curly-haired | Gens Quinctia | |
Cinna | Cinna | Gens Cornelia | ||
Cordus | Corda | Born late | ||
Cornicen | Cornicen | Military bugler | ||
Cornutus | Cornuta | Horned | Gens Caecilia, Sulpicia | |
Corvinus | Corvina | Crow-like | Gens Valeria | |
Corvus | Corva | OVERUSED | Crow | Gens Valeria |
Cossus | Cossa | From archaic praenomen Cossus | Gens Cornelia | |
Costa | Costa | A rib | Gens Pedania | |
Cotta | Cotta | Gens Aurelia | ||
Crassipes | Crassipes | SUGGESTED | Club-footed | Gens Furia |
Crassus | Crassa | OVERUSED | Fat | Gentes Claudia, Licinia, Otacilia, Veturia |
Crispinus | Crispina | Curly-haired | ||
Crispus | Crispa | Curly-haired | Gentes Sallustia, Vibia | |
Culleo | Culleo | SUGGESTED | Leather sack for carrying liquid | Gens Terentia |
Curio | Curio | SUGGESTED | Priest of a Curia | Gens Scribonia |
Cursor | Cursor | Runner, courier | Gens Papiria | |
Curvus | Curva | Stooping, bent | Gens Fulvia | |
Dentatus | Dentata | SUGGESTED | Toothy | |
Denter | Dentra | SUGGESTED | Toothy | Gens Caecilia |
Dento | Dento | SUGGESTED | Toothy | |
Dives | Dives | Rich, wealthy | Gens Licinia | |
Dolabella | Dolabella | Hatchet | Gens Cornelia | |
Dorsuo | Dorsuo | SUGGESTED | Large back | Gens Fabia |
Drusus | Drusa | Gens Livia | ||
Figulus | Figula | SUGGESTED | Potter | |
Fimbria | Fimbria | Edge of clothing, fringes | Gens Flavia | |
Flaccus | Flacca | SUGGESTED | Floppy ears | Gentes Aviania, Fulvia, Valeria |
Flavus | Flava | Blonde-haired | Gens Decimia | |
Florus | Flora | Light-coloured or blooming | Gens Aquilia | |
Fronto | Fronto | SUGGESTED | Prominent forehead | |
Fullo | Fullo | SUGGESTED | A fuller or launderer | Gens Apustia |
Fusus | Fusa | From archaic praenomen Fusus | Gens Furia | |
Galeo | Galeo | Helmet | ||
Gemellus | Gemella | A twin | Gentes Servilia, Veturia | |
Glabrio | Glabrio | A relative of Glaber | Gens Acilia | |
Gracchus | Graccha | Gens Sempronia | ||
Gurges | Gurges | Greedy, prodigal | Gens Fabia | |
Habitus | Habita | In good physical condition | Gens Cluentia | |
Helva | Helva | SUGGESTED | Dun-colored hair | Gens Aebutia |
Imperiosus | Imperiosa | DISCOURAGED | Domineering, dictatorial | Gens Manlia |
Iullus | Iulla | From archaic praenomen Iullus | Gens Iulia | |
Labeo | Labeo | Prominent lips | Gentes Antistia, Atinia, Fabia | |
Lactuca | Lactuca | Lettuce | Gens Valeria | |
Laenas | Laenas | A woolly cloak | Gens Popillia | |
Lanatus | Lanata | Wearing wool | Gens Menenia | |
Laevinus | Laevina | |||
Laterensis | Laterensis | Person from the hill-side | Gens Iuventia | |
Lentulus | Lentula | A bit slow | Gens Cornelia | |
Lepidus | Lepida | OVERUSED | Charming, amusing | Gens Aemilia |
Libo | Libo | SUGGESTED | Gens Marcia, Scribonia | |
Licinus | Licina | SUGGESTED | Spiky- or bristly-haired | Gens Mamilia |
Longus | Longa | SUGGESTED | Tall | Gentes Sempronia, Sulpicia |
Lucullus | Luculla | From lucus (grove) or Lucius (praenomen) | Gens Licinia | |
Lupus | Lupa | OVERUSED | Wolf | Gens Rutilia |
Lurco | Lurco | SUGGESTED | Gluttonous, greedy | |
Macer | Macra | SUGGESTED | Thin | Gens Licinia |
Macula | Macula | SUGGESTED | A spot or blemish | |
Malleolus | Malleola | Hammer | Gens Publicia | |
Mamercus | Mamerca | From rare praenomen Mamercus | Gens Aemilia | |
Marcellus | Marcella | OVERUSED | From praenomen Marcus | Gens Claudia |
Maro | Maro | SUGGESTED | Gens Vergilia | |
Merenda | Merenda | SUGGESTED | Light afternoon meal | Gentes Antonia, Cornelia |
Mergus | Merga | SUGGESTED | Sea-gull | |
Merula | Merula | Blackbird | Gens Cornelia | |
Messalla | Messalla | Gens Valeria | ||
Metellus | Metella | OVERUSED | Army follower | Gens Caecilia |
Murena | Murena | Eel | Gens Licinia | |
Mus | Mus | SUGGESTED | Mouse or rat | Gens Decia |
Musca | Musca | SUGGESTED | Fly | Gens Sempronia |
Nasica | Nasica | Big-nosed | Gens Sempronia | |
Naso | Naso | SUGGESTED | Big-nosed | Gens Ovidia |
Natta | Natta | SUGGESTED | An artisan | Gens Pinaria |
Nepos | Nepos | Grandchild | Gens Caecilia | |
Nero | Nero | From rare praenomen Nero ("strong") | Gens Claudia | |
Nerva | Nerva | Vigorous | Gens Cocceia, Licinia | |
Niger | Nigra | SUGGESTED | Black-skinned or black-haired | |
Novellus | Novella | New, new-fangled | Gens Gavilia | |
Ocella | Ocella | SUGGESTED | Small-eyed | Gens Livia |
Pacilus | Pacila | SUGGESTED | From archaic praenomen Pacilus | Gens Furia |
Paetus | Paeta | SUGGESTED | Squinty or blinking | Gens Aelia |
Pansa | Pansa | SUGGESTED | Splay-footed | Gens Vibia |
Papus | Papa | SUGGESTED | From rare praenomen Papus | Gens Aemilia |
Paterculus | Patercula | SUGGESTED | Little father | Gens Sulpicia |
Paullus | Paulla | Small | Gens Aemilia | |
Pavo | Pavo | Peacock | ||
Pera | Pera | SUGGESTED | Shoulder-bag | Gens Iunia |
Pictor | Pictrix | Painter | Gens Fabia | |
Piso | Piso | Mortar | Gens Calpurnia | |
Plancus | Planca | Flat-footed | Gens Munatia | |
Plautus | Plauta | SUGGESTED | Flat-footed | |
Poplicola | Poplicola | Friend of the people | Gens Valeria | |
Postumus | Postuma | Born after the father's death | Gens Curtia | |
Potitus | Potita | Probably derived from an archaic praenomen | Gens Valeria | |
Praeconinus | Praeconina | SUGGESTED | A relative of a herald | |
Praetextatus | Praetextata | Young (wearing the toga praetexta) | Gens Sulpicia | |
Priscus | Prisca | Very ancient | ||
Proculus | Procula | From rare praenomen Proculus, perhaps meaning "born during father's absence" | Gens Plautia | |
Publicola | Publicola | Variant of Poplicola | Gens Valeria | |
Pulcher | Pulchra | Attractive | Gens Claudia | |
Pullus | Pulla | SUGGESTED | Child | |
Pulvillus | Pulvilla | SUGGESTED | Small cushion | Gens Horatia |
Purpureo | Purpureo | SUGGESTED | Wearing purple or with a purplish complexion | |
Quadratus | Quadrata | Stocky, squarely built | ||
Ralla | Ralla | SUGGESTED | A tunic of fine fabric | Gens Marcia |
Regillus | Regilla | Prince | Gens Aemilia | |
Regulus | Regula | OVERUSED | Prince | Gens Atilia |
Rufus | Rufa | Reddish, Ginger-haired | ||
Ruga | Ruga | SUGGESTED | Wrinkly | |
Rullus | Rulla | SUGGESTED | Uncultivated, boorish | Gens Servilia |
Rutilus | Rutila | Reddish-gold hair | ||
Salinator | Salinatrix | Salt-harvester | Gens Livia | |
Saturninus | Saturnina | Dedicated to Saturnus | ||
Scaeva | Scaeva | Left-handed | Gens Iunia, Marcia | |
Scaevola | Scaevola | Left-handed | Gens Mucia | |
Scapula | Scapula | SUGGESTED | Shoulder-blade | Gens Quinctia |
Scaurus | Scaura | Lame, swollen-ankled | Gentes Aemilia, Aurelia | |
Scipio | Scipio | DISCOURAGED | Rod, staff | Gens Cornelii |
Scrofa | Scrofa | SUGGESTED | Sow | Gens Tremelia |
Seneca | Seneca | Elderly | Gens Annaea | |
Severus | Severa | OVERUSED | Strict, severe | |
Silanus | Silana | Nose, water-spout | Gens Iunia | |
Silo | Silo | SUGGESTED | Snub-nosed | Gens Sergia |
Silus | Sila | SUGGESTED | Snub-nosed | Gens Sergia |
Stolo | Stolo | SUGGESTED | Shoot of a plant | Gens Licinia |
Strabo | Strabo | Squinty | Gens Titia | |
Structus | Structa | Possibly derived from an archaic praenomen | Gens Servilia | |
Sulla | Sulla | DISCOURAGED | Gens Cornelia | |
Sura | Sura | SUGGESTED | Calf of the leg | |
Taurus | Taura | Bull | ||
Triarius | Triaria | OVERUSED | A type of soldier | Gens Valeria |
Trigeminus | Trigemina | A triplet | Gens Curiatia | |
Trio | Trio | SUGGESTED | One of the seven stars of the Plough / Big Dipper | Gens Lucretia |
Tubero | Tubero | SUGGESTED | Having a tumour or swelling | Gens Aelia, Iulia |
Tubertus | Tuberta | SUGGESTED | Having a tumour or swelling | Gens Postumia |
Tubulus | Tubula | SUGGESTED | Little tube | Gens Hostilia |
Tuditanus | Tuditana | SUGGESTED | Mallet | Gens Sempronia |
Tullus | Tulla | From rare praenomen Tullus | Gens Volcatia | |
Turdus | Turda | SUGGESTED | Thrush | Gens Papiria |
Varro | Varro | Block-head | Gens Terentia | |
Varus | Vara | Bow-legged | Gentes Atilia, Licinia, Quinctilia | |
Vatia | Vatia | Knock-kneed | Gens Servilia | |
Verres | Verres | Pig | Gens Cornelia | |
Vespillo | Vespillo | Person employed to bury people too poor for a funeral | Gens Lucretia | |
Vetus | Vetus | Old | Gens Antistia | |
Vitulus | Vitula | Calf or young cow | Gentes Mamilia, Pomponia | |
Volusus | Volusa | From rare praenomen Volusus | Gens Valeria |
Latinising your own name
Often when a foreigner became a Roman citizen in ancient times he would keep his old name as a cognomen, adjusting it to make it easier for Latin-speakers to say and giving it a Latin ending. This is also a common option in Nova Roma.
If you choose this option, you can use either your first name or your surname, or both. If you use both, they will be put in reverse order. For example, Robert Grant would take the cognomina Grandis Robertus. This is because in a Roman name the second cognomen is more individual than the first.
If you would like to use a Latin form of your own name, the Censores will work with you to find the appropriate form. Here are the Latin forms of some common names:
The Table of Latinised Names is under revision.
Other Latin Words
Many ordinary Latin nouns and adjectives can be used as cognomina. If there is some particular Latin word you would like to use as a cognomen, or if you would like a cognomen with a particular meaning, the Censores will work with you to find an appropriate name.
Multiple Cognomina
In some cases it may be appropriate to have more than one cognomen. This is normally only allowed where you use a Latinised form of your own name, but may also be appropriate if you are joining a family which contains a large number of people who all have the same nomen and cognomen. If you think you have a good reason to want more than one cognomen, the Censores will discuss it with you.
Special Cognomina
There are several types of cognomen which serve a particular purpose and which are therefore not available for new citizens.
Adoptive Cognomina
When a Roman citizen is adopted by another, he takes the name of his adoptive father, but adds a special cognomen to indicate his former identity. This cognomen is formed from his old nomen, with the -ius ending replaced with an -ianus ending.
For example, when L. Aemilius Paullus was adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio he became P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus.
Matronymic Cognomina
In very rare cases a Roman might use an extra cognomen formed from his mother's nomen. The -ia ending was replaced with an -ianus ending or an -inus ending.
For example, M. Porcius Cato had one son by his first wife Licinia, and another son by his second wife Salonia. Each son was called M. Porcius Cato. To tell them apart, people called them M. Porcius Cato Licinianus and M. Porcius Cato Salonianus.
Agnomina
Sometimes very eminent Romans were given honorific cognomina in recognition of their great achievements. These were the exception to the general rule that cognomina were not complimentary. Such honorific cognomina are called agnomina. Obviously a person cannot give himself an agnomen: it is always given by others.
An agnomen may refer to a victory over a particular enemy people (e.g. Britannicus, "victor over the Britons") or in a particular place (e.g. Africanus, "victor in Africa"), a particular virtue (e.g. Pius, "dutiful"; Sapiens, "prudent"), or general preeminence (e.g. Magnus, "great"; Maximus, "very great").
Other Elements
Although the tria nomina are the core of a Roman name, there are times when a Roman might include other elements in his name. These are not really part of his name as such but are additional pieces of information about him and his place in the community.
Filiation
After a person's nomen and before his cognomen a Roman may include the praenomen of his father and, sometimes, his father's father. This is done in the following way:
M. Tullius M. f. M. n. Cicero
This means "Marcus Tullius Marci filius Marci nepos Cicero", or "Marcus Tullius, son of Marcus, grandson of Marcus, Cicero".
Tribe
A tribe was not an indication of common ancestry; the tribes were distributed geographically and a man belonged to the tribe in which his main residence was located. The tribe was an essential part of citizenship, since voting was often carried out by tribe. By the Middle Republic the abbreviation for tribe in which the person was enrolled was added to the person's name.
Read more about tribes in ancient Rome.
Tribes are not ethnic groups, but membership of a tribe is normally hereditary (though it is possible for a person to move from one tribe to another at the discretion of the Censores).
How to use Roman names?
It's not enough to choose a correct Roman name, you have to use it correctly as Romans did. You can find much interesting information on using Roman names and other forms of address in the article "Using Roman names".
·Ancient Rome ·
Roman name - Praenomen -
Nomen -
Cognomen -
Agnomen
·Nova Roma·
Choosing a Roman name -
Using Roman names