Choosing a Roman name

Revision as of 01:06, 13 March 2006 (view source) Aula Tullia Scholastica (Talk | contribs) ← Older edit		Latest revision as of 18:02, 2 November 2023 (view source) Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus (Talk | contribs) m
(70 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown)
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	So that Nova Roma may be a working restoration of ancient Republican Roman society, we ask that you choose a Roman name when you enroll as an official Citizen. Use of Roman names will allow the culture of Nova Roma to grow in the traditional manner of organization by "gentes", or clans, and branches of families within the different gentes.	+	{{LanguageBar | Choosing a Roman name}}
−	The Roman name you choose will be entered into the Citizen rolls along with your "given" name. We'll use it when contacting you, and invite you to make your experience an authentic one by making use of it in correspondence and public participation.	+	{{Censores}}
		+	The system of [[Roman name]]s was unique and distinctive in the ancient world. A foreigner becoming a Roman citizen took a new Roman name as a mark of citizenship. In [[Nova Roma]], too, we ask that you choose a Roman name when you become a citizen.
−	*If you've already chosen a Roman name for yourself, simply list it in your application for Citizenship.	+	We encourage you to choose a personal, unique name to identify you, and to express your Roman identity, unique and indivitual to you. '''Please study this article diligently before you apply for citizenship.'''
−	*If you are new to Roman culture, and would like assistance in choosing a Roman name that expresses both you and your interests, simply contact the censores.	+
−	Roman male names typically contain three proper nouns which are classified as the '''praenomen''' (or given name), the '''nomen''' (or gens name) and the '''cognomen'''. Sometimes a second cognomen (called an agnomen) is added. For female names, the convention is similar, with a few differences. When applying for citizenship, only the praenomen, nomen, and cognomen are mandatory.	+	The [[censor (Nova Roma)|'''Censorial Office''']] will approve any Roman name that follows the characteristics of [[Roman name|classical Roman naming conventions]], but we also highly encourage you to follow the ancient practice of the new citizens of the old Roman Empire, who, upon receiving Roman citizenship, latinized their own original foreign name to make it part of their Roman name. [[Choosing_a_Roman_name#Latinizing your own name|'''Latinizing your native name''']] to make it your [[cognomen]] is '''the most Roman thing to do''': please [mailto:novaromacontact@gmail.com ask help from us] and we will latinize your original name.
		+
		+	The name you choose is the name you will be known by in Nova Roma '''forever''', because '''name change will not be allowed''' after the 90 days of probationary citizenship period has ended; so '''choose carefully and seriously'''. These pages, and other articles on our website, contain information to help you.
−	Additional elements such as agnomen and filiation are optional.	+	If, '''after reading everything below''', you have any more questions, please [mailto:novaromacontact@gmail.com contact the ''Censorial Office''].
		+	<div style="float:left; padding: 0em 1em 0em 0em">__TOC__</div>
		+	===Before you start selecting the name===
		+	Before you would start thinking about the perfect Roman name for you, take into consideration that Nova Roma pays special attention to real family structure and Roman family system. Individual family branches, called '''''domús''''', within the '''''[[gens (Nova Roma)|gens]]''''', are distinguished by the '''''[[nomen]]-[[cognomen]]'' combination'''. If you like a certain nomen-cognomen combination, you should check it in our [http://www.novaroma.org/civitas/album ''Album Civium''] if the same nomen-cognomen combination has already been taken by others. If it's already taken, you will have to request the family's approval that they acknowledge you as their relative. Nova Roman families usually welcome new members into their ''domus'', but you might not want to belong to a virtual cousinhood. Therefore it's advisable to choose a nomen-cognomen combination that has not yet been taken, and to start your own ''domus''. '''[[gens (Nova Roma)|Learn more...]]'''
−	;Praenomen (plural, praenomina) : This form of "first" name was relatively unimportant, and was rarely used on its own outside of the family. There are relatively few praenomina that were commonly used in the Republican era of Rome.	+	If you have '''your family members joining''' Nova Roma, please make sure so that '''your father, brother or sister''' take the same Roman family name, the '''''[[nomen]]-[[cognomen]]'' combination''' as you, but '''your mother''' takes a '''different Roman family name''' than you. If you are a father, your children take the same Roman family name, but if you are a mother, make sure your children take your husband's Roman family name (or if he isn't a citizen, a Roman family name that could be your husband's if he were a citizen).
−	;Nomen (plural, nomina) : The second name or nomen is the name of the gens (clan) in masculine form; the Latin word "gens" is feminine, so the name appears as feminine in our lists.	+	Another important thing to keep in mind is that Roman wives did not take their husbands' name: so, '''if you have a married name''' (a family name or surname adopted upon marriage) '''you should not take it into account''' when you search for your Roman name, but '''you always have to latinize or romanize your maiden name''' (your name before marriage).
−	;Cognomen (plural, cognomina) : The third name or cognomen started to be a nickname or personal name that distinguished individuals within the same gens (the cognomen does not appear in official documents until around 100 BCE). During the Roman Republic, the cognomen is inherited from father to son, serving to distinguish a family within a gens. Often the cognomen was chosen based on some physical or personality trait.	+	<br style="clear:both"/>
−	*[[Choosing a praenomen]]	+	{{Template:Roman name articles}}
−	*[[Choosing a nomen]]	+	{{:Roman name}}
−	*[[Choosing a cognomen]]	+	*Read more about [[Roman name|names in ancient Rome]].
−	==Additional elements & examples==	+	=== Roman family name ===
−	Originally, the praenomen and nomen constituted a Roman's full name and were followed by the so-called filiation (a patronymic or indication of paternity). The filiation (patronymicus) consisted of the Latin word for "son," "filius" (abbreviated by the letter f.), preceded by the abbreviation of the father's praenomen, which was understood in the genitive case. Hence, a Roman might have been known as	+	While the '''''[[praenomen]]''''' can be understood as the equivalent of modern '''first name''', the '''''[[nomen]]-[[cognomen]]'' combination''' represents the '''Roman surname or family name'''. This is a bit more complex than our modern surnames, because your Roman family name must have two parts: the ''nomen'' and the ''cognomen''. The ''nomen'' is the name of your '''''[[gens (Nova Roma)|gens]]''''', the ''cognomen'' differentiates your family's branch or lineage within the gens. This ''nomen-cognomen'' combination makes up your Roman family name, or, more correctly, your ''domus'' (lineage or branch). '''[[gens (Nova Roma)|Learn more...]]'''
−	M. Antonius M. f. (=Marci filius), that is, Marcus Antonius, the son of Marcus.	+	==''Praenomen''==
		+	{{TableOfPraenomina}}
		+	{{:Praenomen}}
−	Additionally it could also indicate the grandfather with the word "grandson," "nepos" (abbreviated by the letter n.).	+	*Read more about [[Praenomen|''praenomina'' in ancient Rome]].
−	By the Middle Republic the abbreviation for tribe in which the man was enrolled was added after his filiation. When this became an official part of the name is not known. By 242 BC the number of tribes was fixed at 35:	+	There are only a small number of ''praenomina'' in ordinary use. These are used by the vast majority of Novi Romani, as they were by the vast majority of ancient Romans. There are also some rarer ''praenomina'', most of them very old ones. If you have some good reason to want a rare ''praenomen'', you may be allowed to have one, but such requests are very rarely granted and must be personally authorized by the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censorial Office]]. We strongly recommend that you choose one of the standard ones.
		+
		+	Even if it will be an important part of your ''Romanitas'', we shall note that you will almost never be called by your ''praenomen''. It was used only within family, and in society it served to indicate politeness when adding before the rest of the name (similarly to the function of "Mr" and "Mrs" today). What's more, '''women don't use their ''praenomen'' at all''', except in extremely formal situations when you must pronounce your entire official name.
		+
		+	When choosing a Roman name you are advised to try to find out whether any particular traditions are followed within the ''gens'' you wish to join.  This can be done, for example, by contacting existing members and by looking at information about [[:Category:Gentes (Nova Roma)|''gentes'']] on this website.
−	{{FourUp|content=Aemilia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Aniensis}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Arniensis}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Camilia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Claudia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Clustumina}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Collina}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Cornelia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Esquilina}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Fabia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Falerna}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Galeria}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Horatia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Lemonia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Maecia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Oufentina}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Palatina}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Papiria}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Poblilia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Pollia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Pomptina}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Quirina}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Romilia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Sabatia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Scaptia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Sergia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Stellatina}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Succusana}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Suburana}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Teretina}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Tromentina}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Velina}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Voltinia}}
−	{{FourUp|content=Voturia}}
	<br style="clear:both"/>		<br style="clear:both"/>
		+	==''Nomen''==
		+
		+	{{:Nomen}}
		+
		+	*Read more about [[nomen|''nomina'' in ancient Rome]].
		+
		+	In ancient times a new citizen would almost always join an existing ''gens'', and similarly in Nova Roma we ask you to choose a ''nomen'' from a closed list. '''Many ancient Roman ''nomina'' which are not listed here may also be acceptable.''' If you want to use a ''nomen'' which is not on this list, but it is attested in Roman sources, the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censorial Office]] will consider [mailto:novaromacontact@gmail.com your request] (please read about [[:Category:Unhistorical_Gentes|unhistorical or unattested ''gentes'']]).
		+
		+	<br style="clear:both"/>
		+	{{TableOfNomina}}
		+	<br style="clear:both"/>
		+
		+	<!-- This is broken To see the members of a ''gens'', or other details of a ''gens'', see the [http://www.novaroma.org/bin/view/gentes ''Album Gentium''].-->
		+	==''Cognomen''==
		+
		+	{{:Cognomen}}
		+
		+	*Read more about [[cognomen|''cognomina'' in ancient Rome]].
		+
		+	Almost everyone has a ''cognomen'', and it is difficult to distinguish different families within a ''gens'' unless ''cognomina'' are used. However, strictly speaking, ''cognomina'' are not compulsory. If you don't choose one when you first apply for citizenship, you will still be able to add one later.
		+
		+	The Censorial Office will accept only authentic Roman ''cognomina'', which does not mean that you may not use "innovations". New words, that were never used as ''cognomina'' in ancient Rome, will also be accepted if they follow the characteristics of the genuine Roman ''cognomina''. What words can be, then, accepted as your cognomen?
		+	:'''1.''' '''Attested ancient Roman ''cognomina''''' from the Roman republican period;
		+	:'''2.''' '''Latin words'''
		+	:::'''a)''' describing your '''geographical or ethnic origin''';
		+	:::'''b)''' describing your '''occupation''';
		+	:::'''c)''' describing your '''physical or personality traits''': these must be, according to the principles of Roman cognomina, '''objective''' rather than subjective, '''concrete''' rather than abstract, and '''neutral or insulting''' rather than complimentary.
		+	:'''3.''' '''Latinization of your native (real) name''': this happens with the help of the Onomastic Advisory Board of the Censorial Office, consisting of Latinists, and they will give you the '''etymologically correct and researched latinization of your real name'''.
		+
		+	Some suggestions before you start thinking on your cognomen:
		+
		+	'''We discourage taking typical ''cognomina'' of very popular and extremely famous Roman historical characters''' like
		+	*'''Caesar, Cato, Cicero, Scipio, Sulla etc.'''
		+	and '''some other popular nicely ringing names that are very much overused in Roman communities,''' like
		+	*'''Agricola, Agrippa, Aquila, Aquilinus, Corvus, Lupus, Marcellus, Metellus, Severus'''.
		+	'''You are encouraged to choose a unique name''' to identify '''you''', but the most Roman thing to do is to incorporate the [[Choosing_a_Roman_name#Latinising_your_own_name|latinized]] version of your own name into your new Roman ''tria nomina'': [mailto:novaromacontact@gmail.com you can ask help from the Censorial Office here].
		+
		+	It is important to understand that a ''cognomen'' is not a way for you to express your innermost thoughts or aspirations, or to boast about your wonderful qualities. It is just a name.
		+
		+	===Attested ancient Roman ''cognomina''===
		+
		+	To help you choose a ''cognomen'', there is a list of ancient Roman ''cognomina'' below. But this is not a complete list - there were thousands of other ''cognomina'' which aren't listed here. If you want to have an ancient Roman cognomen from the republican period which is not on the list below, we will be happy to discuss this with you. A ''cognomen'' used in the ancient republic will normally be acceptable except special or honorary ''cognomina''. Discuss your request [mailto:novaromacontact@gmail.com with the Censorial Office].
		+
		+	===Geographical or occupational ''cognomina''===
		+
		+	Names referring to whole countries or [[Provincia (Nova Roma)|provinces]] (e.g. '''Hispanus''', "man from Hispania") are not normally allowed because they are not distinctive enough: if everyone in Hispania were called '''Hispanus''', it would be very confusing! But such names may be appropriate if you live away from your native country (e.g. a citizen from Hispania living in America might be called '''Hispanus''').
		+
		+	If you would like to use a geographical or occupational ''cognomen'', the [mailto:novaromacontact@gmail.com Censorial Office will work with you] to find an appropriate one.
		+
		+	===Other Latin words===
		+
		+	The Romans often created new ''cognomina'', and so long as it complies with the [[Cognomen#Characteristics_of_cognomina|general characteristics of ''cognomina'']] noted below, you are also entitled to request a new ''cognomen'' which wasn't used or isn't attested in ancient sources.
		+
		+	Many ordinary Latin nouns and adjectives can be used as ''cognomina''. Please make sure the Latin word you choose follows these characteristics of republican ''cognomina'': it must be objective rather than subjective, concrete rather than abstract, and neutral or insulting rather than complimentary. It can be an adjective describing physical or personality traits, occupation, place or ethnic of origin. Nouns may also became ''cognomen'' by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymy metonymy], for example, instead of calling a small man Paullus ("Little"), he can take the ''cognomen'' Mus ("Mouse"), because a mouse is little. Among nouns, names of animals and plants (Lupus - wolf, Corvus - crow, Cicero - chick pea), objects, especially tools (Scipio - rod, Dolabella - hatchet, Malleolus - hammer) and parts of the body (Ahala - armpit, Barba - beard, Costa - rib) may be acceptable.
		+
		+	If there is some particular Latin word you would like to use as a ''cognomen'', or if you would like a ''cognomen'' with a particular meaning, the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|censorial scribes]] will work with you to find an appropriate name. Write to the Censorial Office and [mailto:novaromacontact@gmail.com ask their assistance].
		+
		+	===Latinizing your own name===
		+
		+	Often when a foreigner became a Roman citizen in ancient times he would keep his old name as a ''cognomen'', adjusting it to make it easier for Latin-speakers to say and giving it a Latin ending. This is also a common option in Nova Roma.
		+
		+	If you choose this option, you can use either your first name or your surname, or both. If you use both, they will be put in reverse order. For example, Robert Grant would take the ''cognomina'' '''Grandis Robertus'''. This is because in a Roman name the second ''cognomen'' is more individual than the first.
		+
		+	If you would like to use a Latin form of your own name, the Onomastic Advisory Board of the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|Censorial Office]] will work with you to find the appropriate form if you [mailto:novaromacontact@gmail.com contact the Censorial Office].
		+
		+	===Multiple ''cognomina''===
		+
		+	In some cases it may be appropriate to have more than one ''cognomen''. This is normally only allowed where you use a Latinized form of your own name, but may also be appropriate if you are joining a family which contains a large number of people who all have the same ''nomen''
		+	and ''cognomen''. If you think you have a good reason to want more than one ''cognomen'', the [[Censor (Nova Roma)|censorial scribes]] will discuss it with you.
		+
		+	===''Agnomina''===
		+
		+	{{:Agnomen}}
		+
		+	There are several types of ''[[agnomen]]'' which serve a particular purpose and which are therefore '''not available for new citizens''':
		+
		+	;Adoptive ''agnomina'' : When a Roman citizen is adopted by another, he takes the name of his adoptive father, but adds a special ''cognomen'' to indicate his former identity. This ''cognomen'' is formed from his old ''nomen'', with the ''-ius'' ending replaced with an ''-ianus'' ending. For example, when L. Aemilius Paullus was adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio he became P. Cornelius Scipio '''Aemilianus'''.
		+
		+	;Honorific ''agnomina'' : Sometimes very eminent Romans were given honorific ''cognomina'' in recognition of their great achievements. These were the exception to the general rule that ''cognomina'' were not complimentary. Such honorific ''cognomina'' are called ''agnomina''. Obviously a person cannot give himself an ''agnomen'': it is always given by others. Honorific ''cognomina'' like '''Germanicus''' or '''Britannicus''' do not refer to a place of origin but to a military achievement. If someone is called '''Britannicus''' it means he won a great victory against the Britons. Names like this are not allowed, for obvious reasons.
		+
		+	;Matronymic ''agnomina'' : In very rare cases a Roman might use an extra ''cognomen'' formed from his mother's ''nomen''. The ''-ia'' ending was replaced with an ''-ianus'' ending or an ''-inus'' ending. For example, M. Porcius Cato had one son by his first wife Licinia, and another son by his second wife Salonia. Each son was called M. Porcius Cato. To tell them apart, people called them M. Porcius Cato Licinianus and M. Porcius Cato Salonianus.
		+
		+
		+	<br style="clear:both"/>
		+	{{TableOfCognomina}}
		+	<br style="clear:both"/>
		+
		+
		+	==How to use Roman names==
		+
		+	What follows here is short guidance on [[how to use Roman names]]. The way you will have to use your Roman name and how others will address you may influence your decision when selecting the perfect Roman name for you; so this is a must to read by anone who is about to chose his Roman name. For more information about the rules of using Roman names, read our longer and more detailed description "[[Using Roman names]]".
		+
		+	===How many names?===
		+
		+	As a general rule, the more formal the context, the more names are used. The use of all three (or more) names is very formal. Calling someone '''M. Tullius Cicero''' is roughly equivalent to calling someone '''Mr Robert James Grant, Esquire'''. Two names are normally enough to make it clear who you are talking to or about.
		+
		+	Which names you call someone by depends partly on how many names you are using.
		+
		+	====Two names====
		+
		+	Using two names is formal and polite. Calling someone '''M. Tullius''' is roughly equivalent to calling someone '''Robert Grant''' or '''Mr Grant'''. When you mention someone for the first time in a speech or a letter, or when greeting someone, it is common to use two names.
		+
		+	When calling someone by two names, which names you use depends on the status of the person you're naming. If the person is a [[nobilis (Nova Roma)|''nobilis'']], it is proper to call him by his ''praenomen'' and ''cognomen'', e.g. '''P. Scipio'''. If he is a [[homo novus (Nova Roma)|''homo novus'']], one would normally call him by his ''praenomen'' and ''nomen'', e.g. '''M. Tullius'''. Most people in Nova Roma are ''homines novi'', so most people are normally called by their ''praenomen'' and ''nomen''.
		+
		+	There is a difference in the use of female names: '''female ''praenomina'' are never used'''. If a woman is named by using two names, these must be the ''nomen'' and the ''cognomen'', never the ''praenomen''. In ancient Rome, women didn't have praenomina, or never used it. We know of only a handful of cases when they had, mostly Vestal Virgins, but Nova Roma decided to require the adoption of ''praenomen'' for our female citizens in order underline gender equality in our modern Roman commonwealth.
		+
		+	====One name====
		+
		+	Use of one name is relatively relaxed and informal. If you already in the middle of a conversation with someone, or in the middle of talking about someone, you might well call him by just one name, especially if you know him reasonably well. Calling someone '''Cicero''' is roughly equivalent to calling someone '''Robert'''. But in formal situations or when first mentioning someone, using only one name may be over-familiar and could be impolite.
		+
		+	When calling someone by only one name, it is normal to use the ''nomen'' or ''cognomen'' for males, and the ''nomen'' for females. A ''nobilis'' should always be called by his ''cognomen''. A ''homo novus'' is normally called by his ''nomen'' unless the frequency of this particular ''nomen'' would make it unclear who you are talking about. Where a person has more than one ''cognomen'', you should normally use the first one.
		+
		+	The ''[[praenomen]]'' is essentially a private name, for use within the family. You should not call a Roman by just his ''praenomen'' unless he is your close relative or very, very close friend. Even spouses do not generally call each other by their ''praenomina'' alone - they generally use ''nomina'' or ''cognomina''.
		+
		+	===Latin vocatives===
		+
		+	When you call someone by name, you have to use the [[vocative]] case and change the ending of the name to indicate that you are talking ''to'' the person, not ''about'' him. As a general rule, names ending in ''-us'' take an ending ''-e'' (e.g. '''Brutus''' -> '''Brute'''), though names ending in ''-ius'' turn to ''-i'' (e.g. '''Tullius''' -> '''Tulli'''). Names ending in ''-a'' and names with other endings do not change at all.
		+
		+	You may notice some people using vocative endings when they are talking about someone in the third person (e.g. "I was talking to Brute yesterday"). Don't be confused - you are right, they are wrong.
		+
		+	===Addresses other than names===
		+
		+	Some modern Latin-speakers use "''dominus''" and "''domina''" as equivalents of English "Mr" and "Miss" or "Mrs". This is strongly discouraged. "''Dominus''" means "lord" or "master", and addressing someone in this way is very servile and grovelling. Expressing respect, honor and formality is possibly by the use of ''praenomen'' before the nomen or cognomen, as it has been described above in the section "'''Two names'''".
		+
		+	Though Romans do not generally go in for titles in a big way, it is not uncommon to call a [[Consul (Nova Roma)|consul]] by the title "Consul", for example, especially when speaking in a political context or discussing business relevant to the office. Likewise one may call one's patron by the title "''patronus''".
−	A tribe was not an indication of common ancestry; the tribes were distributed geographically and a man belonged to the tribe in which his main residence was located. The tribe was an essential part of citizenship, since voting was often carried out by tribe. With the expansion of the Empire, the number or tribes also expanded. In Nova Roma, assignment to tribes is performed by the Censors. If you don't know your tribe, email them and ask.	+	Most of the time people who know each other but are not especially close call each other by name, sometimes with "''mi''" (or "''mea''" for addressing a woman). Sometimes they will use brief descriptions, e.g. ''iuvenis'' (young man), ''amicus'' (friend), ''senex'' (old man).
−	Ok, let's analyse the example of a complete name: '''Marcus Aurelius Marci f. Quinti n. tribu Galeria Antoninus Pius, domo Caesaraugusta'''.	+	===More about using Roma names===
−	* praenomen: Marcus	+	*Read more about [[using Roman names|how to use Roman names and addresses]].
−	* nomen: Aurelius (he belongs to gens Aurelia, the Aurelii in plural)	+
−	* patronymicus: son of Marcus	+
−	* grandparent: grandson of Quintus	+
−	* tribe: Galeria (a tribe from the region of Caesaraugusta in Hispania)	+
−	* cognomen: Antoninus (family of the Antonini)	+
−	* agnomen: Pius (probably because of his piety...rarely inherited))	+
−	* city: Caesaraugusta (ancient Saragozza in Hispania)	+
−	In everyday use, people are referred to by either a combination of the praenomen and nomen, or even more usually by just their cognomen.	+	==References==
		+	<references/>
−	*"Marcus Livius Drusus" would either be just "Drusus" or "Marcus Livius."	+	[[Category:Nova Roma]]
−	*"Iulia Marciana" would be just "Iulia."	+

---

Latest revision as of 18:02, 2 November 2023

 Home| Latíné | Deutsch | Español | Français | Italiano | Magyar | Português | Română | Русский | English

The system of Roman names was unique and distinctive in the ancient world. A foreigner becoming a Roman citizen took a new Roman name as a mark of citizenship. In Nova Roma, too, we ask that you choose a Roman name when you become a citizen.

We encourage you to choose a personal, unique name to identify you, and to express your Roman identity, unique and indivitual to you. Please study this article diligently before you apply for citizenship.

The Censorial Office will approve any Roman name that follows the characteristics of classical Roman naming conventions, but we also highly encourage you to follow the ancient practice of the new citizens of the old Roman Empire, who, upon receiving Roman citizenship, latinized their own original foreign name to make it part of their Roman name. Latinizing your native name to make it your cognomen is the most Roman thing to do: please ask help from us and we will latinize your original name.

The name you choose is the name you will be known by in Nova Roma forever, because name change will not be allowed after the 90 days of probationary citizenship period has ended; so choose carefully and seriously. These pages, and other articles on our website, contain information to help you.

If, after reading everything below, you have any more questions, please contact the Censorial Office.

Before you start selecting the name

Before you would start thinking about the perfect Roman name for you, take into consideration that Nova Roma pays special attention to real family structure and Roman family system. Individual family branches, called domús, within the gens, are distinguished by the nomen-cognomen combination. If you like a certain nomen-cognomen combination, you should check it in our Album Civium if the same nomen-cognomen combination has already been taken by others. If it's already taken, you will have to request the family's approval that they acknowledge you as their relative. Nova Roman families usually welcome new members into their domus, but you might not want to belong to a virtual cousinhood. Therefore it's advisable to choose a nomen-cognomen combination that has not yet been taken, and to start your own domus. Learn more...

If you have your family members joining Nova Roma, please make sure so that your father, brother or sister take the same Roman family name, the nomen-cognomen combination as you, but your mother takes a different Roman family name than you. If you are a father, your children take the same Roman family name, but if you are a mother, make sure your children take your husband's Roman family name (or if he isn't a citizen, a Roman family name that could be your husband's if he were a citizen).

Another important thing to keep in mind is that Roman wives did not take their husbands' name: so, if you have a married name (a family name or surname adopted upon marriage) you should not take it into account when you search for your Roman name, but you always have to latinize or romanize your maiden name (your name before marriage).

Tria nomina

Typical Roman names of the late Republic had three parts (the "tria nomina"). Example: Gaius Iulius Caesar where:

• Gaius is a praenomen ("given name", plural praenomina),
• Iulius is a nomen ("gens or clan name", plural nomina), and
• Caesar is a cognomen ("family name within a gens", plural cognomina).

Some names had no cognomen, but in other cases a second cognomen, (called an agnomen), was added. Female names could follow similar conventions, with a few differences. Additional elements such as tribal affiliation and "filiation" (parentage), were also sometimes used.

• Read more about names in ancient Rome.

Roman family name

While the praenomen can be understood as the equivalent of modern first name, the nomen-cognomen combination represents the Roman surname or family name. This is a bit more complex than our modern surnames, because your Roman family name must have two parts: the nomen and the cognomen. The nomen is the name of your gens, the cognomen differentiates your family's branch or lineage within the gens. This nomen-cognomen combination makes up your Roman family name, or, more correctly, your domus (lineage or branch). Learn more...

Praenomen

A praenomen, the first part of a Roman name, is a personal name which distinguishes an individual from other members of the same family. The praenomen is not normally used on its own: normally only close relatives or very close friends call each other by their praenomen.

• Read more about praenomina in ancient Rome.

There are only a small number of praenomina in ordinary use. These are used by the vast majority of Novi Romani, as they were by the vast majority of ancient Romans. There are also some rarer praenomina, most of them very old ones. If you have some good reason to want a rare praenomen, you may be allowed to have one, but such requests are very rarely granted and must be personally authorized by the Censorial Office. We strongly recommend that you choose one of the standard ones.

Even if it will be an important part of your Romanitas, we shall note that you will almost never be called by your praenomen. It was used only within family, and in society it served to indicate politeness when adding before the rest of the name (similarly to the function of "Mr" and "Mrs" today). What's more, women don't use their praenomen at all, except in extremely formal situations when you must pronounce your entire official name.

When choosing a Roman name you are advised to try to find out whether any particular traditions are followed within the gens you wish to join. This can be done, for example, by contacting existing members and by looking at information about gentes on this website.

Nomen

A nomen gentilicium indicates which gens a Roman belongs to. A gens is a loose collection of families sharing the same nomen. It is the middle part of the tria nomina, i.e., the three-part Roman name.

• Read more about nomina in ancient Rome.

In ancient times a new citizen would almost always join an existing gens, and similarly in Nova Roma we ask you to choose a nomen from a closed list. Many ancient Roman nomina which are not listed here may also be acceptable. If you want to use a nomen which is not on this list, but it is attested in Roman sources, the Censorial Office will consider your request (please read about unhistorical or unattested gentes).

Cognomen

A cognomen is a family name which would be shared by a group of blood relatives within the same gens. Cognomina often, but not always, referred to a person's appearance or other characteristics. It was also common to have a cognomen referring to a place of birth, a job, or some other thing which distinguished the person (usually an ancestor) who first bore that cognomen.

• Read more about cognomina in ancient Rome.

Almost everyone has a cognomen, and it is difficult to distinguish different families within a gens unless cognomina are used. However, strictly speaking, cognomina are not compulsory. If you don't choose one when you first apply for citizenship, you will still be able to add one later.

The Censorial Office will accept only authentic Roman cognomina, which does not mean that you may not use "innovations". New words, that were never used as cognomina in ancient Rome, will also be accepted if they follow the characteristics of the genuine Roman cognomina. What words can be, then, accepted as your cognomen?

1. Attested ancient Roman cognomina from the Roman republican period;

2. Latin words

a) describing your geographical or ethnic origin;

b) describing your occupation;

c) describing your physical or personality traits: these must be, according to the principles of Roman cognomina, objective rather than subjective, concrete rather than abstract, and neutral or insulting rather than complimentary.

3. Latinization of your native (real) name: this happens with the help of the Onomastic Advisory Board of the Censorial Office, consisting of Latinists, and they will give you the etymologically correct and researched latinization of your real name.

Some suggestions before you start thinking on your cognomen:

We discourage taking typical cognomina of very popular and extremely famous Roman historical characters like

• Caesar, Cato, Cicero, Scipio, Sulla etc.

and some other popular nicely ringing names that are very much overused in Roman communities, like

• Agricola, Agrippa, Aquila, Aquilinus, Corvus, Lupus, Marcellus, Metellus, Severus.

You are encouraged to choose a unique name to identify you, but the most Roman thing to do is to incorporate the latinized version of your own name into your new Roman tria nomina: you can ask help from the Censorial Office here.

It is important to understand that a cognomen is not a way for you to express your innermost thoughts or aspirations, or to boast about your wonderful qualities. It is just a name.

Attested ancient Roman cognomina

To help you choose a cognomen, there is a list of ancient Roman cognomina below. But this is not a complete list - there were thousands of other cognomina which aren't listed here. If you want to have an ancient Roman cognomen from the republican period which is not on the list below, we will be happy to discuss this with you. A cognomen used in the ancient republic will normally be acceptable except special or honorary cognomina. Discuss your request with the Censorial Office.

Geographical or occupational cognomina

Names referring to whole countries or provinces (e.g. Hispanus, "man from Hispania") are not normally allowed because they are not distinctive enough: if everyone in Hispania were called Hispanus, it would be very confusing! But such names may be appropriate if you live away from your native country (e.g. a citizen from Hispania living in America might be called Hispanus).

If you would like to use a geographical or occupational cognomen, the Censorial Office will work with you to find an appropriate one.

Other Latin words

The Romans often created new cognomina, and so long as it complies with the general characteristics of cognomina noted below, you are also entitled to request a new cognomen which wasn't used or isn't attested in ancient sources.

Many ordinary Latin nouns and adjectives can be used as cognomina. Please make sure the Latin word you choose follows these characteristics of republican cognomina: it must be objective rather than subjective, concrete rather than abstract, and neutral or insulting rather than complimentary. It can be an adjective describing physical or personality traits, occupation, place or ethnic of origin. Nouns may also became cognomen by metonymy, for example, instead of calling a small man Paullus ("Little"), he can take the cognomen Mus ("Mouse"), because a mouse is little. Among nouns, names of animals and plants (Lupus - wolf, Corvus - crow, Cicero - chick pea), objects, especially tools (Scipio - rod, Dolabella - hatchet, Malleolus - hammer) and parts of the body (Ahala - armpit, Barba - beard, Costa - rib) may be acceptable.

If there is some particular Latin word you would like to use as a cognomen, or if you would like a cognomen with a particular meaning, the censorial scribes will work with you to find an appropriate name. Write to the Censorial Office and ask their assistance.

Latinizing your own name

Often when a foreigner became a Roman citizen in ancient times he would keep his old name as a cognomen, adjusting it to make it easier for Latin-speakers to say and giving it a Latin ending. This is also a common option in Nova Roma.

If you choose this option, you can use either your first name or your surname, or both. If you use both, they will be put in reverse order. For example, Robert Grant would take the cognomina Grandis Robertus. This is because in a Roman name the second cognomen is more individual than the first.

If you would like to use a Latin form of your own name, the Onomastic Advisory Board of the Censorial Office will work with you to find the appropriate form if you contact the Censorial Office.

Multiple cognomina

In some cases it may be appropriate to have more than one cognomen. This is normally only allowed where you use a Latinized form of your own name, but may also be appropriate if you are joining a family which contains a large number of people who all have the same nomen and cognomen. If you think you have a good reason to want more than one cognomen, the censorial scribes will discuss it with you.

Agnomina

Under some circumstances Romans were given an additional cognomen, called an agnomen. These were the exception to the general rule that cognomina were not complimentary.

There are several types of agnomen which serve a particular purpose and which are therefore not available for new citizens:

Adoptive agnomina 

When a Roman citizen is adopted by another, he takes the name of his adoptive father, but adds a special cognomen to indicate his former identity. This cognomen is formed from his old nomen, with the -ius ending replaced with an -ianus ending. For example, when L. Aemilius Paullus was adopted by P. Cornelius Scipio he became P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus.

Honorific agnomina 

Sometimes very eminent Romans were given honorific cognomina in recognition of their great achievements. These were the exception to the general rule that cognomina were not complimentary. Such honorific cognomina are called agnomina. Obviously a person cannot give himself an agnomen: it is always given by others. Honorific cognomina like Germanicus or Britannicus do not refer to a place of origin but to a military achievement. If someone is called Britannicus it means he won a great victory against the Britons. Names like this are not allowed, for obvious reasons.

Matronymic agnomina 

In very rare cases a Roman might use an extra cognomen formed from his mother's nomen. The -ia ending was replaced with an -ianus ending or an -inus ending. For example, M. Porcius Cato had one son by his first wife Licinia, and another son by his second wife Salonia. Each son was called M. Porcius Cato. To tell them apart, people called them M. Porcius Cato Licinianus and M. Porcius Cato Salonianus.

Male Form	Female Form	Status	Meaning	Used especially by
Aculeo	Aculeo		Prickly, unfriendly
Agricola	Agricola	OVERUSED	Farmer
Agrippa	Agrippa	OVERUSED	Born feet first	Gens Menenia
Ahala	Ahala		Armpit	Gens Servilia
Ahenobarbus	Ahenobarba		With a red beard	Gens Domitia
Albinus	Albina		Pale, white	Gens Postumia
Albus	Alba		White or fair-skinned	Gens Postumia
Ambustus	Ambusta	SUGGESTED	Burnt, scalded	Gens Fabia
Annalis	Annalis		Relating to years	Gens Villia
Aquila	Aquila	OVERUSED	Eagle
Aquilinus	Aquilina	OVERUSED	Eagle-like
Arvina	Arvina		Fat, lard	Gens Cornelia
Asellio	Asellio		Keeper of donkeys	Gens Sempronia
Asina	Asina		Female donkey	Gens Cornelia
Atellus	Atella		Dark-haired or dark skinned
Avitus	Avita		Grandfatherly
Balbus	Balba	SUGGESTED	Stutterer	Gentes Acilia, Cornelia, Lucilia, Naevia, Octavia
Barba	Barba		A beard
Barbatus	Barbata	OVERUSED	Bearded	Gentes Cornelia, Horatia, Quinctia
Bassus	Bassa		Plump
Bestia	Bestia		Like an animal	Gens Calpurnia
Bibaculus	Bibacula	SUGGESTED	Drunkard	Gentes Furia, Sextia
Bibulus	Bibula	SUGGESTED	Drunkard	Gentes Calpurnia, Publicia
Blaesus	Blaesa	SUGGESTED	Someone who mispronounces words, slurs his speech, stammers, or lisps	Gens Sempronia
Brocchus	Broccha	SUGGESTED	Toothy
Brutus	Bruta		Stupid, dull-witted	Gens Iunia
Bubulcus	Bubulca	SUGGESTED	Cattle-driver	Gens Iunia
Bucco	Bucco	SUGGESTED	Fool, dolt
Bulbus	Bulba	SUGGESTED	Bulb, onion	Gens Atilia
Buteo	Buteo		Buzzard	Gens Fabia
Caecus	Caeca		Blind	Gens Claudia
Caepio	Caepio		Onion-seller	Gens Servilia
Caesar	Caesar	DISCOURAGED	From archaic praenomen Caesar, perhaps meaning "hairy"	Gens Iulia
Calidus	Calida		Hot-headed, rash	Gens Coelia
Calvinus	Calvina		From cognomen Calvus	Gentes Domitia, Veturia
Calvus	Calva	SUGGESTED	Bald
Camillus	Camilla		A child who helps during sacrifices	Gens Furia
Caninus	Canina	OVERUSED	Dog-like	Gens Acilia
Canus	Cana		Golden-haired or grey-haired
Capito	Capito	SUGGESTED	Big-headed	Gens Ateia
Carbo	Carbo		Charcoal	Gens Papirii
Catilina	Catilina			Gens Sergia
Cato	Cato	DISCOURAGED	Shrewd, prudent	Gentes Hostilia, Porcia
Catulus	Catula		Puppy, whelp	Gens Lutatia
Celer	Celeris		Quick
Celsus	Celsa		Tall	Gens Papia
Cethegus	Cethega			Gens Cornelia
Cicero	Cicero	DISCOURAGED	Chick pea	Gens Tullia
Cicurinus	Cicurina		Mild, gentle	Gens Veturia
Cilo	Cilo	SUGGESTED	Large forehead or large lips	Gens Flaminia
Cincinnatus	Cincinnata		Curly-haired	Gens Quinctia
Cinna	Cinna			Gens Cornelia
Cordus	Corda		Born late
Cornicen	Cornicen		Military bugler
Cornutus	Cornuta		Horned	Gens Caecilia, Sulpicia
Corvinus	Corvina		Crow-like	Gens Valeria
Corvus	Corva	OVERUSED	Crow	Gens Valeria
Cossus	Cossa		From archaic praenomen Cossus	Gens Cornelia
Costa	Costa		A rib	Gens Pedania
Cotta	Cotta			Gens Aurelia
Crassipes	Crassipes	SUGGESTED	Club-footed	Gens Furia
Crassus	Crassa	OVERUSED	Fat	Gentes Claudia, Licinia, Otacilia, Veturia
Crispinus	Crispina		Curly-haired
Crispus	Crispa		Curly-haired	Gentes Sallustia, Vibia
Culleo	Culleo	SUGGESTED	Leather sack for carrying liquid	Gens Terentia
Curio	Curio	SUGGESTED	Priest of a Curia	Gens Scribonia
Cursor	Cursor		Runner, courier	Gens Papiria
Curvus	Curva		Stooping, bent	Gens Fulvia
Dentatus	Dentata	SUGGESTED	Toothy
Denter	Dentra	SUGGESTED	Toothy	Gens Caecilia
Dento	Dento	SUGGESTED	Toothy
Dives	Dives		Rich, wealthy	Gens Licinia
Dolabella	Dolabella		Hatchet	Gens Cornelia
Dorsuo	Dorsuo	SUGGESTED	Large back	Gens Fabia
Drusus	Drusa			Gens Livia
Figulus	Figula	SUGGESTED	Potter
Fimbria	Fimbria		Edge of clothing, fringes	Gens Flavia
Flaccus	Flacca	SUGGESTED	Floppy ears	Gentes Aviania, Fulvia, Valeria
Flavus	Flava		Blonde-haired	Gens Decimia
Florus	Flora		Light-coloured or blooming	Gens Aquilia
Fronto	Fronto	SUGGESTED	Prominent forehead
Fullo	Fullo	SUGGESTED	A fuller or launderer	Gens Apustia
Fusus	Fusa		From archaic praenomen Fusus	Gens Furia
Galeo	Galeo		Helmet
Gemellus	Gemella		A twin	Gentes Servilia, Veturia
Glabrio	Glabrio		A relative of Glaber	Gens Acilia
Gracchus	Graccha			Gens Sempronia
Gurges	Gurges		Greedy, prodigal	Gens Fabia
Habitus	Habita		In good physical condition	Gens Cluentia
Helva	Helva	SUGGESTED	Dun-colored hair	Gens Aebutia
Imperiosus	Imperiosa	DISCOURAGED	Domineering, dictatorial	Gens Manlia
Iullus	Iulla		From archaic praenomen Iullus	Gens Iulia
Labeo	Labeo		Prominent lips	Gentes Antistia, Atinia, Fabia
Lactuca	Lactuca		Lettuce	Gens Valeria
Laenas	Laenas		A woolly cloak	Gens Popillia
Lanatus	Lanata		Wearing wool	Gens Menenia
Laevinus	Laevina
Laterensis	Laterensis		Person from the hill-side	Gens Iuventia
Lentulus	Lentula		A bit slow	Gens Cornelia
Lepidus	Lepida	OVERUSED	Charming, amusing	Gens Aemilia
Libo	Libo	SUGGESTED		Gens Marcia, Scribonia
Licinus	Licina	SUGGESTED	Spiky- or bristly-haired	Gens Mamilia
Longus	Longa	SUGGESTED	Tall	Gentes Sempronia, Sulpicia
Lucullus	Luculla		From lucus (grove) or Lucius (praenomen)	Gens Licinia
Lupus	Lupa	OVERUSED	Wolf	Gens Rutilia
Lurco	Lurco	SUGGESTED	Gluttonous, greedy
Macer	Macra	SUGGESTED	Thin	Gens Licinia
Macula	Macula	SUGGESTED	A spot or blemish
Malleolus	Malleola		Hammer	Gens Publicia
Mamercus	Mamerca		From rare praenomen Mamercus	Gens Aemilia
Marcellus	Marcella	OVERUSED	From praenomen Marcus	Gens Claudia
Maro	Maro	SUGGESTED		Gens Vergilia
Merenda	Merenda	SUGGESTED	Light afternoon meal	Gentes Antonia, Cornelia
Mergus	Merga	SUGGESTED	Sea-gull
Merula	Merula		Blackbird	Gens Cornelia
Messalla	Messalla			Gens Valeria
Metellus	Metella	OVERUSED	Army follower	Gens Caecilia
Murena	Murena		Eel	Gens Licinia
Mus	Mus	SUGGESTED	Mouse or rat	Gens Decia
Musca	Musca	SUGGESTED	Fly	Gens Sempronia
Nasica	Nasica		Big-nosed	Gens Sempronia
Naso	Naso	SUGGESTED	Big-nosed	Gens Ovidia
Natta	Natta	SUGGESTED	An artisan	Gens Pinaria
Nepos	Nepos		Grandchild	Gens Caecilia
Nero	Nero		From rare praenomen Nero ("strong")	Gens Claudia
Nerva	Nerva		Vigorous	Gens Cocceia, Licinia
Niger	Nigra	SUGGESTED	Black-skinned or black-haired
Novellus	Novella		New, new-fangled	Gens Gavilia
Ocella	Ocella	SUGGESTED	Small-eyed	Gens Livia
Pacilus	Pacila	SUGGESTED	From archaic praenomen Pacilus	Gens Furia
Paetus	Paeta	SUGGESTED	Squinty or blinking	Gens Aelia
Pansa	Pansa	SUGGESTED	Splay-footed	Gens Vibia
Papus	Papa	SUGGESTED	From rare praenomen Papus	Gens Aemilia
Paterculus	Patercula	SUGGESTED	Little father	Gens Sulpicia
Paullus	Paulla		Small	Gens Aemilia
Pavo	Pavo		Peacock
Pera	Pera	SUGGESTED	Shoulder-bag	Gens Iunia
Pictor	Pictrix		Painter	Gens Fabia
Piso	Piso		Mortar	Gens Calpurnia
Plancus	Planca		Flat-footed	Gens Munatia
Plautus	Plauta	SUGGESTED	Flat-footed
Poplicola	Poplicola		Friend of the people	Gens Valeria
Postumus	Postuma		Born after the father's death	Gens Curtia
Potitus	Potita		Probably derived from an archaic praenomen	Gens Valeria
Praeconinus	Praeconina	SUGGESTED	A relative of a herald
Praetextatus	Praetextata		Young (wearing the toga praetexta)	Gens Sulpicia
Priscus	Prisca		Very ancient
Proculus	Procula		From rare praenomen Proculus, perhaps meaning "born during father's absence"	Gens Plautia
Publicola	Publicola		Variant of Poplicola	Gens Valeria
Pulcher	Pulchra		Attractive	Gens Claudia
Pullus	Pulla	SUGGESTED	Child
Pulvillus	Pulvilla	SUGGESTED	Small cushion	Gens Horatia
Purpureo	Purpureo	SUGGESTED	Wearing purple or with a purplish complexion
Quadratus	Quadrata		Stocky, squarely built
Ralla	Ralla	SUGGESTED	A tunic of fine fabric	Gens Marcia
Regillus	Regilla		Prince	Gens Aemilia
Regulus	Regula	OVERUSED	Prince	Gens Atilia
Rufus	Rufa		Reddish, Ginger-haired
Ruga	Ruga	SUGGESTED	Wrinkly
Rullus	Rulla	SUGGESTED	Uncultivated, boorish	Gens Servilia
Rutilus	Rutila		Reddish-gold hair
Salinator	Salinatrix		Salt-harvester	Gens Livia
Saturninus	Saturnina		Dedicated to Saturnus
Scaeva	Scaeva		Left-handed	Gens Iunia, Marcia
Scaevola	Scaevola		Left-handed	Gens Mucia
Scapula	Scapula	SUGGESTED	Shoulder-blade	Gens Quinctia
Scaurus	Scaura		Lame, swollen-ankled	Gentes Aemilia, Aurelia
Scipio	Scipio	DISCOURAGED	Rod, staff	Gens Cornelii
Scrofa	Scrofa	SUGGESTED	Sow	Gens Tremelia
Seneca	Seneca		Elderly	Gens Annaea
Severus	Severa	OVERUSED	Strict, severe
Silanus	Silana		Nose, water-spout	Gens Iunia
Silo	Silo	SUGGESTED	Snub-nosed	Gens Sergia
Silus	Sila	SUGGESTED	Snub-nosed	Gens Sergia
Stolo	Stolo	SUGGESTED	Shoot of a plant	Gens Licinia
Strabo	Strabo		Squinty	Gens Titia
Structus	Structa		Possibly derived from an archaic praenomen	Gens Servilia
Sulla	Sulla	DISCOURAGED		Gens Cornelia
Sura	Sura	SUGGESTED	Calf of the leg
Taurus	Taura		Bull
Triarius	Triaria	OVERUSED	A type of soldier	Gens Valeria
Trigeminus	Trigemina		A triplet	Gens Curiatia
Trio	Trio	SUGGESTED	One of the seven stars of the Plough / Big Dipper	Gens Lucretia
Tubero	Tubero	SUGGESTED	Having a tumour or swelling	Gens Aelia, Iulia
Tubertus	Tuberta	SUGGESTED	Having a tumour or swelling	Gens Postumia
Tubulus	Tubula	SUGGESTED	Little tube	Gens Hostilia
Tuditanus	Tuditana	SUGGESTED	Mallet	Gens Sempronia
Tullus	Tulla		From rare praenomen Tullus	Gens Volcatia
Turdus	Turda	SUGGESTED	Thrush	Gens Papiria
Varro	Varro		Block-head	Gens Terentia
Varus	Vara		Bow-legged	Gentes Atilia, Licinia, Quinctilia
Vatia	Vatia		Knock-kneed	Gens Servilia
Verres	Verres		Pig	Gens Cornelia
Vespillo	Vespillo		Person employed to bury people too poor for a funeral	Gens Lucretia
Vetus	Vetus		Old	Gens Antistia
Vitulus	Vitula		Calf or young cow	Gentes Mamilia, Pomponia
Volusus	Volusa		From rare praenomen Volusus	Gens Valeria

How to use Roman names

What follows here is short guidance on how to use Roman names. The way you will have to use your Roman name and how others will address you may influence your decision when selecting the perfect Roman name for you; so this is a must to read by anone who is about to chose his Roman name. For more information about the rules of using Roman names, read our longer and more detailed description "Using Roman names".

How many names?

As a general rule, the more formal the context, the more names are used. The use of all three (or more) names is very formal. Calling someone M. Tullius Cicero is roughly equivalent to calling someone Mr Robert James Grant, Esquire. Two names are normally enough to make it clear who you are talking to or about.

Which names you call someone by depends partly on how many names you are using.

Two names

Using two names is formal and polite. Calling someone M. Tullius is roughly equivalent to calling someone Robert Grant or Mr Grant. When you mention someone for the first time in a speech or a letter, or when greeting someone, it is common to use two names.

When calling someone by two names, which names you use depends on the status of the person you're naming. If the person is a nobilis, it is proper to call him by his praenomen and cognomen, e.g. P. Scipio. If he is a homo novus, one would normally call him by his praenomen and nomen, e.g. M. Tullius. Most people in Nova Roma are homines novi, so most people are normally called by their praenomen and nomen.

There is a difference in the use of female names: female praenomina are never used. If a woman is named by using two names, these must be the nomen and the cognomen, never the praenomen. In ancient Rome, women didn't have praenomina, or never used it. We know of only a handful of cases when they had, mostly Vestal Virgins, but Nova Roma decided to require the adoption of praenomen for our female citizens in order underline gender equality in our modern Roman commonwealth.

One name

Use of one name is relatively relaxed and informal. If you already in the middle of a conversation with someone, or in the middle of talking about someone, you might well call him by just one name, especially if you know him reasonably well. Calling someone Cicero is roughly equivalent to calling someone Robert. But in formal situations or when first mentioning someone, using only one name may be over-familiar and could be impolite.

When calling someone by only one name, it is normal to use the nomen or cognomen for males, and the nomen for females. A nobilis should always be called by his cognomen. A homo novus is normally called by his nomen unless the frequency of this particular nomen would make it unclear who you are talking about. Where a person has more than one cognomen, you should normally use the first one.

The praenomen is essentially a private name, for use within the family. You should not call a Roman by just his praenomen unless he is your close relative or very, very close friend. Even spouses do not generally call each other by their praenomina alone - they generally use nomina or cognomina.

Latin vocatives

When you call someone by name, you have to use the vocative case and change the ending of the name to indicate that you are talking to the person, not about him. As a general rule, names ending in -us take an ending -e (e.g. Brutus -> Brute), though names ending in -ius turn to -i (e.g. Tullius -> Tulli). Names ending in -a and names with other endings do not change at all.

You may notice some people using vocative endings when they are talking about someone in the third person (e.g. "I was talking to Brute yesterday"). Don't be confused - you are right, they are wrong.

Addresses other than names

Some modern Latin-speakers use "dominus" and "domina" as equivalents of English "Mr" and "Miss" or "Mrs". This is strongly discouraged. "Dominus" means "lord" or "master", and addressing someone in this way is very servile and grovelling. Expressing respect, honor and formality is possibly by the use of praenomen before the nomen or cognomen, as it has been described above in the section "Two names".

Though Romans do not generally go in for titles in a big way, it is not uncommon to call a consul by the title "Consul", for example, especially when speaking in a political context or discussing business relevant to the office. Likewise one may call one's patron by the title "patronus".

Most of the time people who know each other but are not especially close call each other by name, sometimes with "mi" (or "mea" for addressing a woman). Sometimes they will use brief descriptions, e.g. iuvenis (young man), amicus (friend), senex (old man).

More about using Roma names

• Read more about how to use Roman names and addresses.

References