Dative
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:"'''''aedilis'''''" in dative is "'''''aedili'''''", and so on. | :"'''''aedilis'''''" in dative is "'''''aedili'''''", and so on. | ||
| − | == | + | ===Usage in practice=== |
| − | + | An average Nova Roman citizen would use the dative case in the Latin beginning of an e-mail. Learn more about [[Latin for e-mail]]. | |
| + | ==Other functions== | ||
| − | === | + | ===Dative of reference=== |
Possessive pronouns in Latin indicate possession strictly. Some relations that are expressed in English with a possessive, such as reference ('''My''' name is Gaius) use the dative of reference (Nomen '''mihi''' Gaius est.) | Possessive pronouns in Latin indicate possession strictly. Some relations that are expressed in English with a possessive, such as reference ('''My''' name is Gaius) use the dative of reference (Nomen '''mihi''' Gaius est.) | ||
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* ab-, ante-, circum-, con-, in-, inter-, ob-, post-, prae-, pro-, sub-, super- | * ab-, ante-, circum-, con-, in-, inter-, ob-, post-, prae-, pro-, sub-, super- | ||
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The dative case is a grammatical case of the indirect object generally used to indicate the recipient of an action, to whom or to which something is given. For example, in "Brutus gave a book to Cassius".
Contents |
Form
Here are the basic and very general rules for making a dative in singular:
- If a word ends in "-us", then the dative ends in "-o". "Tullius" becomes "Tullio".
- If a word ends in "-a", then the dative ends in "-ae". "Livia" becomes "Liviae".
- If a word ends in "-o", then the dative ends in "-oni". "Cicero" becomes "Ciceroni".
- If a word ends in "-ns", then the dative ends in "-nti". "Sapiens" becomes "Sapienti".
- Many other words change their ending to "-i" whose rules are more difficult and are not detailed here. Here are some just for example:
- "Senatus" in dative is "Senatui",
- "Venus" in dative is "Veneri",
- "exercitus" in dative is "exercitui",
- "homo" in dative is "homini",
- "consul" in dative is "consuli",
- "praetor" in dative is "praetori",
- "aedilis" in dative is "aedili", and so on.
Usage in practice
An average Nova Roman citizen would use the dative case in the Latin beginning of an e-mail. Learn more about Latin for e-mail.
Other functions
Dative of reference
Possessive pronouns in Latin indicate possession strictly. Some relations that are expressed in English with a possessive, such as reference (My name is Gaius) use the dative of reference (Nomen mihi Gaius est.)
Dative with compound verbs
Compound transitive verbs built with the following prefixes normally take a direct object in the dative.
- ab-, ante-, circum-, con-, in-, inter-, ob-, post-, prae-, pro-, sub-, super-
Forming the dative in all declensions
| First declension | Second declension | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-Stem | O-Stem | |||||
| mf terra, -ae, f land |
mf tribúnus, -í, m tribune |
n auspicium, -í, n auspice | ||||
| Singular | Singular | Singular | ||||
| Nominative | terra | —— | tribúnus | —— | auspicium | —— |
| Accusative | terram | –am | tribúnum | –um | auspicium | —— |
| Genitive | terrae | –ae | tribúní | –í | auspicií | –í |
| Dative | terrae | –ae | tribúnó | –ó | auspició | –ó |
| Ablative | terrá | –á | tribúnó | –ó | auspició | –ó |
| Plural | Plural | Plural | ||||
| Nominative | terrae | –ae | tribúní | –í | auspicia | –a |
| Accusative | terrás | –ás | tribúnós | –ós | auspicia | –a |
| Genitive | terrárum | –árum | tribúnórum | –órum | auspiciórum | –órum |
| Dative- Ablative |
terrís | –ís | tribúnís | –ís | auspiciís | –ís |
| Third declension | Fourth declension | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consonant Stem | I-Stem | U-Stem | ||||||||||
| mf léx, légis, f law |
n iús, iúris, n right |
mf cívis, -is, mf citizen |
n mare, -is, n sea |
mf senátus, -ús, m senate |
n cornú, -ús, n horn | |||||||
| Singular | Singular | Singular | Singular | Singular | Singular | |||||||
| Nominative | léx | —— | iús | —— | cívis | —— | mare | —— | senátus | —— | cornú | —— |
| Accusative | légem | –em | iús | —— | cívem | –em | mare | —— | senátum | –um | cornú | —— |
| Genitive | légis | –is | iúris | –is | cívis | –is | maris | –is | senátús | –ús | cornús | –ús |
| Dative | légí | –í | iúrí | –í | cíví | –í | marí | –í | senátuí | –uí | cornú | –ú |
| Ablative | lége | –e | iúre | –e | cíve | –e | marí | –í | senátú | –ú | cornú | –ú |
| Plural | Plural | Plural | Plural | Plural | Plural | |||||||
| Nominative- Accusative |
légés | –és | iúra | –a | cívés | –és | maria | –ia | senátús | –ús | cornua | –ua |
| Genitive | légum | –um | iúrum | –um | cívium | –ium | marium | –ium | senátuum | –uum | cornuum | –uum |
| Dative- Ablative |
légibus | –ibus | iúribus | –ibus | cívibus | –ibus | maribus | –ibus | senátibus | –ibus | cornibus | –ibus |
| Fifth declension | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-Stem | ||||||||
| mf diés, éí, m day | ||||||||
| Singular | ||||||||
| Nominative | diés | —— | ||||||
| Accusative | diem | –em | ||||||
| Genitive- Dative |
diéí | –éí | ||||||
| Ablative | dié | –é | ||||||
| Plural | ||||||||
| Nominative- Accusative |
diés | –és | ||||||
| Genitive | diérum | –érum | ||||||
| Dative- Ablative |
diébus | –ébus | ||||||
