Conjugation

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{{LanguageBar|Conjugation}}{{Latin grammar articles}}
 
{{LanguageBar|Conjugation}}{{Latin grammar articles}}
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Latin is an inflected language, and as such its verbs must be conjugated in order to express person, number, time, tense, mood or voice. A set of conjugated forms of the same verb pattern is called a conjugation. There are four conjugations, which are numbered and grouped by ending.  
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Latin is an inflected language, and as such its verbs must be conjugated in order to express person, number, time, tense, mood or voice. A set of conjugated forms of the same verb pattern is called a conjugation (verb inflection group). There are four conjugations, which are numbered and grouped by ending.  
  
 
This is a summary of the conjugation of Latin verbs.
 
This is a summary of the conjugation of Latin verbs.
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== Which conjugation a verb belongs to ==
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Latin is a heavily inflected language, which means that Latin indicates grammatical information by changing the ending of the words. Verbs are grouped into four conjugations (verb inflection groups). If we change a verb’s ending to express the person or the time (tense), we say we “conjugate” it. To determine which conjugation group a verb belongs to, you have to look into a [[Latin dictionary]].
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In the case of the verb “have”, you will find:
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'''''habeo –ére, -bui, -bitum'''''
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This is 4 pieces of information:
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(1) '''habeo'''; it is the first person singular of the verb “have”. It means “I have”.
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(2) '''–ére'''; it’s an abbreviation of “''habere''”, the infinite of the verb. It means “to have”.
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''
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(3) '''–bui'''; it’s an abbreviation of “''habui''”, the perfect tense of the verb. It means “I have had” or “I had”.
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(4) '''–bitum'''; abbreviation of “''habitum''”, it’s the supine (or the past participle).
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This verb’s infinitive, “''habére''” (to have), indicated in the dictionary form as “'''''–ére'''''” shows that this verb belongs to the 2nd conjugation, as all verbs that have the infinitive ending “''-ére''” belong to the 2nd conjugation. The second dictionary element, the infinitive, determines which conjugation the verb belongs to. The four types of infinitive endings and the four conjugations determined by the different genitive endings are:
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'''-are''' = 1st conjugation; e.g.: ''am|o, -are, -avi, -atum'' (I love)
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'''-ére''' = 2nd conjugation; e.g.: ''hab|eo, -ere, -bui, -bitum'' (I have)
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'''-ere''' = 3rd conjugation; e.g.: ''dic|o, -ere, dixi, dictum'' (I say)
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'''-ire''' = 4th conjugation; e.g.: ''aud|io, -ire, -ivi, -itum'' (I hear)
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Note that “–ere”, which is short vowel, is different from “–ére”, which is long vowel.
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==How to conjugate a verb==
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You simply cut off the infinitive endings '''-are''', '''-ére''', '''-ere''' and '''-ire''', and replace them with the personal endings shown below in the tables, respectively to the conjugation group to which the verb belongs to.
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<div style="float:left; >__TOC__</div>
 
<div style="float:left; >__TOC__</div>
  

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Latin is an inflected language, and as such its verbs must be conjugated in order to express person, number, time, tense, mood or voice. A set of conjugated forms of the same verb pattern is called a conjugation (verb inflection group). There are four conjugations, which are numbered and grouped by ending.

This is a summary of the conjugation of Latin verbs.

Which conjugation a verb belongs to

Latin is a heavily inflected language, which means that Latin indicates grammatical information by changing the ending of the words. Verbs are grouped into four conjugations (verb inflection groups). If we change a verb’s ending to express the person or the time (tense), we say we “conjugate” it. To determine which conjugation group a verb belongs to, you have to look into a Latin dictionary.

In the case of the verb “have”, you will find:

habeo –ére, -bui, -bitum

This is 4 pieces of information:

(1) habeo; it is the first person singular of the verb “have”. It means “I have”.

(2) –ére; it’s an abbreviation of “habere”, the infinite of the verb. It means “to have”. (3) –bui; it’s an abbreviation of “habui”, the perfect tense of the verb. It means “I have had” or “I had”.

(4) –bitum; abbreviation of “habitum”, it’s the supine (or the past participle).

This verb’s infinitive, “habére” (to have), indicated in the dictionary form as “–ére” shows that this verb belongs to the 2nd conjugation, as all verbs that have the infinitive ending “-ére” belong to the 2nd conjugation. The second dictionary element, the infinitive, determines which conjugation the verb belongs to. The four types of infinitive endings and the four conjugations determined by the different genitive endings are:

-are = 1st conjugation; e.g.: am|o, -are, -avi, -atum (I love) -ére = 2nd conjugation; e.g.: hab|eo, -ere, -bui, -bitum (I have) -ere = 3rd conjugation; e.g.: dic|o, -ere, dixi, dictum (I say) -ire = 4th conjugation; e.g.: aud|io, -ire, -ivi, -itum (I hear)

Note that “–ere”, which is short vowel, is different from “–ére”, which is long vowel.

How to conjugate a verb

You simply cut off the infinitive endings -are, -ére, -ere and -ire, and replace them with the personal endings shown below in the tables, respectively to the conjugation group to which the verb belongs to.

Contents




Present tense

First conjugation Second conjugation Third conjugation Fourth conjugation
A-Stem E-Stem Consonant Stem Short I-Stem Long í-Stem
amó, -áre, -áví, -átum
love 		habeó, -ére, -buí, -bitum
have 		dícó, -ere, díxí, dictum
say 		capió, -ere, cépí, captum
catch 		audió, -íre, -íví, -ítum
hear
S/1 amó -ó I love habeó -eó I have dícó -ó I say capió -ió I catch audió -ió I hear
S/2 amás -ás you love habés -és you have dícis -is you say capis -is you catch audís -ís you hear
S/3 amat -at he loves habet -et he has dícit -it he says capit -it he catches audit -it he hears
P/1 amámus -ámus we love habémus -émus we have dícimus -imus we say capimus -imus we catch audímus -ímus we hear
P/2 amátis -átis you love habétis -étis you have dícitis -itis you say capitis -itis you catch audítis -ítis you hear
P/3 amant -ant they love habent -ent they have dícunt -unt they say capiunt -iunt they catch audiunt -iunt they hear


Perfect tense

First conjugation Second conjugation Third conjugation Fourth conjugation
A-Stem E-Stem Consonant Stem Short I-Stem Long í-Stem
amó, -áre, -áví, -átum
love 		habeó, -ére, -buí, -bitum
have 		dícó, -ere, díxí, dictum
say 		capió, -ere, cépí, captum
catch 		audió, -íre, -íví, -ítum
hear
S/1 amáví -í I have loved habuí -í I have had díxí -í I have said cépí -í I have caught audíví -í I have heard
S/2 amávistí -istí you have loved habuistí -istí you have had díxistí -istí you have said cépistí -istí you have caught audívistí -istí you have heard
S/3 amávit -it he has loved habuit -it he has had díxit -it he has said cépit -it he has caught audívit -it he has heard
P/1 amávimus -imus we have loved habuimus -imus we have had díximus -imus we have said cépimus -imus we have caught audívimus -imus we have heard
P/2 amávistis -istis you have loved habuistis -istis you have had díxistis -istis you have said cépistis -istis you have caught audívistis -istis you have heard
P/3 amávérunt -érunt they have loved habuérunt -érunt they have had díxérunt -érunt they have said cépérunt -érunt they have caught audívérunt -érunt they have heard
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