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−	{{LanguageBar | Annals (Nova Roma)}}	+	[[Category:Nova Roma History]]
		+	{{LanguageBar | Annals (Nova Roma)}}{{Calendar articles}}
		+	The ancient Roman '''''Annales Maximi''''' (the "Great Yearbooks", [[Latin]]) were the official state records of events accounting year by year all that mattered to the ''res publica'' and were published by the ''[[pontifex|pontifices]]''. The following are the Annals of [[Nova Roma]], from its founding in {{1998}} to the present. Please note that this is an ongoing editorial project, and it is not ready at present: there are many gaps that will be filled during future work.
		+	__NOTOC__
		+	=The years of Nova Roma=
−	These are the Annals of [[Nova Roma]], from its founding {{1998}} to the present.	+	The Roman numeral for each year '''links to a page''' with the events and magistrates of that year.
−	The Roman numeral for each year links to a page with the events and magistrates of that year.	+	These are the years of Nova Roma's existence:
		+	{{:Consular Years (Nova Roma)}}
−	__NOTOC__	+	=Introduction to the Annals of Nova Roma=
−	{{AnnalsHeaderSuffectus | year=MMDCCLI| year_full=<span class="year" title="1998 C.E.">Fl. Vedio  M. Cassio cos.[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|‡]] ([[MMDCCLI]] [[AUC|a.u.c.]])</span> | cos1=Flavius Vedius Germanicus | cos2=Marcus Cassius Iulianus	+	In the late 1990s AD, the development of the World Wide Web gave rise to a new socio-political phenomenon: people from all around to world who identified with a culture could, for the first time in history, unite and form a community despite vast geographical distances. Although identifying as a modern Roman is a very logical conclusion if one analyzes the historical development of our modern European or Western culture, yet it has always been just a very few people, scattered around the globe, who made this deduction and came to the conclusion that they are modern Romans, sons and daughters of a more than two thousand year old tradition. Those individuals in the world who did not only love Roman history, but actually felt Roman in their heart, who identified as Romans, could, for the first time, meet, converse and form a living community with the help of the internet. This huge potential was seen by our [[founders of Nova Roma|founders]], and they grabbed the opportunity in good time to found an international, world-wide New Roman nation, Nova Roma, a cultural nation and community of common identity. It would have been impossible before the age of internet, and. at best, Nova Roma would have always remained a local community, just how it started in {{1998}}.
−	| cos1extra=<br>Pater Patriae<br>(resigned) | cos2extra=<br>Pater Patriae<br>&nbsp; | cos3=Quintus Caecilius Metellus |cos3extra=<br>Consul Suffectus }}	+
−	{{AnnalsHeaderSuffectus | year=MMDCCLII| year_full=<span class="year" title="1999 C.E.">L. Equitio Dec. Iunio cos.[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|‡]] ([[MMDCCLII]] [[AUC|a.u.c.]])</span> | cos1=Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur | cos2=Decius Iunius Palladius	+	==Before the founding==
−	| cos1extra=<br>(removed) | cos2extra=<br>&nbsp; | cos3=Lucius Cornelius Sulla | cos3extra=<br>Consul Suffectus}}	+
−	{{AnnalsHeader | year=MMDCCLIII| year_full=<span class="year" title="2000 C.E.">Q. Maximo M. Minucio cos.[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|‡]] ([[MMDCCLIII]] [[AUC|a.u.c.]])</span> | cos1=Quintus Fabius Maximus | cos2=Marcus Minucius Audens	+	Rome never truly fell. Contrarily to common belief, the Roman state and nation, usually called the Roman Empire, was not dissolved in 476 AD (1229 AUC). When Odoacer, the ''magister militum'' deposed the usurper Romulus Augustulus (commonly held to be the last Western Roman emperor), Iulius Nepos, the lawful Western Roman emperor was still reigning, and was recognized as emperor by his co-emperor, the Eastern Roman emperor Zeno. When Iulius Nepos died in 480 (1233 AUC), Zeno was considered the emperor of both halves of the empire. Until the pope crowned Carolus Magnus (Charlemagne) the emperor of Romans in 800 (1553 AUC), Rome was formally considered to be part of the unified Roman Empire, ruled from Constantinopolis Nova Roma, that is, Constantinople, the full name of which included "Nova Roma" (New Rome). The idea of a "Nova Roma" represented survival and revival of ''[[Romanitas]]'' since the early Middle Ages.
−	| cos1extra= | cos2extra= }}	+
−	{{AnnalsHeader | year=MMDCCLIV| year_full=<span class="year" title="2001 C.E.">Fl. Vedio (II) M. Cassio (II) cos.[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|‡]] ([[MMDCCLIV]] [[AUC|a.u.c.]])</span> | cos1=Flavius Vedius Germanicus | cos2=Marcus Cassius Iulianus	+	The Holy Roman Empire founded by Carolus Magnus served as the renewal of the Western Roman Empire, but with the difference that, while the earlier Western and Eastern halves of the Empire mutually recognized each other and considered the other half as part of the same empire, the Holy Roman Empire of Italy, France and Germany and the Roman Empire of Constantinople (which came to be labeled as "Byzantine Empire" by historians but was never called so by its inhabitants), did not recognize each other, and both claimed to be the only legitimate continuation of the ancient Roman Empire.
−	| cos1extra=(II) | cos2extra=(II) }}	+
−	{{AnnalsHeader | year=MMDCCLV| year_full=<span class="year" title="2002 C.E.">M. Octavio L. Sulla (II) cos.[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|‡]] ([[MMDCCLV]] [[AUC|a.u.c.]])</span> | cos1=Marcus Octavius Germanicus | cos2=Lucius Cornelius Sulla	+	The concept of the continued Roman Empire became more and more just an empty formality as the centuries went, and many free thinking medieval intellectuals started to see the discrepancy between the alleged claim of a continued Roman Empire and the actual rules of the German monarchs and the Catholic Church over Italy and people of Rome. These medieval grassroots initiatives were the earliest predecessors of Nova Roma in a sense that they wanted to go back authentically to the Roman roots: the restored Roman Republic of [[Cola di Rienzo]] in 1347 (2100 AUC) and similar attempts by [[Stefano Porcari]] in 1453 (2206 AUC) were made in the spirit of Roman revivalism. In the year of Porcari's demise (2206 AUC), Constantinople fell, too, but the Eastern Roman scholars escaping to Italy caused a Roman cultural renaissance (simply referred as "the Renaissance"), which led to the reintroduction of Roman principles into public discourse, such as republicanism, liberty and equality. Other authentic Roman national approaches similar to di Rienzo's and Porcari's followed: the Roman Republic established between 1798-1799 (2551-2552 AUC) with the support of the French Republic, and the Roman Republic of 1849–1850 (2602-2603 AUC), both short lived and without real effort to be culturally Roman. During this period, the Holy Roman Empire of the West was also dissolved on 6 August, 1806 (2559 AUC), and with this, the legal statehood-ties to the Roman Empire were completely cut. When the Kingdom of Italy was established with the unification of Italy in 1861 (2614 AUC), it was characterized by a lack of interest in ''Romanitas'' and by a modern sentiment of "Italianism:" the ethos of the new country was determined by the ideas of Mazzinianism, the ''risorgimento'', and by a national sentiment born in Piedmont-Sardinia, Tuscany, Naples and Sicily. With the disappearing of the last vestiges of the Roman Empire, a growing nostalgia for the glory of ancient Rome was noticeable from the early 20th century, however, as Nova Roma rejects all forms of fascism, we do not consider Mussolini's Italian Empire among our inspirations, but historically it has to be mentioned among the attempts to bring back certain aspects of ancient Roman identity even though in a disfigured and morally wrong form. This fascist interpretation of Rome was the reason that, for a long period in the 20th century, Rome became identified with megalomania and oppression, even if the real, historical ancient Rome was in fact the cradle of freedom, justice, law and republicanism.
−	| cos1extra= | cos2extra=(II) }}	+
−	{{AnnalsHeader | year=MMDCCLVI| year_full=<span class="year" title="2003 C.E.">K. Fabio T. Labieno cos.[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|‡]] ([[MMDCCLVI]] [[AUC|a.u.c.]])</span> | cos1=Caeso Fabius Quintilianus | cos2=Titus Labienus Fortunatus	+	After these events, for several decades in the 20th century, Roman revivalism existed only in Italy, such as the Movimento Tradizionale Romano, founded in 1988 (2741 AUC), but these groups were dedicated only to certain aspects of Roman culture, usually focused on Roman religion only, and not to the holistic revival of the Roman civic identity. From 1972 (2725 AUC), the first Roman reenactment societies started to appear, bringing back even more aspects of Roman culture, especially material culture, and the idea of authentic reconstructionism in practice: while these served as educational spectacles to most, to many participants these have become genuine experiences of another, better way of life and way of thinking. Motivated by the Italian Roman religion revivalists and by the growing interest in Roman reenactment, the final impulse to start the international Roman movement was the founding of the Supreme Council of Ethnic Hellenes in 1997 (2750 AUC), and in the method of reviving the Roman commonwealth, the idea of micronations, or a landless spiritual nation as a "Republic of Letters" inspired the founding fathers of Nova Roma, Cassius and Vedius.
−	| cos1extra= | cos2extra= }}	+
−	{{AnnalsHeader | year=MMDCCLVII| year_full=<span class="year" title="2004 C.E."> Cn. Salice Cn. Equitio cos.[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|‡]] ([[MMDCCLVII]] [[AUC|a.u.c.]])</span> | cos1=Gnaeus Salix Astur | cos2=Gnaeus Equitius Marinus	+	Nova Roma was born in New England, in the United States of America, as a tiny local community of six people who culturally identified as Romans, and who became friends during 1995-1997: [[Marcus Cassius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|M. Cassius Iulianus]] and his wife [[Patricia Cassia (Nova Roma)|Patricia Cassia]], [[Flavius Vedius Germanicus (Nova Roma)|Fl. Vedius Germanicus]] and his wife [[Priscilla Vedia Serena (Nova Roma)|Priscilla Vedia Serena]] and [[Decius Iunius Palladius Invictus (Nova Roma)|Dec. Iunius Palladius]] who met through [[Gaius Iulius Iulianus (Nova Roma)|C. Iulius Iulianus]], a practitioner of the ''religio Romana'' affiliated with the Italian Movimento Tradizionale Romano. Making it a worldwide community as a spiritual Roman nation and new Roman Republic was the idea of Cassius and Vedius: they put advertisements in printed newspapers and internet forums, such as the [https://quemdixerechaos.com/2012/11/29/romarch-instructions/ ROMARCH], the first Internet e-mail discussion and distribution list for ancient Roman art and archaeology. They were joined by '''Agrippina Maria Glauca''' just before the founding. Early on in 1998, they announced in various publications that the re-founding of the Roman nation will take place on {{Mar 1}}, and collected applications for citizenship by postal letters (snail mails). Approximately [[Founders of Nova Roma|'''thirty citizens''' applied for citizenship by the Foundation Day]]. On '''{{Feb 28}} of 2751 AUC''', Cassius and Vedius proclaimed the [[Declaration of Nova Roma]], and, on the following day, the Kalends of March, the founding citizens acclaimed, in a form of a primitive, primordial and informal [[Comitia (Nova Roma)|''comitia curiata'']], the founding of the Nova Roman nation with its first Constitution and with M. Cassius and Fl. Vedius as its first consuls and censors, Dec. Iunius as its first praetor and [[Quintus Caecilius Metellus (Nova Roma)|Q. Caecilius Metellus]] as its first plebeian aedilis. The membership was international, from several countries in Europe and America from the first days, and, with the help of the internet, a small but already worldwide community was born under the course of a few weeks. The rest is history.
−	| cos1extra= | cos2extra= }}	+
−	{{AnnalsHeader | year=MMDCCLVIII| year_full=<span class="year" title="2005 C.E.">Fr. Apulo C. Laenate cos.[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|‡]] ([[MMDCCLVIII]] [[AUC|a.u.c.]])</span> | cos1=Franciscus Apulus Caesar | cos2=Gaius Popillius Laenas	+	=Historical account by year=
−	| cos1extra= | cos2extra= }}	+
−	{{AnnalsHeader | year=MMDCCLIX| year_full=<span class="year" title="2006 C.E.">C. Buteone Po. Minucia cos.[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|‡]] ([[MMDCCLIX]] [[AUC|a.u.c.]])</span> | cos1=Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus | cos2=Pompeia Minucia Strabo	+	=={{1998}}==
−	| cos1extra= | cos2extra= }}	+
−	{{AnnalsHeader | year=MMDCCLX| year_full=<span class="year" title="2007 C.E.">L. Arminio Ti. Galerio cos.[[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|‡]] ([[MMDCCLX]] [[AUC|a.u.c.]])</span> | cos1=Lucius Arminius Faustus | cos2=Tiberius Galerius Paulinus	+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLI}}
−	| cos1extra= | cos2extra= }}	+
−	{{AnnalsHeader | year=MMDCCLXI| year_full=<span class="year" title="2008 C.E."> M. Moravio T. Iulio cos. [[Consular Years (Nova Roma)|‡]] ([[MMDCCLXI]] [[AUC|a.u.c.]])</span> | cos1=Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus | cos2=Titus Iulius Sabinus | cos1extra= | cos2extra= }}	+	=={{1999}}==
−	[[Category:Nova Roma History]]	+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLII}}
		+
		+	=={{2000}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLIII}}
		+
		+	=={{2001}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLIV}}
		+
		+	=={{2002}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLV}}
		+
		+	=={{2003}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLVI}}
		+
		+	=={{2004}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLVII}}
		+
		+	=={{2005}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLVIII}}
		+
		+	=={{2006}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLIX}}
		+
		+	=={{2007}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLX}}
		+
		+	=={{2008}}==
		+
		+	Nova Roma was cited by Intute around this time as a great online reference. Intute is a free online service providing you with access to the very best Web resources for education and research. The service is created by a network of UK universities and partners. Subject specialists select and evaluate the websites in our database and write high quality descriptions of the resources." [http://www.intute.ac.uk/artsandhumanities/cgi-bin/fullrecord.pl?handle=humbul15034 Nova Roma citation at Intute]
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLXI}}
		+
		+	=={{2009}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLXII}}
		+
		+	=={{2010}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLXIII}}
		+
		+	=={{2011}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLXIV}}
		+
		+	=={{2012}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLXV}}
		+
		+	=={{2013}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLXVI}}
		+
		+	=={{2014}}==
		+
		+	{{Include summary|:MMDCCLXVII}}
		+
		+	=={{2015}}==
		+
		+	<h4>Consular government (1&nbsp;January - 31 December)</h4>
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><b>Consul</b>:&nbsp;M. Pompeius Caninus</li>
		+	<li><b>Consul</b>: Sex. Lucilius Tutor</li>
		+	</ul>
		+	The year proceeded normally under the consulship of M. Pompeius and Sex. Lucilius, until Consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor published some popular reform proposals in the Senate <strong>in October</strong>. The reform ideas were based on a broad consensus of the citizens and represented the desires of the Nova Roma membership. This grassroots initiative&nbsp;was perceived as a questioning of the&nbsp;autocratic power held&nbsp;by Cn. Iulius Caesar and L. Cornelius Sulla Felix, and consequently they protested the proposals and sabotaged the session of the senate through Sulla's "acting princeps senatus" prerogatives. The initiative of Consul Lucilius represented a new hope that Nova Roma would end the practice of secretive and arrogant exclusionist management style of the clique of Sulla, Caesar and their closest senatorial friends,&nbsp;and would signal the return to normal way of activity in Nova Roma with educational and community projects and consensus-based decision making: it was, however, against the interests of Sulla and Caesar who were known as the proponents of converting Nova Roma into a virtual political rivalry game, and as the opponents of the original goals of Nova Roma as an educational and cultural organization and Roman revivalist real life community. Caesar and Sulla started losing their power and they needed to fabricate a pretext so that they can cement their rule and realize their project of converting Nova Roma into their private game.
		+
		+	<h4>Coup d'état of Caesar and Sulla (16-17 November)</h4>
		+	After the Sullan-Caesarian sabotage against the reform proposals of Consul Sex. Lucilius in the senate in October, the discontent of the Nova Roma membership was rapidly growing. For the first time after many years, candidates who were openly critical of Sulla and Caesar&nbsp;applied for the highest offices in the approaching yearly elections. In an attempt to cement their own unlimited power and to kill off the growing number of critical voices within Nova Roma, Caesar and Sulla decided to shut down&nbsp;the upcoming free elections, to purge their remaining opponents and to remove the&nbsp;democratic elements from Nova Roma. Caesar, with the permission of Sulla, proclaimed himself the Dictator of Nova Roma with unlimited power over the republic (which is also the non-profit corporation of Nova Roma) and started to exterminate all form of opposition.
		+
		+	Nova Roma was shocked and traumatized. This was&nbsp;an illegal and ruthless takeover, a coup d'état: Caesar and Sulla&nbsp;established an unconstitutional form of dictatorship and expelled long term citizens from Nova Roma in order to make way for their new version of Nova Roma as their private fiefdom. Caesar's and Sulla's&nbsp;actions were not only against the law of Nova Roma, but also against the law of the State of Maine of USA where Nova Roma is incorporated as a nonprofit corporation. This is what caused their ultimate demise within Nova Roma, as the&nbsp;membership of Nova Roma turned to&nbsp;corporate lawyers for help. This led to the birth of the united coalition of the entire membership, and the reorganization of our republic.
		+
		+	As the surfaced evidences show, Sulla and Caesar decided about&nbsp;the coup and had been <strong>preparing for it since at least 2013</strong>, the year when Sulla was Consul without colleague. First they built an informal domination <strong>starting from 2011</strong>, then they worked out the institutional background for a coup d'état in 2013, and finally they went on to introduce the&nbsp;formal and official Dictatorship <strong>on November 16, 2015.</strong>
		+
		+	<strong>The actual establishment of the illegal dictatorship of Caesar and Sulla was prompted by the following series of events:</strong>
		+
		+	<strong>In November</strong>, Sulla and Caesar wanted to pass a number of <em>senatus consulta</em> that required new citizens to disclose if they had ever been members of any "competing organizations" (i.e. other brotherly Roman organizations that Sulla and Caesar considered their personal enemies because they were created by people who Sulla and Caesar exiled or drove away). These<em> senatus consulta</em>&nbsp;endangered the citizenship of those citizens who did not know earlier that there was a regulation in Nova Roma that you couldn't join another Roman organization and it was open to plenty of other abuses. In defense of all present and future citizens of Nova Roma who were members of other Roman organizations, the T<span class="il">ribunes</span>&nbsp;of the Plebs, led by P. Porcius Licinus, vetoed these decrees because it was their duty, a right and an obligation granted to them by the Constitution. As a reaction to this, Caesar and Sulla, supported by the Sulla-Caesar Faction member Senators&nbsp;who constituted the Senate majority, decided to overturn the fundamental&nbsp;agreement on the Nova Roman "<em>mos maiorum</em>", the cornerstone of all the civic life&nbsp;in Nova Roma, and they denied the constitutional right of veto (<em>ius intercessionis</em>) of the Tribunes of the Plebs.
		+
		+	The Consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor argued that he considered the veto valid, but that he would obey the Senate's decision under all circumstances. The other Consul, M. Pompeius Caninus urged citizens to obey the Sulla-Caesar Senate majority. Many other citizens, among them the Praetor Hadrianus and the Censor Placidus posted public statements in defense of the validity of the constitution and of the Tribunes' constitutional obligation to defend the rights of citizens. While the forum debates were ongoing,&nbsp;suddenly Sulla and Caesar activated the Executive Committee of the Senate which was (as it turned out later by the attorneys' investigation) an illegal institution according to USA Maine State law. This "Executive Committee", which consisted only of Sulla and Caesar, declared Caesar the "Dictator of Nova Roma"&nbsp;<strong>on November 16</strong>, a shocking surprise to the entire Nova Roma membership.
		+
		+	After Caesar appointed himself "Dictator" and Sulla as his vicar, they immediately declared the lawful vetoes invalid, cancelled free elections, and annihilated the citizenship, by expulsion for life, not only of the vetoing Tribunes of the Plebs, but also the lawful Consul (the elected President of Nova Roma, Inc.), the Praetor (Vice-President NR, Inc.), the Censor (Secretary NR, Inc.), several Senators (Members of the Board of Directors NR, Inc.) and many simple citizens without any due procedure.
		+
		+	With this appalling recklessness, 18 years of Nova Roma constitutional tradition and practice was tramped on and destroyed. Caesar and Sulla threw out the Nova Roman social contract and the <em>mos maiorum</em> for their&nbsp;short-term political gain, and shut down the constitution, the laws and all members who expressed different views or voiced any disagreement. Even though the Consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor promised&nbsp;full compliance to the Senate, dominated by the Sulla-Caesar Faction, it wasn't "enough compliant"&nbsp;for Caesar the illegal "Dictator": they expelled him and everyone who spoke in favor of the veto, for no other reason than expressing&nbsp;an&nbsp;opinion. They&nbsp;also expelled some other citizens who did not even speak during the veto situation, but who were disliked by Caesar or Sulla for various reasons. These were all very serious offences under the laws of the USA, since it meant the violation of rights and expulsion of the corporate members of Nova Roma, Incorporated.
		+
		+	This was followed by a series of resignations of citizenship by many outraged citizens and a split in the the organization which resulted in the founding of a new spin-off organization (RR), causing a huge loss of members for Nova Roma. The fact that Caesar, Sulla and their faction's Senate majority destroyed the principles that bonded the community of Nova Roma&nbsp;together alienated almost all of their old supporters and this contributed to the fact that all the remaining active citizens of Nova Roma came together in a form of coalition against Caesar and Sulla.
		+
		+	The use of the Senate Executive Committee to establish a dictatorship was particularly shocking for the membership because this committee was nominally created to solve minor bureaucratic issues such as filing reports to IRS or substituting a magistrate if he is unavailable in time of urgency. At least this is how they sold the establishment of the Executive Committee to the Senate in 2013, although from the time of the creation of this committee there are public records of Sulla saying on the forum that "<em>Caesar knows how it would be possible to create a legally valid dictatorship in NR</em>". From similar public statements and from all the leaked information it&nbsp;is clear that they have been planning this coup d'état since 2013 at least, and they waited for the occasion when they could strike down. It was now. They used the Tribunes's veto as a justification to declare a "state of emergency". They claimed there was a crisis with the veto situation, even if in reality it was not a crisis, but an ordinary event in the <em>res publica</em>. In Nova Roma politics (just like in ancient Rome), it was common and usual for&nbsp;the T<span class="il">ribunes&nbsp;to issue&nbsp;</span>vetoes: this was the normal course of action; it was their job! At this time Caesar, however, claimed that this was an "emergency crisis situation" which could be solved only by a Dictator. This illegal and unethical use of the dictatorship was also unprecedented in Nova Roma and&nbsp;subverted not only the constitutional common sense, but the social contract and the so called "<em>mos maiorum</em> of Nova Roma".
		+
		+	All these aspects contributed to the reason why so many citizens could so quickly form a united protesting front against the dictatorship. This hostile takeover and overthrow of not only the laws and legal government both also the social, moral and ethical foundations of Nova Roma was the last step in a series of destructive actions that Sulla and Caesar had committed for the&nbsp;complete control of&nbsp;Nova Roma.
		+	<h4>The start of the liberation of Nova Roma (19 November)</h4>
		+	<strong>On 19th November</strong>, at the initiative of the leader of the opposition, Quaestor Cn. Lentulus, the expelled citizens and their supporters formed a "Government In Exile", chaired by Consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor. The exiled members, with the immense contribution and invaluable assistance of P. Porcius Licinus, the exiled vetoing Tribune, employed the help of two American corporate&nbsp;attorneys in the defense of the lawful Nova Roma. The attorneys determined that Sulla and Caesar broke the law of the State of Maine USA with their offenses and abuses. About 300&nbsp;Nova Roma citizens signed, or expressed their support for, an&nbsp;Official Complaint Letter to&nbsp;be filed at court in the State of Maine. Many of the earliest citizens of Nova Roma, consular senators, former magistrates and priests, reenactors and Nova Roma activists, among them Co-Founder of Nova Roma, Flavius Vedius Germanicus, Augur and former Consul, Censor and Senator, joined the Complaint Letter: Nova Roma became a single united voice of protest against the Sulla-Caesar Faction and their puppet Senate.
		+	====The start of the Third "Civil War" of Nova Roma (18 December)====
		+	'''On 18th December''', after a dramatic deliberation and consideration of all aspects and angles of the current situation and the future of Nova Roma, the "Government in Exile Saving Nova Roma, led by consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor and his quaestor Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, decided to attack back at the perpetrators of the coup d'état, and authorized the attorney of Nova Roma to launch the Demand Letter, an actualized, lawyer's form and version of the prepared Official Complaint Letter, signed by 20 citizens by then, and to send it to the Coup Faction. With this, the open fight was started for saving Nova Roma, which lasted for years to come.
		+
		+	On the same day, consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor established a new online curia, official venue for the lawful senate of Nova Roma, where the the law-abiding senators of Nova Roma gathered together. With the gathering of the loyalist senators, the free elements of both the magistracy and the senate were reorganized and assembled, ready to continue to lead the lawful, honorable and loyal elements of Nova Roma, to fight against the Coup Faction.
		+
		+	'''On 20th December,''' the tyrant Cn. Caesar replied to the Demand Letter, refused any cooperation, sticking to the actions of the coup. This was an action of "opening fire" at the lawful senate and magistrates, and a confirmation that the "civil war" is on.
		+
		+	'''On 31st December''', the lawful senate appointed, by a special senatus consultum ultimum, the exiled consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor, to lead the Government In Exile Saving Nova Roma as proconsul until the circumstances will allow the nomination of interreges and holding free elections again.
		+
		+	=={{2016}}==
		+
		+	From {{2016}} until the end of {{2021}}, the Corporation of Nova Roma was separate from the Republic of Nova Roma, even though the members of the corporation were identical to the citizens of the Republic. The Nova Roman Republic was working as a free commonwealth of the community of Nova Roman citizens, and it was not equivalent to the Nova Roma Corporation, like it has been before {{2016}}. The reason for this separation was that the corporation currently had some problems with its legal status within the State of Maine, USA, and our community was working on the solution and reformation of its structure. Nova Roma recovered a completely working corporation in the year (2021), which got integrated into the frames of the Republic again that year.
		+
		+	<h4>Government in exile (1 January - 7 October)</h4>
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><strong>Special Proconsul</strong>: Sex. Lucilius Tutor (1 January- 7 October)</li>
		+	<li>Executive secretary of the Proconsul: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus</li>
		+	<li>Legatus charged to lead the&nbsp;lawsuit: P. Porcius Licinus</li>
		+	<li>Special advisors: Po. Minucia Strabo, C. Aurelius Suenseranus, A. Tullia Scholastica, C. Claudius Quadratus</li>
		+	<li>Committee of the Liberators (various leaders, advisers and executives)</li>
		+	</ul>
		+	After the illegal coup d'état and the expulsion of the elected government, committed by the Cn. Iulius Caesar and L. Cornelius Sulla Felix, the law-abiding loyalist senators of Nova Roma gathered together and appointed, by a special senatus consultum ultimum, the exiled Consul, who was then <strong>by January</strong> just Proconsul, Sex. Lucilius Tutor,&nbsp;to lead&nbsp;the "Government In Exile Saving Nova Roma". This temporary "liberation government" rallied all citizens of Nova Roma to re-establish their free Roman republican community and to return to the rule of law. P. Porcius Licinus, who as Tribune of the Plebs was expelled from Nova Roma alongside with the lawful government, led the negotiations with the corporate&nbsp;attorneys to put an end on the abuses of Caesar and Sulla, and <strong>managed to compel the illegal dictator Caesar to resign from his position</strong>.
		+
		+	<strong>On March 11</strong>, Caesar resigned from his illegal dictatorship. However, the Sulla-Caesar Coup Faction retained full control over the Senate (corporate board of directors), so the loyalist senators of Nova Roma had no other choice but to hold a separate session, free from the influence from the illegal dictator and his faction, and to find a way to create a lawful government for Nova Roma that would restore the <em>res publica</em>.
		+
		+	The <strong>months from April to September</strong> were spent by preparing for the corporate elections and rallying citizens to pay their taxes (membership fee) in order to elect a leadership for the corporation that is truly representing the interests of the members of Nova Roma and the mission of Nova Roma. Even though a record number of citizens paid their membership fee, the Board, still controlled by Caesar, refused to hold corporate elections, and it continues to do so this until this day (October 2017). The members of Nova Roma paid to Sulla, the treasurer in vain, which is just another addition to the list of crimes of the Sulla-Caesar duo.
		+
		+	<strong>In September</strong>, Government In Exile, authorized by Censor Placidus according to the Senate Rules in force, convened the non-corporate senate for the second time, to figure out the future of Nova Roma under the current circumstances.
		+	<h4>Interregnum (7 October - 22 October)</h4>
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><strong>Interrex</strong>:&nbsp;Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander (7 October - 22 October)</li>
		+	</ul>
		+	The Government In Exile&nbsp;was finally able to find a legal way ("legal" as defined by the internal republican legal system of Nova Roma) to hold a regular session of the Senate composed of the loyalist senators, and the free Senate of Nova Roma appointed Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander (Lentulus the Elder) as Interrex for&nbsp;4&nbsp;consecutive terms, with the restriction that he must&nbsp;appoint his <em>filius familias</em>, the experienced Nova Roma activist and legal expert, Lentulus the Younger as his Chief of Staff, and must employ his legal expertise to organize the transition from the informal "Government in Exile" to a formal and legal government of Nova Roma. Interrex Lentulus Alexander was given the mandate to restore&nbsp;the foundations of the democratic and lawful republican government and to elect the consuls for the year 2016. With&nbsp;the assistance of Lentulus <em>filius</em>, Interrex Lentulus Alexander completed all of his tasks and held democratic elections to elect the consuls according to the laws of Nova Roma.
		+	<h4>Consular government (22 October - 31 December)</h4>
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><strong>Consul</strong>: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander</li>
		+	<li><strong>Consul</strong>: T. Domitius Draco</li>
		+	</ul>
		+	<strong>During the course of October</strong>, the assembled loyalist citizens demanded that&nbsp;Lentulus the Younger should be elected as one of the two Consuls (as he was referred to by consensus as&nbsp;"the most productive leader in Nova Roma"), but after he refused&nbsp;to occupy this position because it would have been contrary to the status of his&nbsp;<em>cursus honorum </em>and thus against the<em>&nbsp;mos maiorum</em>, the senators and the leading citizens accepted a compromise that Lentulus would run for the consulship as a team with his <em>pater familias</em>, the former Interrex Lentulus Alexander, and if elected, he would lead the government as Chief of Staff again as it was done&nbsp;previously under the interregnum. There were 5 candidates for the consulship and a historical record participation in the elections. Elected as the new consuls for the few remaining months of the year were the former Interrex&nbsp;Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander and former government officer T. Domitius Draco. They created a new "temporary constitution" for the duration of the "Sulla-Caesar coup d'état" crisis: the [[lex Cornelia Domitia de re publica constituenda (Nova Roma)|lex Cornelia Domitia de re publica constituenda]] which was enacted <strong>in December</strong>.&nbsp;This temporary legal framework enables Nova Roma to live and function in the current circumstaces when it is deprived from its Corporation (Nova Roma, Inc.) by Caesar, Sulla and their Coup Faction. With this historic breakthrough, the "non-corporate" civic body, the active community of Nova Roman citizens, became separate and independent from the Corporation of Nova Roma, just like at the time of the founding of Nova Roma in 1998.
		+
		+	<strong>By the end of December</strong>, as a result of the government of Consuls Cn. Lentulus Alexander and T. Domitius, the free community of Nova Roma became able to function and work as a <em>res publica</em> again, with a complete civic life. Under the consulship of Cn. Lentulus and T. Domitius, the non-corporate Nova Roma succeeded to recruit the <em>legio II Adiutrix</em> as an allied legion of Nova Roma, and by doing so, we further increased our presence in the world.
		+
		+	The <em>lex Cornelia Domitia de re publica constituenda</em> also provided that in the next critical year a government&nbsp;based on broad consensus guide the community of Nova Roma to increase citizen activism, cultural life and to lead the work of rebuilding Nova Roma. This collective government was based on ancient Roman republican traditions, the office of the <em>Tribuni Militum Consulari Potestate</em>, which often was chosen as a form of government in time of crisis. This institution has been re-introduced to Nova Roma in order to rebuild our community in 2017.
		+
		+	=={{2017}}==
		+
		+	<h4>Tribunician government (1 January - 14 October, 2017)</h4>
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><strong>Tribunus Militum Consulari Potestate</strong>: Sex. Lucilius Tutor</li>
		+	<li><strong>Tribunus Militum Consulari Potestate</strong>: C. Claudius Quadratus</li>
		+	<li><strong>Tribunus Militum Consulari Potestate</strong>: P. Annaeus Constantinus Placidus</li>
		+	<li><strong>Tribunus Militum Consulari Potestate</strong>: Q. Lutatius Catulus</li>
		+	</ul>
		+	The consular tribunician government of the free citizens and free parts of Nova Roma was established as a broad consensus leadership to work on the resolution of the crisis caused by the Sulla-Caesar Coup Faction, while the other priority of the tribunician government was to restore an energetic, active cultural and civic life to the Nova Roma community.
		+
		+	<strong>January</strong> saw an important session of the non-corporate senate of Nova Roma, where governors were appointed to all provinces, and the reenactor legions of Nova Roma were assigned to representative state commanders-in-chief (serving only as a point of contact and also ceremonial purposes; the self-governance of the reenactor legions is completely independent).
		+
		+	<strong>On the Kalends of March</strong>, the non-corporate tribunician government celebrated the 19th Birthday of Nova Roma by a great real life convention and public rituals at the Aquincum amphitheater, organized by quaestor and praefectus Lentulus (governor of the area), with the participation of two Nova Roman legions and an allied legion of Nova Roma.
		+
		+	The <em><strong>Ludi Novi Romani</strong> </em>(the Nova Roman Games) were held for two weeks between March 1-15, jointly by the <em>tribuni militum consulari potestate</em> with the assistance of the quaestores to mark the 19th Anniversary of the Founding of Nova Roma and the Opening of the Sacred 20th Year of Nova Roma. The tribunician government ran various contests, games, literary competitions rituals&nbsp;in honor of this significant milestone in the life of Nova Roma, proving to the world that Nova Roma, without the corporation, is as strong as ever, and our citizens have successfully reorganized the community of Nova Roma, which is now completely functional and growing again.
		+
		+	The senate met <strong>in April</strong> and it was enacted by <em>senatus consultum</em> that one of the <em>tribuni militum consulari potestate</em> shall represent Nova Roma in Rome, at the Parilia Festival (the Birthday of Rome) which is the greatest Roman reenactor parade in the world, held in the city of Rome annually, and shall offer a sacrifice in the city of Rome for Nova Roma, and for the resolution of the corporate crisis to end the "civil war" of Sulla and Caesar.
		+
		+	<strong>On the</strong> <em><strong>Parilia Festival</strong></em> (the Birthday of Rome) Nova Roma was represented personally by our leader&nbsp;<em>tribunus militum consulari potestate</em> C. Claudius Quadratus, and&nbsp;he offered sacrifices at various sacred locations of ancient Rome for the benefit of the Nova Roman citizens. In honor of the Birthday of Rome, several prominent citizens were elevated to the equestrian order as an award and official recognition for their merits and long time service to Nova Roma.
		+
		+	<strong>In May,</strong> the tribunician government started the preparations for a Grand International Conventus of Nova Roma, an institution that the Sullan-Caesarian regime neglected during their tenure: the convention would take place in Rome, next year, and it would be the VIIIth International Conventus of Nova Roma. Also in May, in Pannonia, the Lemuria festival was publicly remembered in an event held by the allied Legio II Adiutrix, jointly with Nova Romans, and the 11th&nbsp;<strong><em>Floralia Aquincensia Nova Romana</em></strong> were organized by governor Cn. Cornelius Lentulus with the participation of both Nova Roman and allied reenactor legions, and with a huge public ceremony held in honor of the Sacred 20th Year of Nova Roma, with new citizens joining as a result of the successful event.
		+
		+	<strong>In June,</strong> the consular tribunician government passed an edict of declaration of friendship with the other three Roman organizations (the RR, the RPR and the RA) and the non-corporate senate and people of Nova Roma offered various gestures and favors to these organization as a sign of friendship and brotherhood. Since the entire crisis and coup d'état of Caesar and Sulla that ruined our corporation started when the People of Nova Roma and our Tribunes of Plebs defended the members of the RR and the RPR organizations, this gesture from Nova Roma was a most noble intention to crown out efforts in friendship with all people on the world who identify themselves as Romans.
		+
		+	<strong>In July,</strong>&nbsp;the traditional <strong>Nova Roma Reenactor Summer Camp</strong> was held in the Nova Roman burgus of Colonia Rostallo. Around the same time, the next session of the non-corporate senate recognized the activities and the successful community of the Bulgarian Nova Romans, and due to the growth and achievements of the Nova Romans of Bulgaria, the Senate decided to elevate the Bulgarian Nova Roman community to the status of provincia. By senatus consultum, a new province was created for Nova Roma, Provincia Thracia, with A. Vitellius Celsus as its first governor. This milestone in the history of Nova Roma and the success of Nova Roma in Bulgaria was met with unanimous acclaim by the entire citizenry as a sign of the new dawn of Nova Roma. The <strong>new province was established</strong> and inaugurated together with its first governor <strong>on 12 August</strong> at the Nicopolis Ad Istrum Festival, during a Nova Roman interprovincial convention between citizens of Thracia and Pannonia.
		+
		+	<strong>In September,</strong> the Ludi Romani were celebrated in two separate locations of the world by Nova Roma. The Ludi Romani was a special occasion in our Sacred 20th Year: the sacrifices and the celebrations this year were performed as a preparation for the Ides of October (15 October), the October Horse Day, when, according the order of the people written in the lex Cornelia Domitia, the Soul of the Roman People shall be united with Nova Roma in the Pignora Imperii and the Palladium, as part of the special event commemorating our beginning in 1998. Our Ludi Romani this year were dedicated to ask the gods to prepare themselves to these historical Ides of October. Our citizens celebrated the Ludi Romani this year with two main events in two locations on the same day, <strong>on September 17</strong>: in Aquincum, Provincia Pannonia of Nova Roma (Budapest, Hungary) and in Ulpia Serdica, Thracia (Sofia, Bulgaria). Thracian Nova Romans performed Latin songs and Roman poems and they held a scholarly researched demonstration of the Roman civil process in court. They performed a theatrical reenactment of the issuing of the Edict of Tolerance from Emperor Galerius, and a Roman military scene presenting the retirement of a Roman veteran. The Thracian Ludi Romani of Nova Roma in Thracia was closed by an antique fashion demonstration. The Pannonian Nova Romans&nbsp;offered a spectacular sacrifice to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus asking his blessing to the Completion of the Founding Years of Nova Roma and for the upcoming Ides of October milestone, then the Nova Roman team performed various programs including short "introduction to Latin" workshop, Roman wedding, Roman trial, and gladiatorial combats.
		+
		+	<strong>In October,</strong> a session of the (non-corporate) senate was held to determine our future policies, and in the same month the term of office of the consular tribunes ended, and the consular tribunes concluded their year with <strong>successful accomplishment</strong> of most of the objectives of their mandate.
		+	<h4>Interregnum (14 October - 31 December, 2017)</h4>
		+	By October 14, the mandate of the <em>tribuni militum consulari potestate</em> expired, and, according to the&nbsp;<em>lex Cornelia Domitia de re publica constituenda</em>&nbsp;<strong>Interreges</strong> took over the government which is to last until the end of the current year.
		+
		+	The<strong> first interrex</strong> in the series, <strong>Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander</strong>, served for three consecutive terms (14-18, 19-23, 24-28 October). The <strong>second interrex</strong> was <strong>M. Minucius Audens</strong>, he also served for three consecutive terms (29 October - 2 November, 3-7, 8-12 November). The <strong>third interrex was in fact an interregina</strong>, the first female interrex in world history: <strong>A. Tullia Scholastica</strong>. She served for three consecutive terms from 13-17, 18-22, 23-27 November). <strong>The fourth, Gallio Velius Marsallas</strong>, one of the first citizens of Nova Roma, and praefectus of the oldest Nova Roman legion, the legio XXIV Media Atlantia governed Nova Roma between 28 November - 12 December, for three terms.&nbsp;The <strong>fifth Interrex was again Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander</strong>, between 13-17, 18-22, 23-27 and 28-31 December, four terms of interregnum. After him, the new Consuls took over.
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><strong>Interrex</strong>:&nbsp;Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander (14 October - 28 October, 2017)</li>
		+	</ul>
		+	The first interrex, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander, served for three consecutive terms (14-18, 19-23, 24-28 October). He exercised his power through his deputy, Cn. Lentulus the Younger, the <em>praefectus rei publicae</em> (on the ancient model of <em>praefectus urbi</em>) assigned to manage the day-to-day state affairs.
		+
		+	<strong>On October 15</strong>, in Aquincum, in a huge ceremony with about 30 Roman participants, 5 allied groups attendings, and with a crowd of onlookers watching and rooting, the founding years of Nova Roma have been concluded at the <strong>October Horse</strong> ceremony of the <strong>Completion of the Founding of the Nova Roman People</strong>, under the auspices of Interrex and Acting Interim Rex Sacrorum Cn. Lentulus Alexander. Nova Roma has received Her Palladium and Pignora Imperii which from now on, will be protected and venerated as the most sacred divine objects and tokens of the Nova Roman People, the essence and identity, the heart and soul of Nova Roma, on which the safety, welfare, prosperity, victory and good luck of the Nova Roman People depends. The establishment of the sacred tokens was followed by the birth and foundation rites and the founding lustratio under royal auspices. Participants from Nova Roma in Aquincum celebrated the October Horse with observing every single little detail of its ancient tradition. Nova Romans celebrated the event with an October Horse running "horse race", with proper rituals, with a gladiatorial fight and a legionary performance and a open air dinner with wine and Roman food.Meanwhile <strong>on the same day</strong>, at the Nova Roma-allied temple of Iuppiter<strong> in Poltava, Ukraine</strong>, a parallel ritual was held asking Iuppiter to support and approve the Completion of Founding ceremonies that we were doing at Aquincum.
		+
		+	At the end of the celebrations, the interrex and acting rex sacrorum proclaimed the Confirmation of the Declaration of Nova Roma and called the Nova Roman People to vow to be loyal to the Confirmation of the Declaration as the cornerstone of Nova Roma and of all its principles, goals, laws and Constitution, and&nbsp;sacrificially, numinously and ceremonially founded, by royal pronouncement, as it was in the case of Romulus and Numa, the Comitia, the Senate, the Collegium Pontificum and Augurum (which existed validly even this far, but now they exist religiously validly, the same way how the ancient ones existed). From this day on, every institution of Nova Roma emanates from the Gods’ inaugurated and consecrated approval, enacted by a founding kingly action, at the expressed will and order of the People.
		+
		+	With&nbsp;this historical groundbreaking action, the Nova Roman People has been inaugurated and consecrated, under royal auspices, and it has been dedicated, by the sacred contract, to the gods of Rome, with a detailed list of obligations in which our minimum sacra publica will exist.
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><strong>Interrex</strong>: M. Minucius Audens (29 October - 12 November, 2017)</li>
		+	</ul>
		+	The second interrex was M. Minucius Audens, he was serving for three consecutive terms (29 October - 2 November, 3-7, 8-12 November). The Interrex governed Nova Roma with the assistance of the Quaestors (Ministers) and and with a government staff.
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><strong>Interregina</strong>: A. Tullia Scholastica (13 - 27 November, 2017)</li>
		+	</ul>
		+	The third interrex was in fact an interregina, the first female interrex in world history: A. Tullia Scholastica. She was serving for three consecutive terms from 13-17, 18-22, 23-27 November). Interregina Tullia Scholastica held a session of the senate appointing the next interreges, restoring the plebeian tribuneship and preparing their election and the transition to consular government.
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><strong>Interrex</strong>: Gallio Velius Marsallas (28 November - 12 December, 2017)</li>
		+	</ul>
		+	The fourth Interrex was Gallio Velius Marsallas, one of the first citizens of Nova Roma, and praefectus of the oldest Nova Roman legion, the legio XXIV Media Atlantia.
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><strong>Interrex</strong>:&nbsp;Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander (13 - 31 December, 2017)</li>
		+	</ul>
		+	The fifth Interrex, who served as the last in the series who lead the interim government, was again Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander, who had to publish the Confirmation of the Declaration of Nova Roma and our complete contract with the gods establishing the basic requirements of the sacra publica of Nova Roma. Lentulus Alexander governed Nova Roma between 13-17, 18-22, 23-27 and 28-31 December, four terms of interregnum. After him, the new Consuls took over.
		+
		+	Under the interregnum of Lentulus Alexander, elections were held according to the laws of Nova Roma, and C. Claudius Quadratus and T. Domitius Draco were elected consuls for our 20th Anniversary Year, the Sacred Year of Concordia were elected from among the candidates.
		+
		+	=={{2018}} - 20th Anniversary of Nova Roma - Sacred Year of Concordia==
		+
		+	<h4>Consular government (1&nbsp;January - current)</h4>
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><b>Consul</b>:&nbsp;C. Claudius Quadratus</li>
		+	<li><b>Consul</b>: T. Domitius Draco (II)</li>
		+	</ul>
		+	<strong>In January,</strong>&nbsp;the Committee of the Liberatores decided to hire a new law firm in order to bring definitive action against the illegal Caesarian Coup Faction which had been usurping the corporation of Nova Roma since the <a href="http://nova-roma.org/coup-detat-of-caesar-and-sulla/">Coup d’état of 2015 November</a>.
		+
		+	<strong>In February</strong>, Consul T. Domitius Draco held <strong>a session of the non-corporate senate</strong> and <em>senatus consulta</em> were enacted about the Vicennalia (20th Anniversary) celebrations and about defending the structural organization of the cultus deorum in Nova Roma from the negative impacts of the rogue Board of Directors which is under the illegal control of Sulla and Caesar.
		+
		+	<strong>Between 1-15 March,</strong> Nova Roma, under the government of consul C. Claudius and T. Domitius, celebrated the 20th Birthday of Nova Roma.&nbsp; On March 1st, the day of the Concordialia (the Day of Roman Unity), pontifex&nbsp;<strong>[[Cn. Lentulus]]</strong>&nbsp;held the live central celebration of the 20th Anniversary where approximately 20 Nova Roman citizens were present in Aquincum, Budapest. <strong>Praetor Q. Arrius Nauta</strong>, with the assistance of Cn. Lentulus pontifex and priest of Concordia, <strong>offered</strong>&nbsp;<b>the main Concordia-ritual for the jubilee, and a sacrifice to Iuppiter, Mars, Iuno and Dea Nova Roma</b>. It was a gathering and grand celebration of the 20th birthday of Nova Roma with 5 different Roman reenactor communities affiliated to Nova Roma coming together in honor of this milestone in New Roman History. There was a magnificent sacrifice to Concordia, patroness of Nova Roma, there were gladiatorial combats, which are also part of the online gladiatorial games, a legionary parade, wine, Roman food, cookies and the good company of Nova Romans: a big celebration and gathering. At the same time, all priests, governors and officials of Nova Roma, who aren't able to be present in person, were offering rituals to Concordia, Iuppiter and Mars for our 20th Anniversary, at their location.
		+
		+	In the upcoming 15 days, the <strong>Vicennial Ludi Novi Romani</strong> celebrated our 20th Anniversary with several sacrificial ceremonies over the days and with various live and online games with prizes for the winners. The 20 Anniversary celebrations also included, as part of the Ludi Novi Romani, a very special festive program of Nova Roma, held in a number of museums consecutively, in a series of events featuring the world-famous Seuso Treasure. Nova Roma's Colonia Rostallo, led by praefectus C. Villius Vulso, has presented the world-famous Seuso Treasure within the frames of the programs of the Ludi Novi Romani, celebrating the completion of Nova Roma's second decade. The Cohors VI Carpathica, the military unit assigned to the burgus Colonia Rostallo of Nova Roma, has deserved this privilege for their constant dedicated and high quality educational service in this region. Nova Roma was commemorated during the event, and newspaper and television reports were made about our appearances. Nova Romans were in the television while celebrating the 20th Anniversary of Nova Roma! It is a great honor to our Colonia Rostallo and to the entire Nova Roma that we have been selected to provide the show and festival for the Seuso Treasure which is one of the most important treasures that remained from the Roman age. These priceless ancient Roman artefacts saluted our 20th Anniversary, quite an honor!
		+
		+	These programs included the presentation of the Seuso Treasure, legionary honor guard and drill by the Cohors VI Carpathica, Roman ritual by praefectus rei publicae Cn. Lentulus for the 20th Anniversary blessings of the new decade of Nova Roma, Roman fashion, games and competitions in the spirit of the Ludi Novi Romani.
		+
		+	<strong>Between 20-22 April,</strong> Nova Roma celebrated its 20th Anniversary and the Sacred Year of Concordia at the 7th Grand International Conventus of Nova Roma, now first organized after a decade of break caused by the previous neglectful regime of the Sullan-Caesarian clique. Roughly about 30 citizens of Nova Roma from all over the world and from several countries gathered together for the Conventus in Rome, the Eternal City, where they visited the various historical monuments. <strong>On the day of the Parilia</strong> (Birthday of Rome, 21 April),&nbsp;the consuls of Nova Roma offered sacrifice in the name of Nova Roma, through the priestly assistance by pontifex Lentulus, in front of the Palatine Hill where Rome was founded. <strong>On the following day,</strong> Nova Romans participated in the<strong> "Natale di Roma" parade</strong>&nbsp;<strong>procession</strong> officially as "Nova Roma" with the consecrated flag of Nova Roma,&nbsp;through the Circus Maximus, Campus Martius, the Capitolium, the imperial forums, the Colosseum and the Via Triumphalis, in honor of the Parilia, together with 1500 reenactors from about 50 groups from all over the world. Our procession was led by the consules themselves, C. Claudius Quadratus, augur, and T. Domitius Draco, followed by censor A. Tullia Scholastica, aedilis curulis P. Annaeus Constantinus Placidus, aedilis plebis Ti. Fabius Nepos, quaestrix C. Sergia Blatta, and quaestor Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, pontifex, as organizer of the Conventus, supervisor of the 20th Anniversary Festivals, and as the praefectus of Italia.
		+
		+	<strong>In May,</strong>&nbsp;Nova Roma celebrated its 20th Anniversary and the Sacred Year of Concordia at the 12th&nbsp;<strong><em>Floralia Aquincensia Nova Romana,&nbsp;</em></strong>organized by governor Cn. Cornelius Lentulus with the participation of both Nova Roman and allied reenactor legions, and with a huge public ceremony, <strong>presided by Praetor M. Aurelius Cotta Iovius,</strong>&nbsp;in honor of the 20th Anniversary of Nova Roma and the Sacred Year of Concordia.
		+
		+	Also in May,<strong> the new attorneys of the Nova Roman People started the definitive action against the Sulla-Caesar Coup Faction and contacted the attorney of Sulla and Caesar in order to call them to cease and desist from their unlawful usurpation of the assets of Nova Roma</strong>, and to give back the corporation to the members of Nova Roma. The new phase of negotiations started this month.
		+
		+	The <strong>senate was called to order</strong> in May by Consul C. Claudius Quadratus, and <em>senatus consulta</em> were enacted which required the collegium pontificum to make a decision about the status of the secessionist and rogue pontifices and the pontifex maximus who participate in the illegal coup regime of Caesar and Sulla. Senatus consulta were also enacted about the future reforms of the Nova Roman Constitution, a new coinage, a new message board system hosted by Nova Roma. The senate awarded the title <strong>"Pater Patriae"</strong> to Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, the Younger, for his contributions to the completing of the founding of Nova Roma and for his leading role in the Saving Nova Roma movement.
		+
		+	<strong>On June 23</strong>, in the spirit of our 20th Anniversary, the Sacred Year of Concordia, Nova Roma had two events, one in Pannonia (Hungary), in the Villa Romana Baláca, with the Cohors VI Carpathica, and the other in Nova Britannia (New England, USA), the Roman Days hosted by governor A. Iulius Paterculus.
		+
		+	=={{2019}}==
		+
		+	<h4>Consular government (1&nbsp;January - 31 December)</h4>
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><b>Consul</b>:&nbsp;Q. Arrius Nauta</li>
		+	<li><b>Consul</b>: P. Annaeus Constantinus Placidus</li>
		+	</ul>
		+
		+	After months of investigation and hard work, in mid 2018, the attorneys of the citizens of Nova Roma launched a very well-prepared and legally very compelling argument against the usurpers of our corporation, as a result of which the former illegal dictator and quasi-monarch of Nova Roma, Caesar, who caused all these troubles and almost destroyed Nova Roma, acknowledged his incomplete and erroneous understanding of the corporate laws pertinent to Nova Roma, Inc., and that he was unable to defend his positions and continue any fight against the united citizenry and their attorneys. On 15 October 2018, Caesar finally renounced his citizenship in Nova Roma and left the organization. Those 15-20 Sulla-Caesar Coup Faction members who were fixing their hopes on the tactics of Caesar were scattered after the surprise that even their leader Caesar acknowledged that they couldn’t win a legal conflict against the membership of Nova Roma, Inc. in court, simply because their actions about the so called “coup” and afterwards were all illegal and indefensible. There remained only 6 Board members as the sole remaining Coup Faction members who still supported Sulla and the rogue Board, now under the sole leadership of Sulla.
		+
		+	After this, in the first months of 2019, the attorneys of the citizens prepared the Formal Complaint against Sulla and Caesar. It took some months, but then Sulla and Caesar received enough long deadline to answer to this and prevent a lawsuit against them, but they didn't comply. Since they didn't comply, our attorneys had to file the Formal Complaint and initiate a lawsuit in May 2019 at the court in Maine USA, where Nova Roma is registered, and Sulla and Caesar were sent the formal service of process by the authorities. This made the difference, this accelerated the events and led to victory.
		+
		+	====July: Defeating Sulla and partial victory====
		+
		+	Sulla received the service notice about the lawsuit, and contacted his attorney, the official clerk of Nova Roma, Inc, Mr Vallaincourt who said that he would not be legally able to defend him in this lawsuit. At this moment, Sulla realized that it was over, our case was very strong and he had no support behind himself, and at this point he finally decided to comply with the demands of the Nova Romans. On 19 July 2019, Sulla also renounced his citizenship and entered in contact with our representatives, legatus pro praetore P. Licinus, proconsul T. Domitius, and the founding leader of the Liberators Saving Nova Roma movement, legatus pro praetore Cn. Lentulus.
		+
		+	At the time of Sulla's resignation from Nova Roma, the leader of our movement Lentulus and the Committee of the Liberators were in unanimous agreement that we appreciated Sulla's last action and we thanked him that he had chosen this peaceful and cooperative way of closing the conflict. As a gesture of our gratitude, we wanted him to leave with his head held high, with dignity. In retrospect, we will always try to remember his commitment to Nova Roma and the wise closure of the fight for the interests of Nova Roma. A general amnesty was also offered to all members of the Coup Faction who were willing to apologize for their mistakes and errors in judgement. We only wanted peace and reconciliation.
		+
		+	Sadly, Sulla died two weeks later, and all negotiations, all preparations for the transition, all the work done in order to quickly fix the corporation of Nova Roma vanished, and we had to manage everything from scratch.
		+
		+	====Recovering the official website of Nova Roma, discussions and doubts about correct procedure, the time of hesitation====
		+
		+	As all of Nova Roma was shocked and wondering what should be the next step, discussions and debates started in all levels. The Committee of the Liberators wanted to form an action plan, the citizens wanted to know how to proceed, many factions came in light and started to propose various ideas: unification with other Roman groups, dissolution of the corporation, continue repairing the corporation, and various strategical questions. One of the biggest problems was that it turned out that Nova Roma's Bylaws and Articles of Incorporation were invalid since the founding due to formal and procedural errors. All of the laws and official documents had to be accepted again, but we did not have access to the complete database of our members, we could not convene a lawful corporate members' meeting to vote on our basic documents.
		+
		+	A next step toward final victory was the recovering of the website of Nova Roma by Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, who negotiated this with the ex-citizen Cn. Caesar, the former illegal dictator and orchestrator of the the coup. After many years, Nova Roma could return to its original old website started in 1998. We came to possess again our membership database with almost a 1000 of unprocessed citizenship requests and four years of accumulated damage to Nova Roma. Huge work expected the censorial office and the IT officers of Nova Roma, before we could hold a corporate election.
		+
		+	Our attorneys also investigated that Nova Roma can lawfully enact its Bylaws and legalize the Board of Directors (the senate) if we hold a one-man-one-vote type of election of the Board of Directors. This raised many concerns and doubts because Nova Roma was founded on the principle that we do everything in the Roman way. Electing the senate is not the Roman way, it would make our senate completely false and distorted. Long thinking and many debates waited for the leaders to figure our how to have the cake and eat it at the same time. It required not weeks but many months to figure out a procedural way to do it legally satisfying both the USA Maine regulations and the Roman tradition which is the most important for us.
		+
		+	=={{2020}}==
		+
		+	<h4>Consular government (1&nbsp;January - 31 December)</h4>
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><b>Consul</b>:&nbsp;Q. Arrius Nauta (II)</li>
		+	<li><b>Consul</b>: T. Domitius Draco (III)</li>
		+	</ul>
		+
		+	While preparations started for correcting the formal mistakes of our legal status, and to create a new Constitution (Bylaws), which was to be enacted in 2020, and the complete process of fixing Nova Roma to be concluded in 2020, which was last year, Nova Roma had to face another tragedy. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander passed away on 16 June 2020. He was the formal head of all legions, the Saving Nova Roma movement's activists, and he was the pater familias of the executive leader of the liberators, Lentulus the Younger. This event caused lethargy among the leadership of Nova Roma, especially affected was Lentulus filius who was taken away from active business and work on the restoration of Nova Roma for months. Meanwhile I was sent to a deployment unexpectedly and I was unable to attend my consular duties for a significant part of last year, and my colleague consul T. Domitius Draco became ill and had to withdraw from active leadership.
		+
		+	These alone could incapacitate the government for a long time, but last year was also most heavily affected by the Coronavirus pandemic. While the international Nova Roman government works mostly online, magistrates were still affected, and they could not proceed with the complex task of reorganizing the entire corporation and fixing Nova Roma from top to bottom. Several leading citizens or their families had illnesses, meetings and events got cancelled, the international convention had to be cancelled, and we could barely conduct a single senate session last year, with both consuls having problems.
		+
		+	The year 2020 whose was spent in lethargy and distraction. This is the reason Q. Arrius ran for a third consulship, because he wanted to complete the tasks he undertook and to lead Nova Roma to the peace and to closure about all these troubles.
		+
		+	===The final victory and complete rebuilding===
		+
		+	At the end of 2020, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus the Younger received the position of supreme command of the civil war aftermath in the place of his late pater familias Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander, the pater patriae. Lentulus speed up the process of closing the aftermath of the civil war and the crisis period, and he conducted the final operations and maneuvers.
		+
		+	=={{2021}}==
		+
		+	<h4>Consular government (1&nbsp;January - 31 December)</h4>
		+	<ul>
		+	<li><b>Consul</b>:&nbsp;Q. Arrius Nauta (II)</li>
		+	<li><b>Consul</b>: T. Domitius Draco (III)</li>
		+	</ul>
		+
		+	After long preparations in internal discussions, during the course of 2021, S. Lucilius Tutor special proconsul with full consular power and quaestor Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, dux and legatus pro praetore, these two leaders of our fight, have prepared a modification to the lex Cornelia Domitia de re publica constituenda, to make it the new permanent constitution of Nova Roma, including all the necessary changes to fix our corporation. Lentulus prepared a new and special way of double voting to solve the dilemma of the republic and corporation dichotomy, where all citizens of Nova Roma were invited to vote both as a corporate members' meeting and as the comitia centuriata at the same time. Citizens were instructed and educated about the significance of accepting the new constitution and Bylaws via both methods so that we can synchronize our republic and corporation. The legions that participated in the Saving Nova Roma movement were informed by dux and legatus pro praetore Lentulus that they need to elect those, and only those people as members of the Board of Directors who are currently senators, otherwise we could have a discrepancy between the senate and the Board of Directors, and unification could not be complete.
		+
		+	The first ever legal general meeting of members of Nova Roma, Inc. was convened by S. Lucilius Tutor, the man who was the biggest victim of the coup d'état of Caesar and Sulla: Lucilius was the consul whom Caesar illegally removed from office expelled from Nova Roma in order to take over. Lucilius headed the government in exile to start the resistance and the non-corporate citizen community which finally defeated Caesar and Sulla. It was historical justice that he could, under his special consular imperium, convene the comitia and the general meeting of members of the corporation to enact the first legal Bylaws of Nova Roma, Inc., and to elect the first fully legal Board of Directors.
		+
		+	The popular vote was a breakthrough, a revolution toward the final victory. The legal maneuver was successful, the people approved the constitution and bylaws in both types of assemblies, and elected the senators as directors of Nova Roma, Inc. The corporation and the republic were made each other's mirrors. Only one closing action had still to be made: the senate, as the Board of Directors, had to formally enact, formally validate all past laws and decrees of Nova Roma so that they can be legal in the corporation, because nothing was legally valid in the previous installation of our corporation. And finally, the senate had to dissolve declare the re-unification of the non-corporate republic of Nova Roma with the corporation of Nova Roma.
		+
		+	The steps needed to close the crisis period of Nova Roma have thus been completed, the senate formally re-united what was separated, the republic and the corporation, and validated the entire history, all legal documents of both, under one entity. The struggles are concluded, the period of civil war aftermath ended.
		+
		+	On the {{Dec 31}} {{2021}}, the year of the consulship of Q. Arrius and A. Tullia, 28th December, 24 ANRC / 2774 AUC / 2021 AD, Q. Arrius, Consul, saw through the following ''senatus consultum'' in the Senate:
		+
		+	*[[Senatus consultum de victoria belli civilis, de salutatione imperatoria et de triumpho (Nova Roma)]]
		+
		+	After consul Q. Arrius Nauta submitted his Victory Report to the senate, the senate rescinded all SCUs and emergency rules in force, and complete Roman republican democracy was restored to Nova Roma without any restriction.
		+
		+	The question remained open what Nova Roma should do with those former senators who never acknowledged the lawful Nova Roma and formally are still fighting against the Nova Roma of the people. The consensus of the Executive Committee of the Liberatores Saving Nova Roma is that the authorities must treat them how the current victors would like to be treated in a similar, reverse, situation.
		+
		+	====Celebration after the victory: acknowledgements, awards and thanksgivings====
		+
		+	Consul Q. Arrius Nauta celebrated the following leaders who participating in saving Nova Roma. He gave thanks to the commanders with ''imperium'' in charge of legions which participated in the civil war who were already distinguished by the highest military honor of ''salutatio imperatora'', having been saluted as "''imperator''", supreme commander:
		+
		+	:'''I.''' Proconsul Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander imperator, two times:
		+	:First he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in the consulship of C. Claudius and T. Domitius, on 19 October, 2018, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Caesar.
		+	:At the second time he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in my consulship, Q. Arrius, and of P. Annaeus, on 19 July, 2019, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Sulla.
		+
		+	:'''II.''' Dux et legatus pro praetore Cn. Cornelius Lentulus imperator, two times:
		+	:First he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in the consulship of C. Claudius and T. Domitius, on 19 October, 2018, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Caesar.
		+	:At the second time he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in my consulship, Q. Arrius, and of P. Annaeus, on 28 December, 2021, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Sulla, and for the complete overall victory, concluding the war. (This salutation is going to be posted after this report.)
		+
		+	:'''III.''' Proconsul S. Lucilius Tutor imperator, two times:
		+	:First he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in the consulship of C. Claudius and T. Domitius, on 19 October, 2018, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Caesar.
		+	:At the second time he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in my consulship, Q. Arrius, and of P. Annaeus, on 19 July, 2019, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Sulla.
		+
		+	:'''IV.''' Legatus pro praetore P. Porcius Licinus imperator, two times:
		+	:First he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in the consulship of C. Claudius and T. Domitius, on 19 October, 2018, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Caesar.
		+	:At the second time he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in my consulship, Q. Arrius, and of P. Annaeus, on 19 July, 2019, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Sulla.
		+
		+	:'''V'''. Proconsul T. Domitius Draco imperator, one time:
		+	:He was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in my consulship, Q. Arrius, and of P. Annaeus, on 19 July, 2019, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Sulla.
		+
		+	Consul Q. Arrius gave thanks to all members of the Executive Committee of the Liberators, to the founder and leader Lentulus, to the other leading members or chief plaintiffs Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, P. Porcius Licinus and T. Domitius Draco, to the members: S. Lucilius Tutor, A. Tullia Scholastica, C. Claudius Quadratus, A. Liburnius Hadrianus and A. Vergilius Figulus. Consul Arrius himself is also part of this committee as its ninth member.
		+
		+	Special acclamation of "hurrah" was given to imperator Cn. Cornelius Lentulus for starting the fight and founding the movement of the liberators and the committee of the liberators, and for leading the war of the saving of Nova Roma; to imperator P. Porcius Licinus who did the most troublesome work of managing the attorneys, phone calls, negotiations and a lot of other things, and who donated a fortune to the Saving Nova Roma movement's legal costs; and to imperator S. Lucilius Tutor who endured the first hardest days when the coup started, and who helped Lentulus to organize and lead the resistance at the beginning.
		+
		+	Concluding his victory speech, consul Q. Arrius asked the commanders of the involved legionary units to decorate, promote and recognize those ''milites'' of the legal case fight who excelled in their virtues during their participation of the Saving Nova Roma movement and fought for Nova Roma with distinction.

---

Latest revision as of 17:21, 22 February 2024

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The ancient Roman Annales Maximi (the "Great Yearbooks", Latin) were the official state records of events accounting year by year all that mattered to the res publica and were published by the pontifices. The following are the Annals of Nova Roma, from its founding in Fl. Vedio M. Cassio cos. ‡ MMDCCLI a.u.c. to the present. Please note that this is an ongoing editorial project, and it is not ready at present: there are many gaps that will be filled during future work.

The years of Nova Roma

The Roman numeral for each year links to a page with the events and magistrates of that year.

These are the years of Nova Roma's existence:

• 1998: Fl. Vedio M. Cassio cos. ‡ MMDCCLI a.u.c.
• 1999: L. Equitio Dec. Iunio cos. ‡ MMDCCLII a.u.c.
• 2000: Q. Maximo M. Minucio cos. ‡ MMDCCLIII a.u.c.
• 2001: Fl. Vedio (II) M. Cassio (II) cos. ‡ MMDCCLIV a.u.c.
• 2002: M. Octavio L. Sulla (II) cos. ‡ MMDCCLV a.u.c.
• 2003: K. Buteone T. Labieno cos. ‡ MMDCCLVI a.u.c.
• 2004: Cn. Salvio Cn. Equitio cos. ‡ MMDCCLVII a.u.c.
• 2005: Fr. Apulo C. Laenate cos. ‡ MMDCCLVIII a.u.c.
• 2006: K. Buteone Po. Minucia cos. ‡ MMDCCLIX a.u.c.
• 2007: L. Arminio Ti. Galerio cos. ‡ MMDCCLX a.u.c.
• 2008: M. Moravio T. Iulio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXI a.u.c.
• 2009: M. Curiatio M. Iulio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXII a.u.c.
• 2010: P. Memmio K. Buteone (II) cos. ‡ MMDCCLXIII a.u.c.
• 2011: P. Ullerio C. Equitio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXIV a.u.c.
• 2012: Cn. Caesare C. Tullio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXV a.u.c.
• 2013: L. Sulla (III) cos. sine collega ‡ MMDCCLXVI a.u.c.
• 2014: St. Cornelia C. Aemilio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXVII a.u.c.
• 2015: M. Pompeio Sex. Lucilio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXVIII a.u.c.
• 2016: Cn. Lentulo Alexandro T. Domitio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXIX a.u.c.
• 2017: Sex. Lucilio C. Claudio P. Annaeo Q. Catulo tr. mil. cos. pot. ‡ MMDCCLXX a.u.c.
• 2018: C. Claudio T. Domitio (II) cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXI a.u.c.
• 2019: Q. Arrio P. Annaeo cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXII a.u.c.
• 2020: Q. Arrio (II) T. Domitio (III) cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXIII a.u.c.
• 2021: Q. Arrio (III) A. Tullia cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXIV a.u.c.
• 2022: Sex. Lucilio (II) A. Tullia (II) cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXV a.u.c.
• 2023: C. Cethego Q. Arrio (IV) cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXVI a.u.c.

Introduction to the Annals of Nova Roma

In the late 1990s AD, the development of the World Wide Web gave rise to a new socio-political phenomenon: people from all around to world who identified with a culture could, for the first time in history, unite and form a community despite vast geographical distances. Although identifying as a modern Roman is a very logical conclusion if one analyzes the historical development of our modern European or Western culture, yet it has always been just a very few people, scattered around the globe, who made this deduction and came to the conclusion that they are modern Romans, sons and daughters of a more than two thousand year old tradition. Those individuals in the world who did not only love Roman history, but actually felt Roman in their heart, who identified as Romans, could, for the first time, meet, converse and form a living community with the help of the internet. This huge potential was seen by our founders, and they grabbed the opportunity in good time to found an international, world-wide New Roman nation, Nova Roma, a cultural nation and community of common identity. It would have been impossible before the age of internet, and. at best, Nova Roma would have always remained a local community, just how it started in Fl. Vedio M. Cassio cos. ‡ MMDCCLI a.u.c..

Before the founding

Rome never truly fell. Contrarily to common belief, the Roman state and nation, usually called the Roman Empire, was not dissolved in 476 AD (1229 AUC). When Odoacer, the magister militum deposed the usurper Romulus Augustulus (commonly held to be the last Western Roman emperor), Iulius Nepos, the lawful Western Roman emperor was still reigning, and was recognized as emperor by his co-emperor, the Eastern Roman emperor Zeno. When Iulius Nepos died in 480 (1233 AUC), Zeno was considered the emperor of both halves of the empire. Until the pope crowned Carolus Magnus (Charlemagne) the emperor of Romans in 800 (1553 AUC), Rome was formally considered to be part of the unified Roman Empire, ruled from Constantinopolis Nova Roma, that is, Constantinople, the full name of which included "Nova Roma" (New Rome). The idea of a "Nova Roma" represented survival and revival of Romanitas since the early Middle Ages.

The Holy Roman Empire founded by Carolus Magnus served as the renewal of the Western Roman Empire, but with the difference that, while the earlier Western and Eastern halves of the Empire mutually recognized each other and considered the other half as part of the same empire, the Holy Roman Empire of Italy, France and Germany and the Roman Empire of Constantinople (which came to be labeled as "Byzantine Empire" by historians but was never called so by its inhabitants), did not recognize each other, and both claimed to be the only legitimate continuation of the ancient Roman Empire.

The concept of the continued Roman Empire became more and more just an empty formality as the centuries went, and many free thinking medieval intellectuals started to see the discrepancy between the alleged claim of a continued Roman Empire and the actual rules of the German monarchs and the Catholic Church over Italy and people of Rome. These medieval grassroots initiatives were the earliest predecessors of Nova Roma in a sense that they wanted to go back authentically to the Roman roots: the restored Roman Republic of Cola di Rienzo in 1347 (2100 AUC) and similar attempts by Stefano Porcari in 1453 (2206 AUC) were made in the spirit of Roman revivalism. In the year of Porcari's demise (2206 AUC), Constantinople fell, too, but the Eastern Roman scholars escaping to Italy caused a Roman cultural renaissance (simply referred as "the Renaissance"), which led to the reintroduction of Roman principles into public discourse, such as republicanism, liberty and equality. Other authentic Roman national approaches similar to di Rienzo's and Porcari's followed: the Roman Republic established between 1798-1799 (2551-2552 AUC) with the support of the French Republic, and the Roman Republic of 1849–1850 (2602-2603 AUC), both short lived and without real effort to be culturally Roman. During this period, the Holy Roman Empire of the West was also dissolved on 6 August, 1806 (2559 AUC), and with this, the legal statehood-ties to the Roman Empire were completely cut. When the Kingdom of Italy was established with the unification of Italy in 1861 (2614 AUC), it was characterized by a lack of interest in Romanitas and by a modern sentiment of "Italianism:" the ethos of the new country was determined by the ideas of Mazzinianism, the risorgimento, and by a national sentiment born in Piedmont-Sardinia, Tuscany, Naples and Sicily. With the disappearing of the last vestiges of the Roman Empire, a growing nostalgia for the glory of ancient Rome was noticeable from the early 20th century, however, as Nova Roma rejects all forms of fascism, we do not consider Mussolini's Italian Empire among our inspirations, but historically it has to be mentioned among the attempts to bring back certain aspects of ancient Roman identity even though in a disfigured and morally wrong form. This fascist interpretation of Rome was the reason that, for a long period in the 20th century, Rome became identified with megalomania and oppression, even if the real, historical ancient Rome was in fact the cradle of freedom, justice, law and republicanism.

After these events, for several decades in the 20th century, Roman revivalism existed only in Italy, such as the Movimento Tradizionale Romano, founded in 1988 (2741 AUC), but these groups were dedicated only to certain aspects of Roman culture, usually focused on Roman religion only, and not to the holistic revival of the Roman civic identity. From 1972 (2725 AUC), the first Roman reenactment societies started to appear, bringing back even more aspects of Roman culture, especially material culture, and the idea of authentic reconstructionism in practice: while these served as educational spectacles to most, to many participants these have become genuine experiences of another, better way of life and way of thinking. Motivated by the Italian Roman religion revivalists and by the growing interest in Roman reenactment, the final impulse to start the international Roman movement was the founding of the Supreme Council of Ethnic Hellenes in 1997 (2750 AUC), and in the method of reviving the Roman commonwealth, the idea of micronations, or a landless spiritual nation as a "Republic of Letters" inspired the founding fathers of Nova Roma, Cassius and Vedius.

Nova Roma was born in New England, in the United States of America, as a tiny local community of six people who culturally identified as Romans, and who became friends during 1995-1997: M. Cassius Iulianus and his wife Patricia Cassia, Fl. Vedius Germanicus and his wife Priscilla Vedia Serena and Dec. Iunius Palladius who met through C. Iulius Iulianus, a practitioner of the religio Romana affiliated with the Italian Movimento Tradizionale Romano. Making it a worldwide community as a spiritual Roman nation and new Roman Republic was the idea of Cassius and Vedius: they put advertisements in printed newspapers and internet forums, such as the ROMARCH, the first Internet e-mail discussion and distribution list for ancient Roman art and archaeology. They were joined by Agrippina Maria Glauca just before the founding. Early on in 1998, they announced in various publications that the re-founding of the Roman nation will take place on Kal. Mar. ‡, and collected applications for citizenship by postal letters (snail mails). Approximately thirty citizens applied for citizenship by the Foundation Day. On prid. Kal. Mar. ‡ of 2751 AUC, Cassius and Vedius proclaimed the Declaration of Nova Roma, and, on the following day, the Kalends of March, the founding citizens acclaimed, in a form of a primitive, primordial and informal comitia curiata, the founding of the Nova Roman nation with its first Constitution and with M. Cassius and Fl. Vedius as its first consuls and censors, Dec. Iunius as its first praetor and Q. Caecilius Metellus as its first plebeian aedilis. The membership was international, from several countries in Europe and America from the first days, and, with the help of the internet, a small but already worldwide community was born under the course of a few weeks. The rest is history.

Historical account by year

Fl. Vedio M. Cassio cos. ‡ MMDCCLI a.u.c.

Februarius

• prid. Kal. Mar. ‡ Nova Roma begins with the publishing of the Declaration.

Martius

• Kal. Mar. ‡ The Republic of Nova Roma is founded. The earliest citizen dates in the Album Civium are from the March Kalends of this year.

Sextilis

• a.d. VI Id. Sext. ‡ The Collegium Pontificum of Nova Roma is organized, with six Pontifices.

September

Resignation of Germanicus

November

Return of Germanicus

Learn more ...

L. Equitio Dec. Iunio cos. ‡ MMDCCLII a.u.c.

It was a particularly eventful year in the history of Nova Roma, including a so-called First "Civil War" of Nova Roma, removal of a consul, appointment of a dictator, and a completely new Constitution of Nova Roma.

Ianuarius

Februarius

Martius

Aprilis

Maius

Iunius

Quinctilis

Dictatorship of MMDCCLII

Sextilis

September

October

November

December

Gallery

• 
• 

  M. Cassius Iulianus, P. Cassia

• 
• 

Learn more ...

Q. Maximo M. Minucio cos. ‡ MMDCCLIII a.u.c.

Ianuarius

Februarius

Martius

Aprilis

Maius

Iunius

Quinctilis

Sextilis

September

October

Candidates for MMDCCLIV

November

December

Learn more ...

Fl. Vedio (II) M. Cassio (II) cos. ‡ MMDCCLIV a.u.c.

Ianuarius

a.d. XVI Kal. Feb. ‡ The censors announced that Nova Roma has hit yet another milestone, with 700 citizens on record! This was helped by a recent mention on Italian radio and television dealing with ancient Rome on the internet. In addition, the schedule for face-to-face gatherings among Nova Romans is constantly growing. Britain, Germany, Colorado, California, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Massachussetts, and many other areas all have upcoming events planned, with more being organized every day. Our sponsored reenactment legions are to be found at historical reenactment events across the world.

Februarius

Martius

a.d. XI Kal. Apr. ‡ Our censors approved the 800th citizen of Nova Roma! Consul Fl. Vedius made the following statement from the occasion:

"I cannot sufficiently express my satisfaction with Nova Roma's growth over the last three years. Our attempt to restore the ancient Roman republic has been more successful than anyone could have imagined. Our on-line community is thriving, our gatherings are becoming more and more numerous every day, our land fund and endowment are being established, we are about to make an impact in academia (but more on that in a future post), and we seem poised for an explosion in size and activity."

Aprilis

Maius

Iunius

Quinctilis

Sextilis

September

October

November

December

Learn more ...

M. Octavio L. Sulla (II) cos. ‡ MMDCCLV a.u.c.

Ianuarius

• Nova Roma incorporated in Maine, USA.
• Consul M. Octavius proposed the title "Pater Patriae" for each of the two founders, who had also just finished their second consulships, and this was overwhelmingly approved by the Senate.

Februarius

• Lex Octavia de senatoribus passed.

Martius

P. Vedia Serena and Pater Patriae Flavius Vedius Germanicus both resigned citizenship on Id. Mar. ‡ when the senate fails to vote to include P. Vedia in their number.

Aprilis

Maius

Iunius

A conflict arose between the two Consuls, on the issue of the Censores power. Consul L. Cornelius had privately shown M. Octavius a proposed lex that would substantially modify the Censores' power to create Senators, in some cases, making adlection automatic, even against the wishes of the Senators. M. Octavius opposed this - thinking it was retaliation for the Censores' actions in the events three months prior - and privately insisted that the proposal be modified, or it would be vetoed. When Consul Cornelius finally posted a call for votes, however, the text included several of the features that the two had agreed would be removed, and Octavius vetoed it within hours. This ended a truce that had existed between the two Consuls, and for much of the remainder of their term, they quarrelled publicly and privately.

Quinctilis

Sextilis

September

October

November

December

Learn more ...

K. Buteone T. Labieno cos. ‡ MMDCCLVI a.u.c.

Ianuarius

Februarius

Martius

Aprilis

Maius

Iunius

Quinctilis

Sextilis

September

October

November

December

Learn more ...

Cn. Salvio Cn. Equitio cos. ‡ MMDCCLVII a.u.c.

Ianuarius

Februarius

• Feria Concordia MMDCCLVII
• Expiatory Concordia rite MMDCCLVII

Martius

Aprilis

Maius

Iunius

Quinctilis

Sextilis

September

October

November

December

Learn more ...

Fr. Apulo C. Laenate cos. ‡ MMDCCLVIII a.u.c.

Ianuarius

Februarius

Martius

Aprilis

Maius

Iunius

Quinctilis

Sextilis

September

October

November

December

Learn more ...

K. Buteone Po. Minucia cos. ‡ MMDCCLIX a.u.c.

Ianuarius

• Consul Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus announces that he started the year off with a Consular Sacrifice Ceremony[1].

Februarius

• An Edict by Consul Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus prompted a debate on the Constitution, the appointment of Augurs, and "ex post facto" laws. The Edict was ultimately withdrawn.

Martius

• Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix resigned as Censor and Senator.

• Consul Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus issued the Edict: Establishment of Nova Roma Wiki. There was some concern raised by a few citizens that a Wiki within Nova Roma would be abused; it was only minor opposition and the Edict established the Wiki with no further objections.

Aprilis

• Consul Pompeia Minucia Strabo called for voting on Lex Moravia Minucia de Civitate Eiuranda and Lex Moravia Minucia Abdicatone Magistratum C.Pl.T. et C.Pop.T..

• Consul Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus announced a call for candidates for Censor Suffectus, to replace Hadrianus. The call yielded one candidate, Consular Marcus Octavius Germanicus.

• Nova Roman and Italian citizens celebrated the birthday of Rome in the Eternal City.

April 4th to April 10th, Megalesia

• The extended program of Megalesia, with all needed information, is presented on the Curulis Aediles' website : http://www.crystalwebvision.com/aedil/index.htm

Maius

• On the 3rd, Consul Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus convened the Comitia Centuriata to fill the office of Censor Suffectus. On the 17th the new Censor, Marcus Octavius Germanicus was announced.

Iunius

• Problems with a citizen by the name of Appius Claudius Priscus reached a high point in Iunius. Consul Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus tried to call the senate to expel this citizen, as well as put together a court to expel this citizen -- both endeavors were unsuccessful. Consul Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus did issue several Edicts as a result of this citizen: Edictum III: On Fascism, Edictum IV: On Representing Nova Roma, and Edictum VI: Regarding Appius Claudius Priscus.[2] The citizen in question eventually resigned from Nova Roma on his own.

Quinctilis

• Pontifex Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Postumianus announced the results of a meeting of the Collegium Pontificum: Responsum Pontificum de Collegio Pontificum and Responsum Pontificum de Quattor Summis Collegiis.

Sextilis

• The V Conventus Novae Romae was held in Britannia, near Hadrian's Wall. Citizens from Britain, continental Europe, and North America attended.

• Senator Lucius Arminius Faustus returned to the Republic's public life, one year after he announced he would have to withdraw from public life due to private changes.

September

• Nova Roma was represented and promoted by Provincia Italia during the Mercato della Centuriazione in Villadose (RV), the greatest reenacting event in Italy.

October

• Senatores were made privy to the deliberations of the Collegium Pontificum.

November

• The Comitia for elections of the magistrates for next year were called. The results were late due to the illness of one diribitor. Lucius Arminius Faustus and Tiberius Galerius Paulinus were elected consuls for the incoming year (MMDCCLX AUC); Gaius Equitius Cato and Aula Tullia Scholastica were elected praetors; and Gaius Fabius Buteo Modianus was elected censor.

• The Aedilis Plebis Julilla Sempronia Magna promoted the Ludi Plebeii.

December

• Marcus Cassius Iulianus announces the results of recent Collegium Pontificum Decretum: December MMDCCLIX Collegium Pontificum voting results. An item of the Decretum, of importance, was the rescission of the Responsa de Collegio Pontificum and de Quattor Summis Collegiis.

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L. Arminio Ti. Galerio cos. ‡ MMDCCLX a.u.c.

Ianuarius

• Iani Aedis Sacerdos, Lucius Cassius Cornutus performs a New Year Ritual [3].
• Oppidum Bucurestium is founded in Dacia.

Februarius

• The newly re-elected governor of Provincia Hispania, Lucius Minicius Sceptius, resigns as propraetor and Senator.
• Senator Lucius Sergius Australicus resigns citizenship.

Martius

• Consul Lucius Arminius Faustus calls people to a Contio about taxes for the current year.

• Lucius Cassius Cornutus resigns as Iani Aedis Sacerdos and diribitor.

• Lucia Modia Lupa resigns as Virgo Vestalis.

Aprilis

Maius

• Provincial Governor of Dacia Titus Iulius Sabinus reported that Quaestor Gaius Marius Maior passed away.

Iunius

• Quintus Suetonius Paulinus is elected as rogator to fill the vacancy left since the last general election.

Quinctilis

Sextilis

September

October

• Consul Paulinus and Tribunus Plebis Complutensis issue calls for candidates for election for MMDCCLXI.

• Marcus Antonius Gryllus Graecus resigned as *pontifex in an e-mail to the Collegium Pontificum.

• Censor Modianus issues Edictum ces. K. Fabii Buteoni Modiani de censu anni MMDCCLX.

Reports of provincial governors

Provincial governors issue reports to the senate.

• America Austroccidentalis provincial report MMDCCLX
• America Austrorientalis provincial report MMDCCLX
• America Boreoccidentalis provincial report MMDCCLX
• America Medioccidentalis Superior provincial report MMDCCLX
• Argentina provincial report MMDCCLX
• Asia Occidentalis provincial report MMDCCLX
• Asia Orientalis provincial report MMDCCLX
• Australia provincial report MMDCCLX
• Brasilia provincial report MMDCCLX
• Britannia provincial report MMDCCLX
• California provincial report MMDCCLX
• Canada Occidentalis provincial report MMDCCLX
• Canada Orientalis provincial report MMDCCLX
• Dacia provincial report MMDCCLX
• Gallia provincial report MMDCCLX
• Germania provincial report MMDCCLX
• Hibernia provincial report MMDCCLX
• Hispania provincial report MMDCCLX
• Italia provincial report MMDCCLX
• Lacus Magni provincial report MMDCCLX
• Mediatlantica provincial report MMDCCLX
• Mexico provincial report MMDCCLX
• Nova Britannia provincial report MMDCCLX
• Pannonia provincial report MMDCCLX
• Sarmatia provincial report MMDCCLX
• Thule provincial report MMDCCLX
• Venedia provincial report MMDCCLX

November

• Titus Pontius Silanus resigns as diribitor during an election.

• Sextus Apollonius Scipio resigns from the Senate.

• Gaius Minucius Hadrianus Felix resigned as pontifex. It was announced in an e-mail to the Collegium Pontificum, by Caeso Fabius Buteo Modianus.

• During the census Marcus Salix Vigilius, Sacerdotis of Isis et Serapis, resigns his priesthood and his citizenship from Nova Roma.

December

• Gaius Iulius Scaurus resigned as Flamen Quirinalis on the Nova Roma Forum. [4]
• Consul Tiberius Galerius Paulinus calls the senate to order to propose a Senatus consulta ultima which was labeled Senate Call December 2760, which he announced on the main forum. It was later withdrawn.
• The censores publish Edictum censoris de censu anni MMDCCLX
• The censores publish Edictum censorium de adlegendis senatoribus appointing 9 new senatores, removing 4, and naming Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus as Princeps Senatus.
• Caeso Fabius Buteo Modianus announces the result of the recent session of the Collegium Pontificum: Collegium Pontificum voting results of 11 December MMDCCLX.
• Lex de imperio MMDCCLXI
• Senate voting results December MMDCCLX This created the following standing committees:
  • The Senate Committee on Rules
  • The Senate Budget and Finance Committee
  • The Senate Scholarship Committee
  • The Senate Conventus and Public Events Committee
  • The Senate Committee on Provincial affairs

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M. Moravio T. Iulio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXI a.u.c.

Nova Roma was cited by Intute around this time as a great online reference. Intute is a free online service providing you with access to the very best Web resources for education and research. The service is created by a network of UK universities and partners. Subject specialists select and evaluate the websites in our database and write high quality descriptions of the resources." Nova Roma citation at Intute

Ianuarius

• K. Fabius Buteo Modianus issues Edictum II censoris de censu anni MMDCCLX.
• M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus reports on the Inaugural auspicium for MMDCCLXI.
• New magistrates take the Oath of office.
• M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus performs the annual Consular Sacrificial Ceremony
• M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus performs the Annua Sacra, opening the Senate.
• T. Iulius Sabinus assigned quaestores to magistrates.
• M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus called the Senate into session.
• Consules issues Edictum consulare de Feriis Sementis.
• C. Iulius Scaurus resigns as pontifex, pullarius, and as a citizen. [5]

Februarius

• After seven years as a Senator, Marcus Octavius Gracchus resigns from the Senate, citing "scheming and paranoia".
• Collegium Pontificum session concluded on a.d. IV Id. Feb. ‡
• Ludi Lupercalenses was presented by aediles curules and their cohors.
• The Senate votes on several issues, including the celebration of Concordialia on the Kalends of Martius.
• Gnaeus Salvius Astur resigns from the Senate and Collegium Pontificum.
• Praetor M. Iulius Severus announces that the petitio actionis of Marcus Moravius Piscinus Horatianus Consul against Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur, Pontifex et Augur, will be accepted by the Praetores' Office in the first legally available date.
• Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus fails to comply with the Senatus Consultum regarding mailing lists. Praetor M. Curiatius Complutensis accepts the petitio actionis [6] of Caeso Fabius Buteo Modianus against Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus and appoints a panel of judges [7]. Without Cincinnatus offering a defense, Praetor M. Curiatius Complutensis issues a sentence against L. Equitius Cincinnatus. He is stripped of his agnomen and titles and fined.
• The Collegium Pontificum votes to remove Pater Patriae Marcus Cassius Julianus from the office of Pontifex Maximus (which he himself had created), ten years to the day after his founding of Nova Roma. Cassius deleted the Collegium Pontificum mailing list and was removed as Pontifex as well.
• The 6th edition of the Vox Romana podcast is released.
• The Comitia Curiata witnesses three new appointments: Marca Hortensia Maior as Sacerdota Mentis, Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus as Flamen Palatualis, and Quintus Valerius Poplicola as Flamen Falacer.
• Ludi Conditorum was presented by aediles curules and their cohors.

Martius

• Kal. Mar. ‡ Concordialia - The Tenth Anniversary of the Foundation of Nova Roma.
• Tribune L. Livia Plauta calls for an election to fill the vacancy in the office of Plebeian Aedile.
• Flavius Galerius Aurelianus is appointed Pontifex Maximus pro tempore by pontifical decree.
• Patricia Cassia, Senatrix, resigns her citizenship, citing no reasons: "At this time it seems fitting for me to resign from Nova Roma. I wish you all well." [8]
• Praetor M. Curiatius Complutensis accepts the petitio actionis [9] of M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus against Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus and appoints a panel of judges. During the trial M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus and the advocate of L. Equitius Cincinnatus, Ti.Galerius Paulinus, presented the evidences. The Iudices individually issued their sentences and the tribunal's majority decision was "CONDEMNO". (7 CONDEMNO + 3 ABSOLVO): L. Equitius Cincinnatus was inhabilitated for a period of two years and fined. (Read the complete text of Sententia here).

Aprilis

• Megalesia dedicated to Magna Mater was organized by aediles curules and their cohors.
• Ludi Cereales dedicated to Ceres was organized by plebeian aedile P. Constantinius Placidus.
• The VI Conventus Novae Romae was officially announced.
• C. Ambrosius Artorus Iustinus resigns from the offices of Flamen Volturanlis and Neptuni Aedes Sacerdos citing personal reasons.
• Diana Octavia Aventina resigns as Veneris Aedis Sacerdos seemingly in protest over recent events. When questioned about why she did not honor Venus on behalf of Nova Roma for the Veneralia she stated, "I did, at home, but not in the name of Nova Roma, especially considering that I would rather have some of you be granted a Darwin Award rather than receive any blessings of Venus." [10]
• Re-establishment of the Feriae Latinae. Rites to Jupiter Latiaris performed on Mons Albanus (Mont Albano), Italia by Aelius Solaris Marullinus, acting as Magister Populi Feriarum Latinarum causa on behalf of consules M. Moravius Piscinus and T. Iulius Sabinus; by the Temple Religio Romana in Oregon; and by Religio Terranova in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area. Officials and members of Nova Roma, the Societas Via Romana and The Roman Way also met to celebrate the Feriae and Parilia in Austin, Texas (America Austroccidentalis), while others joined in the rites to Jupiter Latiaris in other parts of the world. These gatherings made this year's Feriae Latinae the first global event organised by Nova Roma to be joined in by other Roman organizations. Appropriately for a celebration of ancient alliances, most of the participants were concurrent members of Nova Roma and at least one other such group.

Maius

• Sex. Lucilius Tutor resigns from the office of aedilis curulis, citing personal reasons.
• T. Iulius Sabinus called the Senate into session. The Senate votes on several issues, including the Nova Roma tax payers (assidui) citizens' participation in JSTOR.

Iunius

• M. Moravius Piscinus called the Senate to assemble to discuss on all matters related to the finances of Nova Roma.
• Nova Roman official delegation participates in the Roman reenactment festival "The Eagle on the Danube" at the ancient city of Novae (modern Svishtov, Bulgaria). See the event details

Quinctilis

• The Praetores M. Curiatius Complutensis and M. Iulius Severus issued their Edictum de Ludi Apollinares 2671 AUC
• M. Moravius Piscinus called the Senate into session.
• a.d. III Kal. Sext. ‡ VI Conventus Novae Romae opens.

Sextilis

• Magister aranearius Novae Romae: Edict regarding categories and category titles.
• a.d. XV Kal. Sept. ‡ Marcus Minucius Audens posted the following message to Nova-Roma Announce [11]:

• Magister aranearius Novae Romae: Edict regarding the inclusion of external sites.
• Magister aranearius Novae Romae: Edict regarding commerce on the website.

September

• a.d. IV Non. Sept. ‡ Oppidum Fluminis Gilae was created in Provincia America Austroccidentalis.
• a.d. III Non. Sept. ‡ Consul Piscinus calls citizens of Nova Roma to assemble in the Comitia Centuriata for a contio on Nova Roma finances.
• a.d. V Id. Sept. ‡ Ludi Romani organized by aedilis curulis and his cohors started.
• prid. Kal. Oct. ‡ The formation of the Sodalitas pro diis is announced on the Main List.

October

The Collegium Pontificum reported the following results:

- Responsum Pontificum de Diebus was revised.

- M. Moravius Piscinus Horatianus was appointed Pontifex Maximus.

- The blessing and warm regards of the Pontifices and of the sacerdotes of Nova Roma extended to the marriage of Gaia Valeria Pulchra to Gaius Tullius Valerianus Germanicus to be held in anno A. U. C. MMDCCLXI die pristini Kalendas Novembres, M. Moravio T. Iulio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXI a.u.c..

- Consul Titus Iulius Sabinus was adlected as Pontifex.

- Sacerdos Concordiae Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus was adlected as Pontifex.

- Sacerdos Mentis Marca Hortensia Maior Fabiana, was approved as Flaminica Carmentalis.

- Sacerdos Musae Octavianus Titinius was approved as Flamen Furrinalis and as Sacerdos Dianae.

- Gaius Petronius Dexter was approved as Flamen Portunalis.

- Legatus pro Praetor Sarmatiae Marcus Octavius Corvus was approved as Sacerdos Iovis.

• a.d. V Non. Oct. ‡ Consul M. Moravius Piscinus called for candidates for Election MMDCCLXI [12].
• a.d. VII Id. Oct. ‡ Censor Ti. Galerius Paulinus, acting as advocate of L. Equitius Cincinnatus, withdraw the appeal to the people, reserving the right to request this at a later date. The reason was: "I also believe that Lucius Equitius Cincinnatus Augur has left Nova Roma and has in effect taken up voluntary exile". [[13]]
• a.d. VI Id. Oct. ‡ Consul M. Moravius Piscinus issued the second call for candidates for Election MMDCCLXI [14]
• The censors issued the Edictum Censorium de Adlegendis Senatoribus MMDCCLXI removing three senators and adding Gnaeus Iulius Caesar, Annia Minucia Marcella, and Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus to the Senate.
• prid. Id. Oct. ‡ Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus announced his decision not to accept his appointment to the Senate. [15]
• The censors issued the Edictum Censorium de Adlegendis Senatoribus MMDCCLXIa adding Stephanus Ullerius Venator Piperbarbus and Equestria Iunia Laeca to the Senate.[16]

Reports of provincial governors

Provincial governors issue reports to the senate.

• America Austroccidentalis provincial report MMDCCLXI
• America Austrorientalis provincial report MMDCCLXI
• America Boreoccidentalis provincial report MMDCCLXI
• America Medioccidentalis Superior provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Argentina provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Asia Citerior provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Asia Ulterior provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Australia provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Brasilia provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Britannia provincial report MMDCCLXI
• California provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Canada Citerior provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Canada Ulterior provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Dacia provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Gallia provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Germania provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Hibernia provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Hispania provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Italia provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Lacus Magni provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Mediatlantica provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Mexico provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Nova Britannia provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Pannonia provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Sarmatia provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Thule provincial report MMDCCLXI
• Venedia provincial report MMDCCLXI

November

• Comitia Centuriata and Populi Tributa were called to assemble for the annual elections.
• Censorial nota against Q. Fabius Maximus. [17]
• T. Iulius Sabinus called the Senate into session

December

• a.d. XVII Kal. Ian. ‡ In Provincia Canada Ulterior Cn. Iulius Caesar issued Edict 23 founding Oppidum Laureatum

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M. Curiatio M. Iulio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXII a.u.c.

Ianuarius

• New magistrates take the Oath of office.
• M. Curiatius Complutensis performs the annual Consular Sacrificium Annuae Sacrae Ceremony
• M. Curiatius Complutensis performs the Libatio Victoriae, opening the Senate.
• M. Curiatius Complutensis assigned quaestores to magistrates.
• M. Curiatius Complutensis call for provincial governors.
• Senate was called into session by Consul M. Curiatius Complutensis
• Consuls issue Edictum consulare de Feriae Sementivae.
• Consuls issue Edictum Consulare de donationibus

Februarius

• Senate was called into session by Consul M. Iulius Severus

Martius

• Senate was called into session by Consul M. Curiatius Complutensis

Aprilis

• a.d. IV Id. Apr. ‡ Consul M. Curiatius Complutensis call for candidates to stand for election to the ordinary magistracies of the Comitia Populi Tributa, for the election of 1 Curule Aedile, 1 Quaestor, 2 Diribitores and 1 Custos.
• a.d. XIII Kal. Mai. ‡ Censor C. Laenas resigns his offices, his Senatorial rank, his citizenship and that of his minor child. [18]
• Senate was called into session by Consul M. Iulius Severus
• a.d. X Kal. Mai. ‡ Consul M. Curiatius Complutensis call citizens of Nova Roma to assemble in the Comitia Centuriata for a contio on Nova Roma electionsfor the election of one Censor Suffectus.

Maius

• Senate was called into session by Consul M. Iulius Severus with the result that Maxima Valeria Messallina, Publius Ullerius Stephanus Venator and Lucia Iulia Aquila were appointed diribitores suffecti for a term that would end with the centuriate assembly election called in Maius.
• The citizens of Nova Roma, met in the comitia centuriata, approve three rogationes and select Caeso Fabius Buteo Modianus as censor suffectus.
• Censor Tiberius Galerius Paulinus announced the Census of Nova Roma, 2762. [19]

Junius

Quinctilis

Sextilis

Ides ritual performed in Sarmatia for all Nova Roma by Marcus Octavius Corvus [20].

Ante diem XVI Kalendas Septembres; Portunalia. Performed by Gaius Petronius Dexter [21]

December

Asia Ulterior provincial report MMDCCLXII

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P. Memmio K. Buteone (II) cos. ‡ MMDCCLXIII a.u.c.

Ianuarius

• New magistrates take the Oath of office.
• M. Moravius Piscinus performs the annual Augurium Magistratum.^[1]

• M. Moravius Piscinus announces performance of the Sacrificium Annuae Sacrae. ^[2]

• Senate was called into session by Consul P. Memmius Albucius.
• Consul Caeso Fabius Buteo Quintilianus creates his consular cohort ^[3]

• Collegium Pontificum creates new sacerdotes, augur, camilli and camillae and modified his Decretum Pontificum de Fastis.

Februarius

• Maxima Valeria Messallina, Sacerdos Vestalis et Virgo Maxima performs a ritual observing Lupercalia ^[4]

• The Senate is called into session.

Martius

• The Senate is called into session by Consul P. Memmius Albucius. Senate voting report publicly published by the tribune of Plebs C. Petronius Dexter ^[5]

Aprilis

Maius

Junius

• 4, 5, 6 June. Quaestor A. Vitellius Celsus was an organizer of Ulpia Pautalia 2010, a festival in which several other citizens also participated.
• 12, 13 June. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, legatus pro praetore of Pannonia and Pontifex represents Nova Roma at the historical festival in Kalisz in Provincia Venedia.
• 17-20 June. VII Conventus Novae Romae in Roma.

Quinctilis

Sextilis

• 5 August. Three couples wed in Sarmatia as part of Sarmatian Days. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, legatus pro praetore of Pannonia and Pontifex and M. Lucretius Agricola, Augur and Senator are among those attending.
• 7 August. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Pontifex formally consecrates M. Lucretius Agricola during Sarmatian Days as augur publicus of Nova Roma.
• 7 August. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Pontifex and newly consecrated augur M. Lucretius Agricola inaugurate a templum in Sarmatia.

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P. Ullerio C. Equitio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXIV a.u.c.

Ianuarius

Februarius

Martius

Aprilis

Maius

Junius

Quinctilis

Sextilis

September

October

November

December

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Cn. Caesare C. Tullio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXV a.u.c.

Ianuarius

Februarius

Martius

Aprilis

Maius

• May 24 - 26 - Nova Roman international convention at Plovdiv, Bulgaria, participating in the Festival of Antiquity in Plovdiv - Philippopolis, organized by SASR SILA, and from our part, by A. Vitellius Celsus.

Junius

• June 15 - 17 - The Nova Roman community Burgus Rostallo participates, with Roman cooking, rituals and other Roman performances, in the Sátoraljaújhely city festival: 10th International Game-Cooking Competition and B.-A.-Z. County Hunters' Day.

Quinctilis

Sextilis

• The 7th Nova Roman Reenactor Camp is being held now in two places, in burgus Colonia Rostallo, and at the Balaton lake, Hungary (5-12. Aug)
• August 30 - 31 - Nova Roma participated in the Internationale Marc Aurel-Marschtage 2012 (11th Marcus Aurelius Marching Days) with the Cohors VI Carpathica as a contingent of the Legio X Gemina.

December

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L. Sulla (III) cos. sine collega ‡ MMDCCLXVI a.u.c.

Ianuarius

Februarius

Martius

Aprilis

Maius

Junius

Quinctilis

Sextilis

December

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St. Cornelia C. Aemilio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXVII a.u.c.

Ianuarius

• On Kal. Ian. ‡ the consular ritual for the new year was performed by Sta. Cornelia Aeternia.
• Magistrates took the oath of office in Forum.
• Intercessio was pronounced by the tribune Q. Caecillius Metellus against the comitia curiata call to convene. The intercessio resulted in a Senate session dedicated to solve the problem of investing magistrates with imperium.
• The Senate was convened by the princeps senatus L. Cornelius Sulla Felix.
• Ludi Compitalicii were sponsored by praetor M. Pompeius Caninus.
• Intercessio was pronounced by the tribune C. Claudius Quadratus against the SCU about the creation of pontifices. Intercessio was disputed and didn't passed.
• Comitia Curiata was convened by pontifex maximus T. Iulius Sabinus to invest the magistrates with imperium, attest appointments of sacerdotes, an augur and status elevation of a citizen.

Februarius

• The Collegium Pontificum was convened by pontifex Cn. Cornelius Lentulus. Because the session was not concluded, it was closed at the end of the month.
• At prid. Id. Feb. ‡ Ti. Cassius Atellus launched the Nova Roma Chronicle blog.
• During Quirinalia, a sacrifice to Quirinus was performed by pontifex Cn. Cornelius Lentulus on a.d. XIII Kal. Mar. ‡.
• The Senate was convened by consul Sta. Cornelia Aeternia.

Martius

• On Kal. Mar. ‡ started Ludi Novi Romani MMDCCLXVII.
• Pontifex and sacerdos Concordiae, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, performed the Concordialia ritual of the 16th Birthday of Nova Roma.
• Pontifex maximus T. Iulius Sabinus performed the ritual to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus to celebrate the foundation of Nova Roma.

• The Collegium Pontificum was called in session by pontifex maximus T. Iulius Sabinus. Because the session was not concluded, it was closed at the end of the month.
• During Equirria, on {March 14}}, the ritual to Mars was performed by pontifex L. Vitelius Triarius with the assistance of pontifex Q. Fabius Maximus.
• With the Ludi Novi Romani closing, a ritual to Anna Perenna, Mars and Concordia was performed by pontifex Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, on a.d. XVII Kal. Apr. ‡.
• On a.d. VII Kal. Apr. ‡ the Comitia Curiata was convened by pontifex maximus T. Iulius Sabinus in order that the lictores and lictrices of Nova Roma to witness the appointments of the following pontifices: Marcus Cornelius Gualterus Graecus, Gnaeus Iulius Caesar, Marcus Pompeius Caninus, Gaius Vipsanius Agrippa, Lucius Vitellius Triarius.

Aprilis

• On prid. Non. Apr. ‡, the aedilis curulis L. Vitelius Triarius opened Ludi Megalenses. At the same time, pontifex Cn. Cornelius Lentulus performed the ritual to Magna Mater.
• Ti. Cassius Atellus organized the Ludi Megalenses Live Broadcast on YouTube for both, opening and closing of the games.
• Parilia, the legendary founding of Rome on a.d. XI Kal. Mai. ‡ was celebrated in Nova Roman provinces through various activities.
• Pontifex Cn. Cornelius Lentulus performed the Parilia ritual.
• C. Claudius Quadratus presented in Forum his poem "Magna avis - Great Bird" dedicated to the Rome birthday.
• In the presence of the citizens of Nova Roma Pannonia, pontifex Cn. Cornelius Lentulus conducted the ceremony of inauguration and consecration of the augur C. Claudius Quadratus who also is the procurator of Canada Citerior province.
• Pannonian Nova Roma Convention was organized for 3 days at the end of the month and it had international participation.

Maius

• The Lemuria ritual was performed by pontifex maximus T. Iulius Sabinus.
• Sacerdos Martialis, C. Decius Laterensis announced on prid. Id. Mai. ‡ about his offerings to Mars Invictus on behalf of Nova Roma.
• Sacerdos Mercuri, T. Iulius Sabinus, performed the ritual to Mercurius during Marcuralia on Id. Mai. ‡.
• Between a.d. IX Kal. Iun. ‡ - a.d. VIII Kal. Iun. ‡, provincia Pannonia Nova Roma organized the Nova Roman Floralia Aquincensia. The event was held at the Aquincum Museum in Budapest, Hungary.

Junius

• The Collegium Pontificum was called into session by pontifex maximus T. Iulius Sabinus as the college to elect a secretary of the college. Cn. Iulius Caesar was elected as secretary of the college for the next six months.
• The Senate was called into session by consul C. Aemilius Crassus.

Quinctilis

Sextilis

September

October

November

December

Learn more ...

M. Pompeio Sex. Lucilio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXVIII a.u.c.

Consular government (1 January - 31 December)

• Consul: M. Pompeius Caninus
• Consul: Sex. Lucilius Tutor

The year proceeded normally under the consulship of M. Pompeius and Sex. Lucilius, until Consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor published some popular reform proposals in the Senate in October. The reform ideas were based on a broad consensus of the citizens and represented the desires of the Nova Roma membership. This grassroots initiative was perceived as a questioning of the autocratic power held by Cn. Iulius Caesar and L. Cornelius Sulla Felix, and consequently they protested the proposals and sabotaged the session of the senate through Sulla's "acting princeps senatus" prerogatives. The initiative of Consul Lucilius represented a new hope that Nova Roma would end the practice of secretive and arrogant exclusionist management style of the clique of Sulla, Caesar and their closest senatorial friends, and would signal the return to normal way of activity in Nova Roma with educational and community projects and consensus-based decision making: it was, however, against the interests of Sulla and Caesar who were known as the proponents of converting Nova Roma into a virtual political rivalry game, and as the opponents of the original goals of Nova Roma as an educational and cultural organization and Roman revivalist real life community. Caesar and Sulla started losing their power and they needed to fabricate a pretext so that they can cement their rule and realize their project of converting Nova Roma into their private game.

Coup d'état of Caesar and Sulla (16-17 November)

After the Sullan-Caesarian sabotage against the reform proposals of Consul Sex. Lucilius in the senate in October, the discontent of the Nova Roma membership was rapidly growing. For the first time after many years, candidates who were openly critical of Sulla and Caesar applied for the highest offices in the approaching yearly elections. In an attempt to cement their own unlimited power and to kill off the growing number of critical voices within Nova Roma, Caesar and Sulla decided to shut down the upcoming free elections, to purge their remaining opponents and to remove the democratic elements from Nova Roma. Caesar, with the permission of Sulla, proclaimed himself the Dictator of Nova Roma with unlimited power over the republic (which is also the non-profit corporation of Nova Roma) and started to exterminate all form of opposition.

Nova Roma was shocked and traumatized. This was an illegal and ruthless takeover, a coup d'état: Caesar and Sulla established an unconstitutional form of dictatorship and expelled long term citizens from Nova Roma in order to make way for their new version of Nova Roma as their private fiefdom. Caesar's and Sulla's actions were not only against the law of Nova Roma, but also against the law of the State of Maine of USA where Nova Roma is incorporated as a nonprofit corporation. This is what caused their ultimate demise within Nova Roma, as the membership of Nova Roma turned to corporate lawyers for help. This led to the birth of the united coalition of the entire membership, and the reorganization of our republic.

As the surfaced evidences show, Sulla and Caesar decided about the coup and had been preparing for it since at least 2013, the year when Sulla was Consul without colleague. First they built an informal domination starting from 2011, then they worked out the institutional background for a coup d'état in 2013, and finally they went on to introduce the formal and official Dictatorship on November 16, 2015.

The actual establishment of the illegal dictatorship of Caesar and Sulla was prompted by the following series of events:

In November, Sulla and Caesar wanted to pass a number of senatus consulta that required new citizens to disclose if they had ever been members of any "competing organizations" (i.e. other brotherly Roman organizations that Sulla and Caesar considered their personal enemies because they were created by people who Sulla and Caesar exiled or drove away). These senatus consulta endangered the citizenship of those citizens who did not know earlier that there was a regulation in Nova Roma that you couldn't join another Roman organization and it was open to plenty of other abuses. In defense of all present and future citizens of Nova Roma who were members of other Roman organizations, the Tribunes of the Plebs, led by P. Porcius Licinus, vetoed these decrees because it was their duty, a right and an obligation granted to them by the Constitution. As a reaction to this, Caesar and Sulla, supported by the Sulla-Caesar Faction member Senators who constituted the Senate majority, decided to overturn the fundamental agreement on the Nova Roman "mos maiorum", the cornerstone of all the civic life in Nova Roma, and they denied the constitutional right of veto (ius intercessionis) of the Tribunes of the Plebs.

The Consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor argued that he considered the veto valid, but that he would obey the Senate's decision under all circumstances. The other Consul, M. Pompeius Caninus urged citizens to obey the Sulla-Caesar Senate majority. Many other citizens, among them the Praetor Hadrianus and the Censor Placidus posted public statements in defense of the validity of the constitution and of the Tribunes' constitutional obligation to defend the rights of citizens. While the forum debates were ongoing, suddenly Sulla and Caesar activated the Executive Committee of the Senate which was (as it turned out later by the attorneys' investigation) an illegal institution according to USA Maine State law. This "Executive Committee", which consisted only of Sulla and Caesar, declared Caesar the "Dictator of Nova Roma" on November 16, a shocking surprise to the entire Nova Roma membership.

After Caesar appointed himself "Dictator" and Sulla as his vicar, they immediately declared the lawful vetoes invalid, cancelled free elections, and annihilated the citizenship, by expulsion for life, not only of the vetoing Tribunes of the Plebs, but also the lawful Consul (the elected President of Nova Roma, Inc.), the Praetor (Vice-President NR, Inc.), the Censor (Secretary NR, Inc.), several Senators (Members of the Board of Directors NR, Inc.) and many simple citizens without any due procedure.

With this appalling recklessness, 18 years of Nova Roma constitutional tradition and practice was tramped on and destroyed. Caesar and Sulla threw out the Nova Roman social contract and the mos maiorum for their short-term political gain, and shut down the constitution, the laws and all members who expressed different views or voiced any disagreement. Even though the Consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor promised full compliance to the Senate, dominated by the Sulla-Caesar Faction, it wasn't "enough compliant" for Caesar the illegal "Dictator": they expelled him and everyone who spoke in favor of the veto, for no other reason than expressing an opinion. They also expelled some other citizens who did not even speak during the veto situation, but who were disliked by Caesar or Sulla for various reasons. These were all very serious offences under the laws of the USA, since it meant the violation of rights and expulsion of the corporate members of Nova Roma, Incorporated.

This was followed by a series of resignations of citizenship by many outraged citizens and a split in the the organization which resulted in the founding of a new spin-off organization (RR), causing a huge loss of members for Nova Roma. The fact that Caesar, Sulla and their faction's Senate majority destroyed the principles that bonded the community of Nova Roma together alienated almost all of their old supporters and this contributed to the fact that all the remaining active citizens of Nova Roma came together in a form of coalition against Caesar and Sulla.

The use of the Senate Executive Committee to establish a dictatorship was particularly shocking for the membership because this committee was nominally created to solve minor bureaucratic issues such as filing reports to IRS or substituting a magistrate if he is unavailable in time of urgency. At least this is how they sold the establishment of the Executive Committee to the Senate in 2013, although from the time of the creation of this committee there are public records of Sulla saying on the forum that "Caesar knows how it would be possible to create a legally valid dictatorship in NR". From similar public statements and from all the leaked information it is clear that they have been planning this coup d'état since 2013 at least, and they waited for the occasion when they could strike down. It was now. They used the Tribunes's veto as a justification to declare a "state of emergency". They claimed there was a crisis with the veto situation, even if in reality it was not a crisis, but an ordinary event in the res publica. In Nova Roma politics (just like in ancient Rome), it was common and usual for the Tribunes to issue vetoes: this was the normal course of action; it was their job! At this time Caesar, however, claimed that this was an "emergency crisis situation" which could be solved only by a Dictator. This illegal and unethical use of the dictatorship was also unprecedented in Nova Roma and subverted not only the constitutional common sense, but the social contract and the so called "mos maiorum of Nova Roma".

All these aspects contributed to the reason why so many citizens could so quickly form a united protesting front against the dictatorship. This hostile takeover and overthrow of not only the laws and legal government both also the social, moral and ethical foundations of Nova Roma was the last step in a series of destructive actions that Sulla and Caesar had committed for the complete control of Nova Roma.

The start of the liberation of Nova Roma (19 November)

On 19th November, at the initiative of the leader of the opposition, Quaestor Cn. Lentulus, the expelled citizens and their supporters formed a "Government In Exile", chaired by Consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor. The exiled members, with the immense contribution and invaluable assistance of P. Porcius Licinus, the exiled vetoing Tribune, employed the help of two American corporate attorneys in the defense of the lawful Nova Roma. The attorneys determined that Sulla and Caesar broke the law of the State of Maine USA with their offenses and abuses. About 300 Nova Roma citizens signed, or expressed their support for, an Official Complaint Letter to be filed at court in the State of Maine. Many of the earliest citizens of Nova Roma, consular senators, former magistrates and priests, reenactors and Nova Roma activists, among them Co-Founder of Nova Roma, Flavius Vedius Germanicus, Augur and former Consul, Censor and Senator, joined the Complaint Letter: Nova Roma became a single united voice of protest against the Sulla-Caesar Faction and their puppet Senate.

The start of the Third "Civil War" of Nova Roma (18 December)

On 18th December, after a dramatic deliberation and consideration of all aspects and angles of the current situation and the future of Nova Roma, the "Government in Exile Saving Nova Roma, led by consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor and his quaestor Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, decided to attack back at the perpetrators of the coup d'état, and authorized the attorney of Nova Roma to launch the Demand Letter, an actualized, lawyer's form and version of the prepared Official Complaint Letter, signed by 20 citizens by then, and to send it to the Coup Faction. With this, the open fight was started for saving Nova Roma, which lasted for years to come.

On the same day, consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor established a new online curia, official venue for the lawful senate of Nova Roma, where the the law-abiding senators of Nova Roma gathered together. With the gathering of the loyalist senators, the free elements of both the magistracy and the senate were reorganized and assembled, ready to continue to lead the lawful, honorable and loyal elements of Nova Roma, to fight against the Coup Faction.

On 20th December, the tyrant Cn. Caesar replied to the Demand Letter, refused any cooperation, sticking to the actions of the coup. This was an action of "opening fire" at the lawful senate and magistrates, and a confirmation that the "civil war" is on.

On 31st December, the lawful senate appointed, by a special senatus consultum ultimum, the exiled consul Sex. Lucilius Tutor, to lead the Government In Exile Saving Nova Roma as proconsul until the circumstances will allow the nomination of interreges and holding free elections again.

Cn. Lentulo Alexandro T. Domitio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXIX a.u.c.

From Cn. Lentulo Alexandro T. Domitio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXIX a.u.c. until the end of Q. Arrio (III) A. Tullia cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXIV a.u.c., the Corporation of Nova Roma was separate from the Republic of Nova Roma, even though the members of the corporation were identical to the citizens of the Republic. The Nova Roman Republic was working as a free commonwealth of the community of Nova Roman citizens, and it was not equivalent to the Nova Roma Corporation, like it has been before Cn. Lentulo Alexandro T. Domitio cos. ‡ MMDCCLXIX a.u.c.. The reason for this separation was that the corporation currently had some problems with its legal status within the State of Maine, USA, and our community was working on the solution and reformation of its structure. Nova Roma recovered a completely working corporation in the year (2021), which got integrated into the frames of the Republic again that year.

Government in exile (1 January - 7 October)

• Special Proconsul: Sex. Lucilius Tutor (1 January- 7 October)
• Executive secretary of the Proconsul: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus
• Legatus charged to lead the lawsuit: P. Porcius Licinus
• Special advisors: Po. Minucia Strabo, C. Aurelius Suenseranus, A. Tullia Scholastica, C. Claudius Quadratus
• Committee of the Liberators (various leaders, advisers and executives)

After the illegal coup d'état and the expulsion of the elected government, committed by the Cn. Iulius Caesar and L. Cornelius Sulla Felix, the law-abiding loyalist senators of Nova Roma gathered together and appointed, by a special senatus consultum ultimum, the exiled Consul, who was then by January just Proconsul, Sex. Lucilius Tutor, to lead the "Government In Exile Saving Nova Roma". This temporary "liberation government" rallied all citizens of Nova Roma to re-establish their free Roman republican community and to return to the rule of law. P. Porcius Licinus, who as Tribune of the Plebs was expelled from Nova Roma alongside with the lawful government, led the negotiations with the corporate attorneys to put an end on the abuses of Caesar and Sulla, and managed to compel the illegal dictator Caesar to resign from his position.

On March 11, Caesar resigned from his illegal dictatorship. However, the Sulla-Caesar Coup Faction retained full control over the Senate (corporate board of directors), so the loyalist senators of Nova Roma had no other choice but to hold a separate session, free from the influence from the illegal dictator and his faction, and to find a way to create a lawful government for Nova Roma that would restore the res publica.

The months from April to September were spent by preparing for the corporate elections and rallying citizens to pay their taxes (membership fee) in order to elect a leadership for the corporation that is truly representing the interests of the members of Nova Roma and the mission of Nova Roma. Even though a record number of citizens paid their membership fee, the Board, still controlled by Caesar, refused to hold corporate elections, and it continues to do so this until this day (October 2017). The members of Nova Roma paid to Sulla, the treasurer in vain, which is just another addition to the list of crimes of the Sulla-Caesar duo.

In September, Government In Exile, authorized by Censor Placidus according to the Senate Rules in force, convened the non-corporate senate for the second time, to figure out the future of Nova Roma under the current circumstances.

Interregnum (7 October - 22 October)

• Interrex: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander (7 October - 22 October)

The Government In Exile was finally able to find a legal way ("legal" as defined by the internal republican legal system of Nova Roma) to hold a regular session of the Senate composed of the loyalist senators, and the free Senate of Nova Roma appointed Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander (Lentulus the Elder) as Interrex for 4 consecutive terms, with the restriction that he must appoint his filius familias, the experienced Nova Roma activist and legal expert, Lentulus the Younger as his Chief of Staff, and must employ his legal expertise to organize the transition from the informal "Government in Exile" to a formal and legal government of Nova Roma. Interrex Lentulus Alexander was given the mandate to restore the foundations of the democratic and lawful republican government and to elect the consuls for the year 2016. With the assistance of Lentulus filius, Interrex Lentulus Alexander completed all of his tasks and held democratic elections to elect the consuls according to the laws of Nova Roma.

Consular government (22 October - 31 December)

• Consul: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander
• Consul: T. Domitius Draco

During the course of October, the assembled loyalist citizens demanded that Lentulus the Younger should be elected as one of the two Consuls (as he was referred to by consensus as "the most productive leader in Nova Roma"), but after he refused to occupy this position because it would have been contrary to the status of his cursus honorum and thus against the mos maiorum, the senators and the leading citizens accepted a compromise that Lentulus would run for the consulship as a team with his pater familias, the former Interrex Lentulus Alexander, and if elected, he would lead the government as Chief of Staff again as it was done previously under the interregnum. There were 5 candidates for the consulship and a historical record participation in the elections. Elected as the new consuls for the few remaining months of the year were the former Interrex Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander and former government officer T. Domitius Draco. They created a new "temporary constitution" for the duration of the "Sulla-Caesar coup d'état" crisis: the lex Cornelia Domitia de re publica constituenda which was enacted in December. This temporary legal framework enables Nova Roma to live and function in the current circumstaces when it is deprived from its Corporation (Nova Roma, Inc.) by Caesar, Sulla and their Coup Faction. With this historic breakthrough, the "non-corporate" civic body, the active community of Nova Roman citizens, became separate and independent from the Corporation of Nova Roma, just like at the time of the founding of Nova Roma in 1998.

By the end of December, as a result of the government of Consuls Cn. Lentulus Alexander and T. Domitius, the free community of Nova Roma became able to function and work as a res publica again, with a complete civic life. Under the consulship of Cn. Lentulus and T. Domitius, the non-corporate Nova Roma succeeded to recruit the legio II Adiutrix as an allied legion of Nova Roma, and by doing so, we further increased our presence in the world.

The lex Cornelia Domitia de re publica constituenda also provided that in the next critical year a government based on broad consensus guide the community of Nova Roma to increase citizen activism, cultural life and to lead the work of rebuilding Nova Roma. This collective government was based on ancient Roman republican traditions, the office of the Tribuni Militum Consulari Potestate, which often was chosen as a form of government in time of crisis. This institution has been re-introduced to Nova Roma in order to rebuild our community in 2017.

Sex. Lucilio C. Claudio P. Annaeo Q. Catulo tr. mil. cos. pot. ‡ MMDCCLXX a.u.c.

Tribunician government (1 January - 14 October, 2017)

• Tribunus Militum Consulari Potestate: Sex. Lucilius Tutor
• Tribunus Militum Consulari Potestate: C. Claudius Quadratus
• Tribunus Militum Consulari Potestate: P. Annaeus Constantinus Placidus
• Tribunus Militum Consulari Potestate: Q. Lutatius Catulus

The consular tribunician government of the free citizens and free parts of Nova Roma was established as a broad consensus leadership to work on the resolution of the crisis caused by the Sulla-Caesar Coup Faction, while the other priority of the tribunician government was to restore an energetic, active cultural and civic life to the Nova Roma community.

January saw an important session of the non-corporate senate of Nova Roma, where governors were appointed to all provinces, and the reenactor legions of Nova Roma were assigned to representative state commanders-in-chief (serving only as a point of contact and also ceremonial purposes; the self-governance of the reenactor legions is completely independent).

On the Kalends of March, the non-corporate tribunician government celebrated the 19th Birthday of Nova Roma by a great real life convention and public rituals at the Aquincum amphitheater, organized by quaestor and praefectus Lentulus (governor of the area), with the participation of two Nova Roman legions and an allied legion of Nova Roma.

The Ludi Novi Romani (the Nova Roman Games) were held for two weeks between March 1-15, jointly by the tribuni militum consulari potestate with the assistance of the quaestores to mark the 19th Anniversary of the Founding of Nova Roma and the Opening of the Sacred 20th Year of Nova Roma. The tribunician government ran various contests, games, literary competitions rituals in honor of this significant milestone in the life of Nova Roma, proving to the world that Nova Roma, without the corporation, is as strong as ever, and our citizens have successfully reorganized the community of Nova Roma, which is now completely functional and growing again.

The senate met in April and it was enacted by senatus consultum that one of the tribuni militum consulari potestate shall represent Nova Roma in Rome, at the Parilia Festival (the Birthday of Rome) which is the greatest Roman reenactor parade in the world, held in the city of Rome annually, and shall offer a sacrifice in the city of Rome for Nova Roma, and for the resolution of the corporate crisis to end the "civil war" of Sulla and Caesar.

On the Parilia Festival (the Birthday of Rome) Nova Roma was represented personally by our leader tribunus militum consulari potestate C. Claudius Quadratus, and he offered sacrifices at various sacred locations of ancient Rome for the benefit of the Nova Roman citizens. In honor of the Birthday of Rome, several prominent citizens were elevated to the equestrian order as an award and official recognition for their merits and long time service to Nova Roma.

In May, the tribunician government started the preparations for a Grand International Conventus of Nova Roma, an institution that the Sullan-Caesarian regime neglected during their tenure: the convention would take place in Rome, next year, and it would be the VIIIth International Conventus of Nova Roma. Also in May, in Pannonia, the Lemuria festival was publicly remembered in an event held by the allied Legio II Adiutrix, jointly with Nova Romans, and the 11th Floralia Aquincensia Nova Romana were organized by governor Cn. Cornelius Lentulus with the participation of both Nova Roman and allied reenactor legions, and with a huge public ceremony held in honor of the Sacred 20th Year of Nova Roma, with new citizens joining as a result of the successful event.

In June, the consular tribunician government passed an edict of declaration of friendship with the other three Roman organizations (the RR, the RPR and the RA) and the non-corporate senate and people of Nova Roma offered various gestures and favors to these organization as a sign of friendship and brotherhood. Since the entire crisis and coup d'état of Caesar and Sulla that ruined our corporation started when the People of Nova Roma and our Tribunes of Plebs defended the members of the RR and the RPR organizations, this gesture from Nova Roma was a most noble intention to crown out efforts in friendship with all people on the world who identify themselves as Romans.

In July, the traditional Nova Roma Reenactor Summer Camp was held in the Nova Roman burgus of Colonia Rostallo. Around the same time, the next session of the non-corporate senate recognized the activities and the successful community of the Bulgarian Nova Romans, and due to the growth and achievements of the Nova Romans of Bulgaria, the Senate decided to elevate the Bulgarian Nova Roman community to the status of provincia. By senatus consultum, a new province was created for Nova Roma, Provincia Thracia, with A. Vitellius Celsus as its first governor. This milestone in the history of Nova Roma and the success of Nova Roma in Bulgaria was met with unanimous acclaim by the entire citizenry as a sign of the new dawn of Nova Roma. The new province was established and inaugurated together with its first governor on 12 August at the Nicopolis Ad Istrum Festival, during a Nova Roman interprovincial convention between citizens of Thracia and Pannonia.

In September, the Ludi Romani were celebrated in two separate locations of the world by Nova Roma. The Ludi Romani was a special occasion in our Sacred 20th Year: the sacrifices and the celebrations this year were performed as a preparation for the Ides of October (15 October), the October Horse Day, when, according the order of the people written in the lex Cornelia Domitia, the Soul of the Roman People shall be united with Nova Roma in the Pignora Imperii and the Palladium, as part of the special event commemorating our beginning in 1998. Our Ludi Romani this year were dedicated to ask the gods to prepare themselves to these historical Ides of October. Our citizens celebrated the Ludi Romani this year with two main events in two locations on the same day, on September 17: in Aquincum, Provincia Pannonia of Nova Roma (Budapest, Hungary) and in Ulpia Serdica, Thracia (Sofia, Bulgaria). Thracian Nova Romans performed Latin songs and Roman poems and they held a scholarly researched demonstration of the Roman civil process in court. They performed a theatrical reenactment of the issuing of the Edict of Tolerance from Emperor Galerius, and a Roman military scene presenting the retirement of a Roman veteran. The Thracian Ludi Romani of Nova Roma in Thracia was closed by an antique fashion demonstration. The Pannonian Nova Romans offered a spectacular sacrifice to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus asking his blessing to the Completion of the Founding Years of Nova Roma and for the upcoming Ides of October milestone, then the Nova Roman team performed various programs including short "introduction to Latin" workshop, Roman wedding, Roman trial, and gladiatorial combats.

In October, a session of the (non-corporate) senate was held to determine our future policies, and in the same month the term of office of the consular tribunes ended, and the consular tribunes concluded their year with successful accomplishment of most of the objectives of their mandate.

Interregnum (14 October - 31 December, 2017)

By October 14, the mandate of the tribuni militum consulari potestate expired, and, according to the lex Cornelia Domitia de re publica constituenda Interreges took over the government which is to last until the end of the current year.

The first interrex in the series, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander, served for three consecutive terms (14-18, 19-23, 24-28 October). The second interrex was M. Minucius Audens, he also served for three consecutive terms (29 October - 2 November, 3-7, 8-12 November). The third interrex was in fact an interregina, the first female interrex in world history: A. Tullia Scholastica. She served for three consecutive terms from 13-17, 18-22, 23-27 November). The fourth, Gallio Velius Marsallas, one of the first citizens of Nova Roma, and praefectus of the oldest Nova Roman legion, the legio XXIV Media Atlantia governed Nova Roma between 28 November - 12 December, for three terms. The fifth Interrex was again Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander, between 13-17, 18-22, 23-27 and 28-31 December, four terms of interregnum. After him, the new Consuls took over.

• Interrex: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander (14 October - 28 October, 2017)

The first interrex, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander, served for three consecutive terms (14-18, 19-23, 24-28 October). He exercised his power through his deputy, Cn. Lentulus the Younger, the praefectus rei publicae (on the ancient model of praefectus urbi) assigned to manage the day-to-day state affairs.

On October 15, in Aquincum, in a huge ceremony with about 30 Roman participants, 5 allied groups attendings, and with a crowd of onlookers watching and rooting, the founding years of Nova Roma have been concluded at the October Horse ceremony of the Completion of the Founding of the Nova Roman People, under the auspices of Interrex and Acting Interim Rex Sacrorum Cn. Lentulus Alexander. Nova Roma has received Her Palladium and Pignora Imperii which from now on, will be protected and venerated as the most sacred divine objects and tokens of the Nova Roman People, the essence and identity, the heart and soul of Nova Roma, on which the safety, welfare, prosperity, victory and good luck of the Nova Roman People depends. The establishment of the sacred tokens was followed by the birth and foundation rites and the founding lustratio under royal auspices. Participants from Nova Roma in Aquincum celebrated the October Horse with observing every single little detail of its ancient tradition. Nova Romans celebrated the event with an October Horse running "horse race", with proper rituals, with a gladiatorial fight and a legionary performance and a open air dinner with wine and Roman food.Meanwhile on the same day, at the Nova Roma-allied temple of Iuppiter in Poltava, Ukraine, a parallel ritual was held asking Iuppiter to support and approve the Completion of Founding ceremonies that we were doing at Aquincum.

At the end of the celebrations, the interrex and acting rex sacrorum proclaimed the Confirmation of the Declaration of Nova Roma and called the Nova Roman People to vow to be loyal to the Confirmation of the Declaration as the cornerstone of Nova Roma and of all its principles, goals, laws and Constitution, and sacrificially, numinously and ceremonially founded, by royal pronouncement, as it was in the case of Romulus and Numa, the Comitia, the Senate, the Collegium Pontificum and Augurum (which existed validly even this far, but now they exist religiously validly, the same way how the ancient ones existed). From this day on, every institution of Nova Roma emanates from the Gods’ inaugurated and consecrated approval, enacted by a founding kingly action, at the expressed will and order of the People.

With this historical groundbreaking action, the Nova Roman People has been inaugurated and consecrated, under royal auspices, and it has been dedicated, by the sacred contract, to the gods of Rome, with a detailed list of obligations in which our minimum sacra publica will exist.

• Interrex: M. Minucius Audens (29 October - 12 November, 2017)

The second interrex was M. Minucius Audens, he was serving for three consecutive terms (29 October - 2 November, 3-7, 8-12 November). The Interrex governed Nova Roma with the assistance of the Quaestors (Ministers) and and with a government staff.

• Interregina: A. Tullia Scholastica (13 - 27 November, 2017)

The third interrex was in fact an interregina, the first female interrex in world history: A. Tullia Scholastica. She was serving for three consecutive terms from 13-17, 18-22, 23-27 November). Interregina Tullia Scholastica held a session of the senate appointing the next interreges, restoring the plebeian tribuneship and preparing their election and the transition to consular government.

• Interrex: Gallio Velius Marsallas (28 November - 12 December, 2017)

The fourth Interrex was Gallio Velius Marsallas, one of the first citizens of Nova Roma, and praefectus of the oldest Nova Roman legion, the legio XXIV Media Atlantia.

• Interrex: Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander (13 - 31 December, 2017)

The fifth Interrex, who served as the last in the series who lead the interim government, was again Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander, who had to publish the Confirmation of the Declaration of Nova Roma and our complete contract with the gods establishing the basic requirements of the sacra publica of Nova Roma. Lentulus Alexander governed Nova Roma between 13-17, 18-22, 23-27 and 28-31 December, four terms of interregnum. After him, the new Consuls took over.

Under the interregnum of Lentulus Alexander, elections were held according to the laws of Nova Roma, and C. Claudius Quadratus and T. Domitius Draco were elected consuls for our 20th Anniversary Year, the Sacred Year of Concordia were elected from among the candidates.

C. Claudio T. Domitio (II) cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXI a.u.c. - 20th Anniversary of Nova Roma - Sacred Year of Concordia

Consular government (1 January - current)

• Consul: C. Claudius Quadratus
• Consul: T. Domitius Draco (II)

In January, the Committee of the Liberatores decided to hire a new law firm in order to bring definitive action against the illegal Caesarian Coup Faction which had been usurping the corporation of Nova Roma since the <a href="http://nova-roma.org/coup-detat-of-caesar-and-sulla/">Coup d’état of 2015 November</a>.

In February, Consul T. Domitius Draco held a session of the non-corporate senate and senatus consulta were enacted about the Vicennalia (20th Anniversary) celebrations and about defending the structural organization of the cultus deorum in Nova Roma from the negative impacts of the rogue Board of Directors which is under the illegal control of Sulla and Caesar.

Between 1-15 March, Nova Roma, under the government of consul C. Claudius and T. Domitius, celebrated the 20th Birthday of Nova Roma.  On March 1st, the day of the Concordialia (the Day of Roman Unity), pontifex Cn. Lentulus held the live central celebration of the 20th Anniversary where approximately 20 Nova Roman citizens were present in Aquincum, Budapest. Praetor Q. Arrius Nauta, with the assistance of Cn. Lentulus pontifex and priest of Concordia, offered the main Concordia-ritual for the jubilee, and a sacrifice to Iuppiter, Mars, Iuno and Dea Nova Roma. It was a gathering and grand celebration of the 20th birthday of Nova Roma with 5 different Roman reenactor communities affiliated to Nova Roma coming together in honor of this milestone in New Roman History. There was a magnificent sacrifice to Concordia, patroness of Nova Roma, there were gladiatorial combats, which are also part of the online gladiatorial games, a legionary parade, wine, Roman food, cookies and the good company of Nova Romans: a big celebration and gathering. At the same time, all priests, governors and officials of Nova Roma, who aren't able to be present in person, were offering rituals to Concordia, Iuppiter and Mars for our 20th Anniversary, at their location.

In the upcoming 15 days, the Vicennial Ludi Novi Romani celebrated our 20th Anniversary with several sacrificial ceremonies over the days and with various live and online games with prizes for the winners. The 20 Anniversary celebrations also included, as part of the Ludi Novi Romani, a very special festive program of Nova Roma, held in a number of museums consecutively, in a series of events featuring the world-famous Seuso Treasure. Nova Roma's Colonia Rostallo, led by praefectus C. Villius Vulso, has presented the world-famous Seuso Treasure within the frames of the programs of the Ludi Novi Romani, celebrating the completion of Nova Roma's second decade. The Cohors VI Carpathica, the military unit assigned to the burgus Colonia Rostallo of Nova Roma, has deserved this privilege for their constant dedicated and high quality educational service in this region. Nova Roma was commemorated during the event, and newspaper and television reports were made about our appearances. Nova Romans were in the television while celebrating the 20th Anniversary of Nova Roma! It is a great honor to our Colonia Rostallo and to the entire Nova Roma that we have been selected to provide the show and festival for the Seuso Treasure which is one of the most important treasures that remained from the Roman age. These priceless ancient Roman artefacts saluted our 20th Anniversary, quite an honor!

These programs included the presentation of the Seuso Treasure, legionary honor guard and drill by the Cohors VI Carpathica, Roman ritual by praefectus rei publicae Cn. Lentulus for the 20th Anniversary blessings of the new decade of Nova Roma, Roman fashion, games and competitions in the spirit of the Ludi Novi Romani.

Between 20-22 April, Nova Roma celebrated its 20th Anniversary and the Sacred Year of Concordia at the 7th Grand International Conventus of Nova Roma, now first organized after a decade of break caused by the previous neglectful regime of the Sullan-Caesarian clique. Roughly about 30 citizens of Nova Roma from all over the world and from several countries gathered together for the Conventus in Rome, the Eternal City, where they visited the various historical monuments. On the day of the Parilia (Birthday of Rome, 21 April), the consuls of Nova Roma offered sacrifice in the name of Nova Roma, through the priestly assistance by pontifex Lentulus, in front of the Palatine Hill where Rome was founded. On the following day, Nova Romans participated in the "Natale di Roma" parade procession officially as "Nova Roma" with the consecrated flag of Nova Roma, through the Circus Maximus, Campus Martius, the Capitolium, the imperial forums, the Colosseum and the Via Triumphalis, in honor of the Parilia, together with 1500 reenactors from about 50 groups from all over the world. Our procession was led by the consules themselves, C. Claudius Quadratus, augur, and T. Domitius Draco, followed by censor A. Tullia Scholastica, aedilis curulis P. Annaeus Constantinus Placidus, aedilis plebis Ti. Fabius Nepos, quaestrix C. Sergia Blatta, and quaestor Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, pontifex, as organizer of the Conventus, supervisor of the 20th Anniversary Festivals, and as the praefectus of Italia.

In May, Nova Roma celebrated its 20th Anniversary and the Sacred Year of Concordia at the 12th Floralia Aquincensia Nova Romana, organized by governor Cn. Cornelius Lentulus with the participation of both Nova Roman and allied reenactor legions, and with a huge public ceremony, presided by Praetor M. Aurelius Cotta Iovius, in honor of the 20th Anniversary of Nova Roma and the Sacred Year of Concordia.

Also in May, the new attorneys of the Nova Roman People started the definitive action against the Sulla-Caesar Coup Faction and contacted the attorney of Sulla and Caesar in order to call them to cease and desist from their unlawful usurpation of the assets of Nova Roma, and to give back the corporation to the members of Nova Roma. The new phase of negotiations started this month.

The senate was called to order in May by Consul C. Claudius Quadratus, and senatus consulta were enacted which required the collegium pontificum to make a decision about the status of the secessionist and rogue pontifices and the pontifex maximus who participate in the illegal coup regime of Caesar and Sulla. Senatus consulta were also enacted about the future reforms of the Nova Roman Constitution, a new coinage, a new message board system hosted by Nova Roma. The senate awarded the title "Pater Patriae" to Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, the Younger, for his contributions to the completing of the founding of Nova Roma and for his leading role in the Saving Nova Roma movement.

On June 23, in the spirit of our 20th Anniversary, the Sacred Year of Concordia, Nova Roma had two events, one in Pannonia (Hungary), in the Villa Romana Baláca, with the Cohors VI Carpathica, and the other in Nova Britannia (New England, USA), the Roman Days hosted by governor A. Iulius Paterculus.

Q. Arrio P. Annaeo cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXII a.u.c.

Consular government (1 January - 31 December)

• Consul: Q. Arrius Nauta
• Consul: P. Annaeus Constantinus Placidus

After months of investigation and hard work, in mid 2018, the attorneys of the citizens of Nova Roma launched a very well-prepared and legally very compelling argument against the usurpers of our corporation, as a result of which the former illegal dictator and quasi-monarch of Nova Roma, Caesar, who caused all these troubles and almost destroyed Nova Roma, acknowledged his incomplete and erroneous understanding of the corporate laws pertinent to Nova Roma, Inc., and that he was unable to defend his positions and continue any fight against the united citizenry and their attorneys. On 15 October 2018, Caesar finally renounced his citizenship in Nova Roma and left the organization. Those 15-20 Sulla-Caesar Coup Faction members who were fixing their hopes on the tactics of Caesar were scattered after the surprise that even their leader Caesar acknowledged that they couldn’t win a legal conflict against the membership of Nova Roma, Inc. in court, simply because their actions about the so called “coup” and afterwards were all illegal and indefensible. There remained only 6 Board members as the sole remaining Coup Faction members who still supported Sulla and the rogue Board, now under the sole leadership of Sulla.

After this, in the first months of 2019, the attorneys of the citizens prepared the Formal Complaint against Sulla and Caesar. It took some months, but then Sulla and Caesar received enough long deadline to answer to this and prevent a lawsuit against them, but they didn't comply. Since they didn't comply, our attorneys had to file the Formal Complaint and initiate a lawsuit in May 2019 at the court in Maine USA, where Nova Roma is registered, and Sulla and Caesar were sent the formal service of process by the authorities. This made the difference, this accelerated the events and led to victory.

July: Defeating Sulla and partial victory

Sulla received the service notice about the lawsuit, and contacted his attorney, the official clerk of Nova Roma, Inc, Mr Vallaincourt who said that he would not be legally able to defend him in this lawsuit. At this moment, Sulla realized that it was over, our case was very strong and he had no support behind himself, and at this point he finally decided to comply with the demands of the Nova Romans. On 19 July 2019, Sulla also renounced his citizenship and entered in contact with our representatives, legatus pro praetore P. Licinus, proconsul T. Domitius, and the founding leader of the Liberators Saving Nova Roma movement, legatus pro praetore Cn. Lentulus.

At the time of Sulla's resignation from Nova Roma, the leader of our movement Lentulus and the Committee of the Liberators were in unanimous agreement that we appreciated Sulla's last action and we thanked him that he had chosen this peaceful and cooperative way of closing the conflict. As a gesture of our gratitude, we wanted him to leave with his head held high, with dignity. In retrospect, we will always try to remember his commitment to Nova Roma and the wise closure of the fight for the interests of Nova Roma. A general amnesty was also offered to all members of the Coup Faction who were willing to apologize for their mistakes and errors in judgement. We only wanted peace and reconciliation.

Sadly, Sulla died two weeks later, and all negotiations, all preparations for the transition, all the work done in order to quickly fix the corporation of Nova Roma vanished, and we had to manage everything from scratch.

Recovering the official website of Nova Roma, discussions and doubts about correct procedure, the time of hesitation

As all of Nova Roma was shocked and wondering what should be the next step, discussions and debates started in all levels. The Committee of the Liberators wanted to form an action plan, the citizens wanted to know how to proceed, many factions came in light and started to propose various ideas: unification with other Roman groups, dissolution of the corporation, continue repairing the corporation, and various strategical questions. One of the biggest problems was that it turned out that Nova Roma's Bylaws and Articles of Incorporation were invalid since the founding due to formal and procedural errors. All of the laws and official documents had to be accepted again, but we did not have access to the complete database of our members, we could not convene a lawful corporate members' meeting to vote on our basic documents.

A next step toward final victory was the recovering of the website of Nova Roma by Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, who negotiated this with the ex-citizen Cn. Caesar, the former illegal dictator and orchestrator of the the coup. After many years, Nova Roma could return to its original old website started in 1998. We came to possess again our membership database with almost a 1000 of unprocessed citizenship requests and four years of accumulated damage to Nova Roma. Huge work expected the censorial office and the IT officers of Nova Roma, before we could hold a corporate election.

Our attorneys also investigated that Nova Roma can lawfully enact its Bylaws and legalize the Board of Directors (the senate) if we hold a one-man-one-vote type of election of the Board of Directors. This raised many concerns and doubts because Nova Roma was founded on the principle that we do everything in the Roman way. Electing the senate is not the Roman way, it would make our senate completely false and distorted. Long thinking and many debates waited for the leaders to figure our how to have the cake and eat it at the same time. It required not weeks but many months to figure out a procedural way to do it legally satisfying both the USA Maine regulations and the Roman tradition which is the most important for us.

Q. Arrio (II) T. Domitio (III) cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXIII a.u.c.

Consular government (1 January - 31 December)

• Consul: Q. Arrius Nauta (II)
• Consul: T. Domitius Draco (III)

While preparations started for correcting the formal mistakes of our legal status, and to create a new Constitution (Bylaws), which was to be enacted in 2020, and the complete process of fixing Nova Roma to be concluded in 2020, which was last year, Nova Roma had to face another tragedy. Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander passed away on 16 June 2020. He was the formal head of all legions, the Saving Nova Roma movement's activists, and he was the pater familias of the executive leader of the liberators, Lentulus the Younger. This event caused lethargy among the leadership of Nova Roma, especially affected was Lentulus filius who was taken away from active business and work on the restoration of Nova Roma for months. Meanwhile I was sent to a deployment unexpectedly and I was unable to attend my consular duties for a significant part of last year, and my colleague consul T. Domitius Draco became ill and had to withdraw from active leadership.

These alone could incapacitate the government for a long time, but last year was also most heavily affected by the Coronavirus pandemic. While the international Nova Roman government works mostly online, magistrates were still affected, and they could not proceed with the complex task of reorganizing the entire corporation and fixing Nova Roma from top to bottom. Several leading citizens or their families had illnesses, meetings and events got cancelled, the international convention had to be cancelled, and we could barely conduct a single senate session last year, with both consuls having problems.

The year 2020 whose was spent in lethargy and distraction. This is the reason Q. Arrius ran for a third consulship, because he wanted to complete the tasks he undertook and to lead Nova Roma to the peace and to closure about all these troubles.

The final victory and complete rebuilding

At the end of 2020, Cn. Cornelius Lentulus the Younger received the position of supreme command of the civil war aftermath in the place of his late pater familias Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander, the pater patriae. Lentulus speed up the process of closing the aftermath of the civil war and the crisis period, and he conducted the final operations and maneuvers.

Q. Arrio (III) A. Tullia cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXIV a.u.c.

Consular government (1 January - 31 December)

• Consul: Q. Arrius Nauta (II)
• Consul: T. Domitius Draco (III)

After long preparations in internal discussions, during the course of 2021, S. Lucilius Tutor special proconsul with full consular power and quaestor Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, dux and legatus pro praetore, these two leaders of our fight, have prepared a modification to the lex Cornelia Domitia de re publica constituenda, to make it the new permanent constitution of Nova Roma, including all the necessary changes to fix our corporation. Lentulus prepared a new and special way of double voting to solve the dilemma of the republic and corporation dichotomy, where all citizens of Nova Roma were invited to vote both as a corporate members' meeting and as the comitia centuriata at the same time. Citizens were instructed and educated about the significance of accepting the new constitution and Bylaws via both methods so that we can synchronize our republic and corporation. The legions that participated in the Saving Nova Roma movement were informed by dux and legatus pro praetore Lentulus that they need to elect those, and only those people as members of the Board of Directors who are currently senators, otherwise we could have a discrepancy between the senate and the Board of Directors, and unification could not be complete.

The first ever legal general meeting of members of Nova Roma, Inc. was convened by S. Lucilius Tutor, the man who was the biggest victim of the coup d'état of Caesar and Sulla: Lucilius was the consul whom Caesar illegally removed from office expelled from Nova Roma in order to take over. Lucilius headed the government in exile to start the resistance and the non-corporate citizen community which finally defeated Caesar and Sulla. It was historical justice that he could, under his special consular imperium, convene the comitia and the general meeting of members of the corporation to enact the first legal Bylaws of Nova Roma, Inc., and to elect the first fully legal Board of Directors.

The popular vote was a breakthrough, a revolution toward the final victory. The legal maneuver was successful, the people approved the constitution and bylaws in both types of assemblies, and elected the senators as directors of Nova Roma, Inc. The corporation and the republic were made each other's mirrors. Only one closing action had still to be made: the senate, as the Board of Directors, had to formally enact, formally validate all past laws and decrees of Nova Roma so that they can be legal in the corporation, because nothing was legally valid in the previous installation of our corporation. And finally, the senate had to dissolve declare the re-unification of the non-corporate republic of Nova Roma with the corporation of Nova Roma.

The steps needed to close the crisis period of Nova Roma have thus been completed, the senate formally re-united what was separated, the republic and the corporation, and validated the entire history, all legal documents of both, under one entity. The struggles are concluded, the period of civil war aftermath ended.

On the prid. Kal. Ian. ‡ Q. Arrio (III) A. Tullia cos. ‡ MMDCCLXXIV a.u.c., the year of the consulship of Q. Arrius and A. Tullia, 28th December, 24 ANRC / 2774 AUC / 2021 AD, Q. Arrius, Consul, saw through the following senatus consultum in the Senate:

• Senatus consultum de victoria belli civilis, de salutatione imperatoria et de triumpho (Nova Roma)

After consul Q. Arrius Nauta submitted his Victory Report to the senate, the senate rescinded all SCUs and emergency rules in force, and complete Roman republican democracy was restored to Nova Roma without any restriction.

The question remained open what Nova Roma should do with those former senators who never acknowledged the lawful Nova Roma and formally are still fighting against the Nova Roma of the people. The consensus of the Executive Committee of the Liberatores Saving Nova Roma is that the authorities must treat them how the current victors would like to be treated in a similar, reverse, situation.

Celebration after the victory: acknowledgements, awards and thanksgivings

Consul Q. Arrius Nauta celebrated the following leaders who participating in saving Nova Roma. He gave thanks to the commanders with imperium in charge of legions which participated in the civil war who were already distinguished by the highest military honor of salutatio imperatora, having been saluted as "imperator", supreme commander:

I. Proconsul Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Alexander imperator, two times:

First he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in the consulship of C. Claudius and T. Domitius, on 19 October, 2018, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Caesar.

At the second time he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in my consulship, Q. Arrius, and of P. Annaeus, on 19 July, 2019, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Sulla.

II. Dux et legatus pro praetore Cn. Cornelius Lentulus imperator, two times:

First he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in the consulship of C. Claudius and T. Domitius, on 19 October, 2018, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Caesar.

At the second time he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in my consulship, Q. Arrius, and of P. Annaeus, on 28 December, 2021, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Sulla, and for the complete overall victory, concluding the war. (This salutation is going to be posted after this report.)

III. Proconsul S. Lucilius Tutor imperator, two times:

First he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in the consulship of C. Claudius and T. Domitius, on 19 October, 2018, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Caesar.

At the second time he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in my consulship, Q. Arrius, and of P. Annaeus, on 19 July, 2019, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Sulla.

IV. Legatus pro praetore P. Porcius Licinus imperator, two times:

First he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in the consulship of C. Claudius and T. Domitius, on 19 October, 2018, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Caesar.

At the second time he was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in my consulship, Q. Arrius, and of P. Annaeus, on 19 July, 2019, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Sulla.

V. Proconsul T. Domitius Draco imperator, one time:

He was saluted as imperator by the Legio XXI Rapax in my consulship, Q. Arrius, and of P. Annaeus, on 19 July, 2019, for a victory in the civil war, defeating Sulla.

Consul Q. Arrius gave thanks to all members of the Executive Committee of the Liberators, to the founder and leader Lentulus, to the other leading members or chief plaintiffs Cn. Cornelius Lentulus, P. Porcius Licinus and T. Domitius Draco, to the members: S. Lucilius Tutor, A. Tullia Scholastica, C. Claudius Quadratus, A. Liburnius Hadrianus and A. Vergilius Figulus. Consul Arrius himself is also part of this committee as its ninth member.

Special acclamation of "hurrah" was given to imperator Cn. Cornelius Lentulus for starting the fight and founding the movement of the liberators and the committee of the liberators, and for leading the war of the saving of Nova Roma; to imperator P. Porcius Licinus who did the most troublesome work of managing the attorneys, phone calls, negotiations and a lot of other things, and who donated a fortune to the Saving Nova Roma movement's legal costs; and to imperator S. Lucilius Tutor who endured the first hardest days when the coup started, and who helped Lentulus to organize and lead the resistance at the beginning.

Concluding his victory speech, consul Q. Arrius asked the commanders of the involved legionary units to decorate, promote and recognize those milites of the legal case fight who excelled in their virtues during their participation of the Saving Nova Roma movement and fought for Nova Roma with distinction.